Definition, types, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, pharmacological and non pharmacological treatments. Useful for D.Pharm, b.pharm and medical students.

1. GIT DISORDERS
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL
DISEASE
A PRESENTATION BY
AMAN KUMAR
LECTURER
GCRG COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

2. DEFINITION
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a
group of intestinal disorders that causes
inflammation of the digestive tract.
• In this disorder, the Inner lining of the Gastro-
Intestinal tract becomes Inflamed, leading to
ulcers and bleeding.
• The colon is most often the site of this
inflammation.
[Bowel= Large intestine.]

3. TYPES OF IBD
There are two types of IBD that include
1. Ulcerative Colitis: This condition involves inflammation and sores (ulcers)
along the superficial lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
Complications of Ulcerative Colitis: The most common complication of Ulcerative
colitis is toxic megacolon.
Toxic Megacolon: It is a rare acute condition in which a section of the colon
becomes paralyzed so the waste product do not move through the section. This
can lead to abdominal pain, fever and weakness.
2. Crohn's Disease:
• This type of IBD is characterized by inflammation of the lining of the digestive
tract, which often can involve the deeper layers of the digestive tract.
• It can affect the areas between the mouth and the anus.
• The ileum and caecum region are most commonly affected.
• Inflammation may penetrate deep into the tissues of the intestines/colon and form
ulcers or fistulas (passage between a hollow or tubular organ).
Complications of Crohn's Disease: Complications of Crohn's disease may include:
• Bowel obstructions.
• Anemia due to bleeding from tissues.
Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease usually are characterized by
diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss.

4. ETIOLOGY OF IBD
The exact cause of IBD is unknown.
However, several factors can increase the risk of developing UC
and Crohn's disease:
1) Impaired Immune Function: IBD is the result of an
impaired immune system. It may result when an abnormal
immune system response to bacteria, viruses or food particles
triggers an reaction in the GIT
2) Someone with a family history of IBD is more likely to
develop IBD.
3) Bacteria & Viruses: IBD is also caused due to viruses
(Measles) as well as bacteria (Mycobacterium).
4) Environmental Factors: Diet, smoking, antibiotics,
breastfeeding, oral contraceptives etc are responsible to
trigger an inflammatory reaction in GIT and may cause IBD
5) Psychological Factors: Stress and physical trauma etc. may
also lead to IBD.

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IBD
Infection with bacteria.
Binding of bacterial peptidoglycan on NOD1 & NOD2
receptors.
Formation of inflammatory mediators.
Formation of Interleukin-32 [IL-32].
Activation of Nuclear factor-kB [NF-kB].
Formation of Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6[IL-1β & IL-6].
Inflammatory Bowel disease [IBD].

6. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF
IBD
• Abdominal pain, cramping & bloating due to the
bowel obstruction.
• Diarrhoea.
• Hematochezia (Blood in stool).
• Low fever.
• Decreased appetite.
• Unintended weight loss.
• Fatigue.

7. TREATMENT OF IBD
Treatment of IBD includes:
• NSAIDs like Ibuprofen, Acelofenac etc.
• Antibiotics like Metronidazole,
Norfloxacin.
• Immunomodulators.
• Corticosteroids.
• Healthy eating habits.

8. THANK YOU