The document provides information on English grammar structures including conditionals, modal verbs, and tenses. It defines conditional sentences types 0 and 1, and provides examples of each. It also defines and provides examples of how to use modal verbs such as can, could, may, might, must, need to, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. Finally, it gives exercises to practice using conditional and modal verbs in different contexts.

1. L o g o
UNIT 6
Health problems, medical
professors, lifestyles

2. L o g o
Reading: A cartoon strip, at the chemists,
dentists an essay about exam stress
Listening: Note taking, intonation:
conditional sentences
Grammar: Conditional type 0&1; must, mustn’t;
need, needn’t; should, shouldn’t
Vocabulary: Illness, cures, medical professions,
workplace, emergency services
Speaking: Talking about health problems,
asking for medicine

3. L o g o
This use is similiar to, and can usually
be replaced by, a time clause using
'when' (example: When I am late, my
father takes me to school.)
If I am late, my father takes me to
school.
She doesn't worry if Jack stays out
after school.

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Conditional 0 is formed by the use of
the present simple in the if clause
followed by a comma the present
simple in the result clause. You can
also put the result clause first without
using a comma between the clauses.
If he comes to town, we have dinner.
OR
We have dinner if he comes to town.

5. L o g o
Conditional 1
Often called the "real" conditional because it
is used for real - or possible - situations.
These situations take place if a certain
condition is met.
If it rains, we will stay at home.
He will arrive late unless he hurries up.
Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise.
NOTE
In the conditional 1 we often use unless which
means 'if ... not'. In other words, '...unless
he hurries up.' could also be written, '...if he
doesn't hurry up.'.

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Conditional 1
is formed by the use of the present
simple in the if clause followed by a
comma will verb (base form) in the
result clause. You can also put the
result clause first without using a
comma between the clauses.
If he finishes on time, we will go to
the movies.
OR
We will go to the movies if he finishes
on time.

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Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tenses.
1 If I see him I (give) him a lift.
2 The table will collapse if you (stand)
on it.
3 If he (eat) all that he will be ill.
4 If I find your passport I (telephone)
you at once.
5 The police (arrest) him if they catch
him.
6 If he (read) in bad light he will ruin

8. L o g o
Can
Ability to do sth. in the present (substitute
form: to be able to)
- I can speak English.
Permission to do sth in the present
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
- Can I go to the cinema?
Request - Can you wait a moment, please?
Offer - I can lend you my car till
tomorrow.
Suggestion - Can we visit Grandma at the
weekend?
Possibility - It can get very hot in Arizona.

9. L o g o
Could
- Ability to do sth. in the past
(substitute form: to be able to)
I could speak English.
- Permission to do sth. in the past
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
I could go to the cinema.
- Polite question
Could I go to the cinema, please?
- Polite request
Could you wait a moment, please?

10. L o g o
Could
- Polite offer
I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
- Polite suggestion
Could we visit Grandma at the
weekend?
- Possibility
It could get very hot in Montana.

11. L o g o
May
Possibility
It may rain today.
Permission to do sth. in the present
(substitute form: to be allowed to)
May I go to the cinema?
Polite suggestion
May I help you?
Might
Possibility (less possible than may)
It might rain today.
Hesitant offer
Might I help you?

12. L o g o
Must
- force, necessity
I must go to the supermarket today.
- possibility
You must be tired.
- advice, recommendation
You must see the new film with Brad
Pitt.

13. L o g o
must not/may not
prohibition
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
You may not work on dad's computer.
Need not
not necessary
I needn't go to the supermarket,
we're going to the restaurant tonight.

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ought to
Use Examples advice
You ought to drive carefully in bad
weather.
obligation
You ought to switch off the light when
you leave the room.
Shall - instead of will in the 1st person
suggestion
Shall I carry your bag?.

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should
advice
You should drive carefully in bad
weather.
obligation
You should switch off the light when
you leave the room.

16. L o g o
will
wish, request, demand, order (less polite
than would)
Will you please shut the door?
prediction, assumption –
I think it will rain on Friday.
promise - I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision - Can somebody
drive me to the station? - I will.
habits - She's strange, she'll sit for
hours without talking.

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Would
- wish, request (more polite than will)
Would you shut the door, please?
- habits in the past
Sometimes he would bring me some
flowers.

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1. ability to do sth. in the past
(substitute form: to be able to)
I could speak English. permission to
do sth. in the past (substitute form:
to be allowed to) I could go to the
cinema. polite question * Could I go
to the cinema, please? polite request
* Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car
till tomorrow. polite suggestion *
Could we visit Grandma at the
weekend? possibility * It could get

19. L o g o
2) could
 Use Examples ability to do sth. in the past
(substitute form: to be able to) I could
speak English. permission to do sth. in the
past (substitute form: to be allowed to) I
could go to the cinema. polite question *
Could I go to the cinema, please? polite
request * Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car till
tomorrow. polite suggestion * Could we visit
Grandma at the weekend? possibility * It
could get very hot in Montana.

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