The document outlines the political, religious, and socio-economic dynamics in Ethiopia and neighboring Muslim sultanates during the medieval period. It discusses the consolidation of the Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia, the expansion of Christianity and religious reforms. It also describes the rise of Muslim sultanates like Ifat and Adal along trade routes, the rivalry between the Christian and Muslim powers over trade, and their external relations with Egypt and Europe.
This unit discusses socio-economic and political developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th to late 18th centuries. Major events include the expansion of trade leading to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over trade routes. There were also significant population movements, such as by the Afar, Somali, Argoba and Oromo peoples. The period saw religious expansions and interactions between ethnic and religious groups. Specifically, it discusses the Gondarine period and the Zemene Mesafint era including Yejju rule.
This document discusses political, economic, and social developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th century to the late 18th century. Major events included expansion of trade routes which led to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over control of trade. Foreign powers also intervened during this period. There were significant population movements as groups like the Afar, Somali, Argoba, and Oromo migrated into the region. Religious influences also spread and peoples began to integrate across ethnic and religious lines.
Global Trend PPT week 1&2-converted.pdfDamena Goda
This document provides an overview of international relations and related concepts. It discusses how IR involves interactions between various actors including states, international organizations, and corporations. It also examines different levels of analysis in IR from the individual and group level to the state and international system level. The document traces the historical background of IR to developments like the Westphalia treaty and presents different models of the international power structure such as unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar systems.
History of Ethiopia & the Horn Unit 1 (1).pptxTeamireabDesta
This document provides an introduction to the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses the meaning and uses of history, sources and methods of historical study, historiography of the region, and the geographical context. Some key points covered include:
- History is the systematic study of past human events and societies. It helps understand the present and provides a sense of identity.
- Historians rely on primary and secondary sources to study the past, including manuscripts, oral traditions, travel accounts, and archaeological evidence.
- The writing of history in Ethiopia and the Horn has evolved from early travel accounts and manuscripts to the professionalization of history as an academic discipline in the 20th century.
- The
The document summarizes the emergence and development of early states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa from ancient times until the 13th century CE. It discusses:
- The earliest recorded state of Punt located in northern Somalia or northern Ethiopia, known from Egyptian texts between 2500-1500 BCE.
- Other early cultural centers that emerged like Da'amat and Yeha in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea between 1000-500 BCE.
- The rise of the powerful Aksumite state between 200 BCE-700 CE, which dominated trade routes in the Red Sea region and had territories extending across modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, and South Arabia.
- The Zagwe
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a university course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed as a common course for Ethiopian students and covers the region's history from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The course objectives are to introduce students to the diverse histories of the region and how interactions between peoples shaped its development. Specific topics that will be covered include human evolution, ancient states, religious processes, and internal and external relations from the 19th to 20th centuries.
UNIT ONE ppt history of Ethiopia and horn.pptxzeyohannesamare
This document provides an overview of the definition, nature, key elements, uses and sources of history. It then discusses the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Some key points:
- History is defined as the organized study of past events based on evidence from sources like manuscripts, diaries, artifacts, and more.
- Key elements include periodization and categorizing historical time. History helps understand the present, provides identity, teaches critical skills, and fosters open-mindedness.
- Sources are primary (first-hand accounts) and secondary (published later accounts). Oral sources are also important for non-literate societies.
- Historiography of the region emerged from
This document discusses national interests and foreign policy. It defines national interest as the values, goals and objectives a country aims to achieve in international relations. National interests drive a country's foreign policy. The document also outlines different criteria for defining national interests, including operational philosophy, ideological, moral/legal, pragmatic, and foreign dependency criteria. It then discusses foreign policy objectives, including short-term goals of security, middle-term goals of economic welfare, and long-term visions to restructure the international system. The document also examines patterns of foreign policy behavior and dimensions for analyzing it such as alignment, scope and mode of operation.
This unit discusses socio-economic and political developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th to late 18th centuries. Major events include the expansion of trade leading to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over trade routes. There were also significant population movements, such as by the Afar, Somali, Argoba and Oromo peoples. The period saw religious expansions and interactions between ethnic and religious groups. Specifically, it discusses the Gondarine period and the Zemene Mesafint era including Yejju rule.
This document discusses political, economic, and social developments in Ethiopia from the early 16th century to the late 18th century. Major events included expansion of trade routes which led to conflicts between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates over control of trade. Foreign powers also intervened during this period. There were significant population movements as groups like the Afar, Somali, Argoba, and Oromo migrated into the region. Religious influences also spread and peoples began to integrate across ethnic and religious lines.
Global Trend PPT week 1&2-converted.pdfDamena Goda
This document provides an overview of international relations and related concepts. It discusses how IR involves interactions between various actors including states, international organizations, and corporations. It also examines different levels of analysis in IR from the individual and group level to the state and international system level. The document traces the historical background of IR to developments like the Westphalia treaty and presents different models of the international power structure such as unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar systems.
History of Ethiopia & the Horn Unit 1 (1).pptxTeamireabDesta
This document provides an introduction to the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses the meaning and uses of history, sources and methods of historical study, historiography of the region, and the geographical context. Some key points covered include:
- History is the systematic study of past human events and societies. It helps understand the present and provides a sense of identity.
- Historians rely on primary and secondary sources to study the past, including manuscripts, oral traditions, travel accounts, and archaeological evidence.
- The writing of history in Ethiopia and the Horn has evolved from early travel accounts and manuscripts to the professionalization of history as an academic discipline in the 20th century.
- The
The document summarizes the emergence and development of early states in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa from ancient times until the 13th century CE. It discusses:
- The earliest recorded state of Punt located in northern Somalia or northern Ethiopia, known from Egyptian texts between 2500-1500 BCE.
- Other early cultural centers that emerged like Da'amat and Yeha in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea between 1000-500 BCE.
- The rise of the powerful Aksumite state between 200 BCE-700 CE, which dominated trade routes in the Red Sea region and had territories extending across modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, and South Arabia.
- The Zagwe
History of Ethiopia and the Horn Common Course (2).pptxGalassaAbdi
This document provides an overview of a university course on the history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. The course is designed as a common course for Ethiopian students and covers the region's history from ancient times to 1995. It is divided into seven units that examine major social, cultural, economic and political developments. The course objectives are to introduce students to the diverse histories of the region and how interactions between peoples shaped its development. Specific topics that will be covered include human evolution, ancient states, religious processes, and internal and external relations from the 19th to 20th centuries.
UNIT ONE ppt history of Ethiopia and horn.pptxzeyohannesamare
This document provides an overview of the definition, nature, key elements, uses and sources of history. It then discusses the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. Some key points:
- History is defined as the organized study of past events based on evidence from sources like manuscripts, diaries, artifacts, and more.
- Key elements include periodization and categorizing historical time. History helps understand the present, provides identity, teaches critical skills, and fosters open-mindedness.
- Sources are primary (first-hand accounts) and secondary (published later accounts). Oral sources are also important for non-literate societies.
- Historiography of the region emerged from
This document discusses national interests and foreign policy. It defines national interest as the values, goals and objectives a country aims to achieve in international relations. National interests drive a country's foreign policy. The document also outlines different criteria for defining national interests, including operational philosophy, ideological, moral/legal, pragmatic, and foreign dependency criteria. It then discusses foreign policy objectives, including short-term goals of security, middle-term goals of economic welfare, and long-term visions to restructure the international system. The document also examines patterns of foreign policy behavior and dimensions for analyzing it such as alignment, scope and mode of operation.
The document provides an overview of anthropology as a field of study. It discusses how anthropology developed from its roots in the 18th century to becoming an established science in the late 19th/early 20th century. It was initially focused on studying non-Western societies. The document outlines the main subfields of anthropology including physical/biological anthropology, archaeological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and socio-cultural anthropology. It also discusses some of the basic features and contributions of anthropology as a comparative, holistic, and relativistic field of study.
History of of Ethiopia and the Horn (Hist.1012)semahegngashaw
This document provides an overview of the history and uses of history as an academic discipline, as well as the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses:
1. The nature of history as an organized study of the past based on credible sources, with the goal of understanding human societies and their interactions over time.
2. The major contributions of early Greek, Chinese, and European historians to establishing history as a formal area of inquiry.
3. The sources used in the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn region, including manuscripts, inscriptions, travel accounts, and chronicles from various time periods.
4. The developments in Ethiopian historiography, from
The document provides an overview of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum located in what is now Eritrea and Ethiopia. It flourished between 100-940 AD and grew to become a major trading empire, facilitating trade between Rome/Byzantium and India. Aksum adopted Christianity in the 4th century and left behind significant architectural remains including large obelisks and tombs. It minted its own currency and had foreign relations across the Red Sea region and beyond. The document also discusses Aksumite society, culture, and the legend of the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon which Ethiopians believe founded their Solomonic dynasty.
1. Transnational corporations (TNCs) are large companies that operate in multiple countries and exert significant economic and political influence globally. They expand operations abroad through subsidiaries or acquisitions.
2. TNCs have both advantages like creating jobs and investments in other countries, and disadvantages such as exploiting natural resources, creating income inequality, and manipulating laws to cut costs and transfer profits out of host countries.
3. One method TNCs use to keep developing countries subordinate is transfer pricing, where they underprice exports and overprice imports to illegally repatriate profits to home countries. They also shape local consumer needs to their interests and sell technology with restrictions.
The document provides an overview of the chapter on Ancient Egypt, including sections on the Nile Valley, Egypt's Old Kingdom, the Egyptian Empire, and the civilization of Kush. It describes how the Egyptian civilization began along the fertile Nile River valley, protected by natural barriers. During the Old Kingdom, powerful pharaohs ruled and the Egyptians built pyramids as tombs. They had a polytheistic religion and believed in an afterlife.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of economies and societies around the world through trade, communications, and cultural exchange. It has increased significantly due to factors like colonialism, improved transportation and communication technologies, the growth of multinational corporations, and trade agreements that reduce barriers. The effects of globalization include changing food supplies to be available worldwide year-round, outsourcing of manufacturing to lower costs countries, less job security in developed nations, and impacts on local cultures and environments from corporate expansion. While globalization allows goods and ideas to spread rapidly, it has also faced increasing protests over its negative impacts.
The document discusses the political and social changes that occurred in Europe during the late Middle Ages. It describes how the Magna Carta limited the power of English kings and established principles of habeas corpus and rule of law. It also explains how the Hundred Years' War between England and France led to the growth of parliamentary power in England and helped drive the English out of France. Additionally, it overviewed how the Black Death plague led to social changes in medieval Europe.
The document summarizes the rise of Christianity from the life of Jesus to the establishment of the Christian Church. It describes how Jesus' teachings led to the founding of Christianity after his death. It then explains how Christianity grew rapidly and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire under Emperor Constantine. Key figures mentioned include Jesus, the apostles Peter and Paul, Emperor Constantine, and his mother Helena.
1) The document discusses key concepts in data science including data, information, and the data processing cycle.
2) It then covers different data types from both computer programming and data analytics perspectives, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data.
3) The document also examines the data value chain and key activities involved in acquiring, analyzing, curating, storing, and using data to generate insights.
The document provides information on the time period and location of ancient Egypt. It describes how Egypt was originally divided into two kingdoms that were unified by King Menes around 3100 BC, marking the beginning of ancient Egypt. The Nile river was crucial to Egypt's development by providing fertile land and isolating the civilization. Egypt had four main historical periods separated by intermediate periods, with important events and capital cities noted for each period. The document also discusses Egypt's political, social, economic, and cultural aspects like its hierarchical social structure, agricultural economy, use of hieroglyphic writing, polytheistic religion, and architectural and artistic achievements including temples and royal tombs.
The document provides an overview of the Ottoman Empire through a presentation. It discusses the empire's origin in Asia Minor in the 13th century under Osman I. At its peak, the empire spanned Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. It then began declining after naval defeats in the 16th century. The presentation covers additional topics like language, food, festivals, economy, sultans, conquests, architecture, and the devshirme system of conscripting non-Muslim children. The golden era is identified under Suleiman the Magnificent, and three main reasons for the empire's eventual decline are discussed.
This section describes the decline of the Roman Republic and the establishment of the Roman Empire. Wealthy landowners consolidated small farms into large estates, displacing many farmers. Attempts at reform led to civil wars. Julius Caesar seized power but was assassinated. His successor Octavian defeated other leaders and established himself as Emperor Augustus, ending the republic and beginning the empire.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies through cross-border movement of goods, capital, services, technologies and people. It began with early trade routes like the Silk Road but accelerated in the late 19th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology.
The IMF identifies four main aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people, and the dissemination of ideas and culture. While globalization has increased economic growth and competition, it has also led to environmental degradation and imbalances between nations. Both positive and negative impacts must be considered to achieve sustainable development.
Global trend freshman course ppt chapter twoworkinehamanu
Foreign policy and diplomacy involve a state pursuing its national interests and objectives through interactions with other states. A state's foreign policy is shaped by both internal factors like its capabilities, and external factors like the international system. National interests are the values and goals a state wants to achieve abroad and can be defined based on pragmatic, ideological, or moral criteria. States employ instruments like diplomacy and economic policies to pursue their foreign policy objectives in the short, middle, and long term. Diplomacy involves structured communication between states to peacefully pursue shared goals, while economic tools like trade agreements or sanctions can influence other states' behavior.
The document provides an overview of several sections in a chapter about Ancient Greece. It summarizes the key points about the early Greeks, the development of Sparta and Athens as city-states, and Persia's attacks on Greece. It describes the geography of Greece, the rise and fall of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, the influence of tyrants and the establishment of democracy in Athens. It also outlines the expansion of the Persian Empire and the Greek victories over Persia at Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis that prevented their conquest.
This document discusses the concepts of economic and political globalization. It defines globalization as the process by which nationality and geographic locations become increasingly irrelevant for economic activities. It describes economic globalization as advancing the integration of the world economy through trade and investment. Political globalization refers to an increasing trend toward multilateralism and the emergence of international non-governmental organizations that monitor governments. The document also outlines some pros and cons of globalization, such as increased worldwide markets but also a threat of multinational corporations limiting cultural expression or achieving sophisticated colonization through outsourcing jobs.
This document provides an overview of the content in a chapter about early civilizations, including:
1) Early humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers who built villages like Jericho and Catal Hoyuk.
2) Mesopotamia's early civilizations developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, with influential Sumerian city-states inventing writing and new technologies.
3) Powerful empires later arose in Mesopotamia, including the Assyrian Empire which controlled many provinces through military force, and the Chaldean Empire with King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilding Babylon's famous landmarks.
These organizations - known at the UN as "non-governmental organizations" or "NGOs" - are often the most effective voices for the concerns of ordinary people .
This document provides an outline for a course on global affairs. It includes four chapters that will cover various topics:
Chapter 1 introduces concepts in international relations, including nationalism, states, actors, levels of analysis, and theories of IR.
Chapter 2 covers foreign policy, defining national interests and behaviors. It also provides an overview of Ethiopia's foreign policy over different historical periods.
Chapter 3 is about international political economy, including meanings, theoretical perspectives, influential systems like the US and Germany, and governing institutions.
Chapter 4 addresses globalization and regionalism, defining globalization and outlining debates between hyper-globalists, skeptics, and transformationalists.
The course aims to equip
The document provides an overview of politics, economy, and society in Ethiopia from the late 13th to early 16th centuries. It discusses:
1) The restoration of the Solomonic dynasty and their claims of descent from King Solomon of Israel.
2) Power struggles during this period resulting in the establishment of a royal prison to contain rival family members.
3) The consolidation and expansion of the Christian kingdom under Emperor Amde Tsion in the 14th century, bringing new territories under its control.
4) The rise of Muslim sultanates like Ifat and Adal centered around trade routes, and the resulting rivalry with the Christian kingdom over control of trade.
Unit 3.nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnpptxErmiyasBeletew
1) The document discusses the emergence of states and kingdoms in Ethiopia from ancient times through the 13th century. It describes early agricultural communities that formed larger political units like the states of Punt, Da'amat, and the major Aksumite state.
2) The Aksumite state rose to power between 200-100 BC and became a major naval and trading power, exporting goods to places like Egypt, India, and Persia. It declined after the 7th century as environmental issues hurt agriculture and the port of Adulis was destroyed.
3) Subsequent states mentioned include the Zagwe dynasty which ruled from 1150-1270 and built famous rock-hewn churches, as
The document provides an overview of anthropology as a field of study. It discusses how anthropology developed from its roots in the 18th century to becoming an established science in the late 19th/early 20th century. It was initially focused on studying non-Western societies. The document outlines the main subfields of anthropology including physical/biological anthropology, archaeological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and socio-cultural anthropology. It also discusses some of the basic features and contributions of anthropology as a comparative, holistic, and relativistic field of study.
History of of Ethiopia and the Horn (Hist.1012)semahegngashaw
This document provides an overview of the history and uses of history as an academic discipline, as well as the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa. It discusses:
1. The nature of history as an organized study of the past based on credible sources, with the goal of understanding human societies and their interactions over time.
2. The major contributions of early Greek, Chinese, and European historians to establishing history as a formal area of inquiry.
3. The sources used in the historiography of Ethiopia and the Horn region, including manuscripts, inscriptions, travel accounts, and chronicles from various time periods.
4. The developments in Ethiopian historiography, from
The document provides an overview of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum located in what is now Eritrea and Ethiopia. It flourished between 100-940 AD and grew to become a major trading empire, facilitating trade between Rome/Byzantium and India. Aksum adopted Christianity in the 4th century and left behind significant architectural remains including large obelisks and tombs. It minted its own currency and had foreign relations across the Red Sea region and beyond. The document also discusses Aksumite society, culture, and the legend of the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon which Ethiopians believe founded their Solomonic dynasty.
1. Transnational corporations (TNCs) are large companies that operate in multiple countries and exert significant economic and political influence globally. They expand operations abroad through subsidiaries or acquisitions.
2. TNCs have both advantages like creating jobs and investments in other countries, and disadvantages such as exploiting natural resources, creating income inequality, and manipulating laws to cut costs and transfer profits out of host countries.
3. One method TNCs use to keep developing countries subordinate is transfer pricing, where they underprice exports and overprice imports to illegally repatriate profits to home countries. They also shape local consumer needs to their interests and sell technology with restrictions.
The document provides an overview of the chapter on Ancient Egypt, including sections on the Nile Valley, Egypt's Old Kingdom, the Egyptian Empire, and the civilization of Kush. It describes how the Egyptian civilization began along the fertile Nile River valley, protected by natural barriers. During the Old Kingdom, powerful pharaohs ruled and the Egyptians built pyramids as tombs. They had a polytheistic religion and believed in an afterlife.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of economies and societies around the world through trade, communications, and cultural exchange. It has increased significantly due to factors like colonialism, improved transportation and communication technologies, the growth of multinational corporations, and trade agreements that reduce barriers. The effects of globalization include changing food supplies to be available worldwide year-round, outsourcing of manufacturing to lower costs countries, less job security in developed nations, and impacts on local cultures and environments from corporate expansion. While globalization allows goods and ideas to spread rapidly, it has also faced increasing protests over its negative impacts.
The document discusses the political and social changes that occurred in Europe during the late Middle Ages. It describes how the Magna Carta limited the power of English kings and established principles of habeas corpus and rule of law. It also explains how the Hundred Years' War between England and France led to the growth of parliamentary power in England and helped drive the English out of France. Additionally, it overviewed how the Black Death plague led to social changes in medieval Europe.
The document summarizes the rise of Christianity from the life of Jesus to the establishment of the Christian Church. It describes how Jesus' teachings led to the founding of Christianity after his death. It then explains how Christianity grew rapidly and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire under Emperor Constantine. Key figures mentioned include Jesus, the apostles Peter and Paul, Emperor Constantine, and his mother Helena.
1) The document discusses key concepts in data science including data, information, and the data processing cycle.
2) It then covers different data types from both computer programming and data analytics perspectives, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data.
3) The document also examines the data value chain and key activities involved in acquiring, analyzing, curating, storing, and using data to generate insights.
The document provides information on the time period and location of ancient Egypt. It describes how Egypt was originally divided into two kingdoms that were unified by King Menes around 3100 BC, marking the beginning of ancient Egypt. The Nile river was crucial to Egypt's development by providing fertile land and isolating the civilization. Egypt had four main historical periods separated by intermediate periods, with important events and capital cities noted for each period. The document also discusses Egypt's political, social, economic, and cultural aspects like its hierarchical social structure, agricultural economy, use of hieroglyphic writing, polytheistic religion, and architectural and artistic achievements including temples and royal tombs.
The document provides an overview of the Ottoman Empire through a presentation. It discusses the empire's origin in Asia Minor in the 13th century under Osman I. At its peak, the empire spanned Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. It then began declining after naval defeats in the 16th century. The presentation covers additional topics like language, food, festivals, economy, sultans, conquests, architecture, and the devshirme system of conscripting non-Muslim children. The golden era is identified under Suleiman the Magnificent, and three main reasons for the empire's eventual decline are discussed.
This section describes the decline of the Roman Republic and the establishment of the Roman Empire. Wealthy landowners consolidated small farms into large estates, displacing many farmers. Attempts at reform led to civil wars. Julius Caesar seized power but was assassinated. His successor Octavian defeated other leaders and established himself as Emperor Augustus, ending the republic and beginning the empire.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of national economies through cross-border movement of goods, capital, services, technologies and people. It began with early trade routes like the Silk Road but accelerated in the late 19th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology.
The IMF identifies four main aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people, and the dissemination of ideas and culture. While globalization has increased economic growth and competition, it has also led to environmental degradation and imbalances between nations. Both positive and negative impacts must be considered to achieve sustainable development.
Global trend freshman course ppt chapter twoworkinehamanu
Foreign policy and diplomacy involve a state pursuing its national interests and objectives through interactions with other states. A state's foreign policy is shaped by both internal factors like its capabilities, and external factors like the international system. National interests are the values and goals a state wants to achieve abroad and can be defined based on pragmatic, ideological, or moral criteria. States employ instruments like diplomacy and economic policies to pursue their foreign policy objectives in the short, middle, and long term. Diplomacy involves structured communication between states to peacefully pursue shared goals, while economic tools like trade agreements or sanctions can influence other states' behavior.
The document provides an overview of several sections in a chapter about Ancient Greece. It summarizes the key points about the early Greeks, the development of Sparta and Athens as city-states, and Persia's attacks on Greece. It describes the geography of Greece, the rise and fall of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, the influence of tyrants and the establishment of democracy in Athens. It also outlines the expansion of the Persian Empire and the Greek victories over Persia at Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis that prevented their conquest.
This document discusses the concepts of economic and political globalization. It defines globalization as the process by which nationality and geographic locations become increasingly irrelevant for economic activities. It describes economic globalization as advancing the integration of the world economy through trade and investment. Political globalization refers to an increasing trend toward multilateralism and the emergence of international non-governmental organizations that monitor governments. The document also outlines some pros and cons of globalization, such as increased worldwide markets but also a threat of multinational corporations limiting cultural expression or achieving sophisticated colonization through outsourcing jobs.
This document provides an overview of the content in a chapter about early civilizations, including:
1) Early humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers who built villages like Jericho and Catal Hoyuk.
2) Mesopotamia's early civilizations developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, with influential Sumerian city-states inventing writing and new technologies.
3) Powerful empires later arose in Mesopotamia, including the Assyrian Empire which controlled many provinces through military force, and the Chaldean Empire with King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilding Babylon's famous landmarks.
These organizations - known at the UN as "non-governmental organizations" or "NGOs" - are often the most effective voices for the concerns of ordinary people .
This document provides an outline for a course on global affairs. It includes four chapters that will cover various topics:
Chapter 1 introduces concepts in international relations, including nationalism, states, actors, levels of analysis, and theories of IR.
Chapter 2 covers foreign policy, defining national interests and behaviors. It also provides an overview of Ethiopia's foreign policy over different historical periods.
Chapter 3 is about international political economy, including meanings, theoretical perspectives, influential systems like the US and Germany, and governing institutions.
Chapter 4 addresses globalization and regionalism, defining globalization and outlining debates between hyper-globalists, skeptics, and transformationalists.
The course aims to equip
The document provides an overview of politics, economy, and society in Ethiopia from the late 13th to early 16th centuries. It discusses:
1) The restoration of the Solomonic dynasty and their claims of descent from King Solomon of Israel.
2) Power struggles during this period resulting in the establishment of a royal prison to contain rival family members.
3) The consolidation and expansion of the Christian kingdom under Emperor Amde Tsion in the 14th century, bringing new territories under its control.
4) The rise of Muslim sultanates like Ifat and Adal centered around trade routes, and the resulting rivalry with the Christian kingdom over control of trade.
Unit 3.nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnpptxErmiyasBeletew
1) The document discusses the emergence of states and kingdoms in Ethiopia from ancient times through the 13th century. It describes early agricultural communities that formed larger political units like the states of Punt, Da'amat, and the major Aksumite state.
2) The Aksumite state rose to power between 200-100 BC and became a major naval and trading power, exporting goods to places like Egypt, India, and Persia. It declined after the 7th century as environmental issues hurt agriculture and the port of Adulis was destroyed.
3) Subsequent states mentioned include the Zagwe dynasty which ruled from 1150-1270 and built famous rock-hewn churches, as
This document provides an overview of major themes and developments in different world civilizations between 600-1450 CE. It discusses the rebuilding of declining empires like the Byzantine and Tang/Song Dynasties in China. It also summarizes the rise and spread of Islam across the Middle East, Northern Africa and South Asia through military conquest and trade. Other topics covered include decentralized feudal systems in Western Europe and Japan.
The Arabs on the Iberian Peninsula from 711-1492 CE saw:
1. The initial conquest by Muslim armies which established independent emirates and caliphates that flourished for several centuries, reaching a golden age under the Caliphate of Córdoba.
2. The fragmentation of al-Andalus into competing Taifa kingdoms from the 11th-13th centuries as Christian kingdoms advanced, until temporary political unifications by the Almoravids and Almohads.
3. The eventual fall of Muslim rule to the Catholic Monarchs with the conquest of Granada in 1492, ending over 700 years of Arab presence on the Iberian Peninsula
The document provides an overview of pre-Islamic Arabia and the early history and spread of Islam. It describes the nomadic lifestyle in pre-Islamic Arabia and the rise of Mecca and Medina as trading centers. It then summarizes Muhammad's life and the key events in the founding of Islam, including the Hijra and establishment of the Umma. Finally, it outlines the expansion of the Islamic empire under the early caliphs and the establishment of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties.
This document discusses the history of Islam and its arrival in the Iberian Peninsula, known as Al-Andalus. It began with the Umayyad conquest in 711 AD and the creation of an Islamic state. Muslims ruled Al-Andalus until 1492, leaving influences on Spanish culture, art, customs and language. The golden age was the Caliphate of Cordoba in the 10th century, though Al-Andalus eventually fractured and was reduced to the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the 13th century before the final Islamic rule ended in 1492.
The Umayyad clan was initially opposed to Muhammad but later embraced Islam and became a powerful Muslim family. After Muhammad's death, the Umayyads led the majority Sunni Muslims while some broke away to form the Shiite minority who believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's family. The Umayyads rapidly conquered territories across North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe until being halted at the Battle of Tours in 732. Their rule ended when the Abbasid family revolted in 750 and established their capital in Baghdad, moving the empire's center away from Syria.
The Umayyad clan was initially opposed to Muhammad but later embraced Islam and became a powerful Muslim family. After Muhammad's death, the Umayyads led the majority Sunni Muslims while some broke away to form the Shiite minority who believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's family. The Umayyads rapidly conquered territories across North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe until being halted at the Battle of Tours in 732. Their rule ended when the Abbasid family revolted in 750 and established their capital in Baghdad, moving the empire's center away from Syria.
Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa Lecture # 7Islam .docxvrickens
The document discusses the spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins by providing demographic information about the global Muslim population, noting that approximately 20% live in sub-Saharan Africa. It then discusses the two main branches of Islam - Sunni and Shiite - and provides a brief overview of the early civilizations and influence of Islam in different regions of Africa, including West Africa along trade routes, and East Africa along coastal trading cities. Key empires discussed include Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in West Africa, which benefited from the trans-Saharan gold-salt trade. The document notes that while rulers often converted to Islam, most common people retained their traditional religious beliefs. Islam introduced new cultural and political
The document provides an overview of the origin and spread of Islam, the political and social organization of Islamic societies, Islamic religious practices and pillars, the economy of Islamic empires, Islamic culture, and Muslim art. It describes how the religion of Islam originated in the 7th century AD in the Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad and then rapidly expanded across large parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe through military conquests and missionary activities. Key aspects of Islamic civilization discussed include the caliphate political system, division of society, emphasis on the five pillars of faith, development of trade networks, cultural centers of learning, and artistic styles featuring calligraphy and geometric patterns.
West Africa to 1870Introduction society, trends, themesEm.docxphilipnelson29183
West Africa to 1870
Introduction: society, trends, themes
Empires & States: Ghana, Mali, Songhai; Kanem-Bornu, Hausa States, etc
Civilization: political, economic, social, religion
Compare Trans-Saharan Slave Trade to Trans-Atlantic Trade
Racial, chattel, permanence, religious impact, etc
Campaign against Trans-Atlantic slavery:
Reasons: economic, new group of thinkers, abolitionists (e.g Olaudah Equiano- Nigerian & Ottobah Cugoano- Ghana-Ghana, etc), humanitarians (Wilberforce, Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, etc)
African attitudes to abolition: support & opposition, why
Establishment of Sierra Leone & Liberia
Granville sharp at forefront of Sierra Leone community, 1787- first party of 411 left GB for West Africa, Maroons
Liberia: American Colonization Society, explain,
European Exploration of Africa: contextualize
British exploration & activities: 1788- African Association formed, purpose; 1795-7, Mungo Park, a Scottish doctor, reached the Niger at Segu; 1805-6, Park & crew returned but did not reach destination, drowned in the rapids near Bussa
1822-5: Denham, Clapperton, & Oudney, three British officers explored the Central Sudan
1830: Richard & John Lander (two brothers) solved the Niger mystery, by sailing from Buss to the mouth of the delta
French penetration, explain & contextualize; Rene Caillie travelled from west coast to Timbuktu, and crossed the Sahara to Morocco in 1827-9
G. Mollien arrived at the sources of the Gambia in 1818
French built forts to control coastal areas of Senegal; 1854- Lord Faiherbe was appointed governor and protected French traders, turned Senegal into a base of further French penetration into the rest of Africa
Dr. William Baike, a Scottish surgeon, led a GB expedition up the lower Niger and the Benue in 1854. He used quinine to cure his men of malaria, and this paved the way for further penetration into the interior.
Implications of European exploration
African resistance to exploration, hostility, etc
Implications of exploration
Coming of European Missionaries
From 1780 and beyond groups of European missionaries moved into Africa: Protestants, Catholics, Baptists, etc. Part of reason given was to abolish slavery
Many groups from major European nations: Baptist Missionary Society, London Missionary Society, Glasgow Missionary Society, Church Missionary Society, etc
Missionaries concentrated on the coast: fear of malaria; hostility of African chiefs in the interior, constant problems between indigenous and missionaries. Missionaries preached against African values, e.g. body tattooing, worship of various gods, human sacrifice, etc
Jihads of the Western Sudan
Revolutions & Colonial Conquest of Middle Africa 1840-1900
IntroductionIncreasingly in the 19th Century middle Africa was linked to global economy.1st slavery gave way to demands for commodities such as palm oil, ivory, rubber, waxChokwe, Ovimbundu, Nyamwezi, & Swahili trading empiresShipping &.
The document summarizes early African civilizations from 2000 BC to 1500 AD. It discusses the impact of Africa's diverse geography on civilization development. It describes how civilizations like Kush, Axum, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai emerged as powerful states due to factors like trade, leadership, and control of resources. It also outlines the migration of Bantu peoples, rise of coastal city-states, and establishment of states like Great Zimbabwe in southern Africa. The document concludes by examining aspects of traditional African society, religion, and rich cultural traditions.
The document provides historical information about the Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkic group who established a large empire in medieval Eurasia. Some key points:
- The Khazars were located in an area comprising much of modern-day European Russia and Ukraine. Their capital was Atil.
- Khazaria was a multifaith state with Turkic, Slavic, and Caucasian peoples. It played an important economic role between northern Europe and Asia.
- The Khazars converted to Judaism in the 8th century. They absorbed Jewish culture and became urbanized.
- Khazaria was eventually conquered by Kievan Rus in the 10th century
The Umayyad Caliphate began in 661 AD after Mu'awiyah defeated the fourth caliph Ali and established the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyads expanded the Islamic empire significantly through military conquests. They also standardized the administration of the empire by establishing boards to oversee finances, correspondence, and other functions. The Umayyads made Damascus their capital and ruled over a vast territory, spreading Islam widely during their rule. However, internal conflicts and the rise of the Abbasid revolutionary movement eventually led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD.
The document discusses early African civilizations and their development. It describes the Bantu migrations from West Africa starting around 3,000 BC, which spread Bantu languages and agriculture. It also summarizes the rise and fall of three West African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai - including key figures like Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Additionally, it examines the trans-Saharan trade networks in gold, salt, and slaves, as well as the influential Swahili coastal trading cities. Finally, it analyzes how traditional African beliefs blended with the introduction of Islam and Christianity through religious syncretism along trade routes.
HST 337ID questionsDinganeAbder KaderUsman dan FodioTr.docxwellesleyterresa
This document provides an outline for a history course on West Africa to 1870. It includes identification questions and essay prompts on various topics related to West African history during this time period. The outline also lists major themes and events that would be covered, including empires, the slave trade, European exploration and conquest, migration patterns, and Islamic jihads in Western Sudan. Specific rulers, leaders, battles, and time periods are mentioned throughout the document as examples to be discussed further in the course.
The early history of Al-Andalus
By the 8th century, Muslims had expanded beyond Arabia and controlled North Africa. In 711, they crossed into the Iberian Peninsula, defeating the Visigoth King Roderic. They occupied most of the peninsula but not the mountainous regions. The Muslims called their new territory Al-Andalus, with its capital at Córdoba, dependent on the Umayyad caliphate. Over time Al-Andalus fragmented into taifa states and the Christian kingdoms grew in strength, gradually reconquering Muslim lands.
The document provides background information on the Crusades:
Pope Urban II called for the Crusades in the 11th century to retake the Holy Lands from the Seljuk Turks. He hoped this would unite Christianity and increase the power and prestige of the Church. Thousands answered the call for religious and political reasons. The Crusades had mixed success in retaking lands but ultimately failed in their goal. They led to increased trade and the rise of stronger centralized monarchies in Europe.
During the period from 600 to 1450 CE, several major developments occurred globally. Large religions expanded their influence, while nomadic groups like the Bedouins and Mongols impacted many regions through migration and conquest. A new religion, Islam, arose and spread widely. Empires developed in Mesoamerica, South America, China, and parts of Africa and West Asia. Long distance trade intensified along routes like the Silk Road and Indian Ocean, connecting diverse regions and cultures. The Crusades brought Europeans into global trade networks, and the vast Mongol Empire briefly united much of Eurasia before eventually fracturing.
Heterocyclic compounds contain ring structures that include other atoms in addition to carbon, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Common heterocycles include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, pyrimidine, oxazole, isoxazole, and phenothiazine. These heterocycles are important in natural materials and pharmaceuticals. Nomenclature systems have been developed to systematically name heterocyclic compounds based on the number and type of atoms in the ring. Heterocycles exhibit different properties depending on whether the ring is saturated or unsaturated. Many heterocycles are synthesized through adaptations of the Paal-Knorr reaction.
This document provides an introduction to anthropology. It begins by defining anthropology as the study of humans, their origins, development, and variations across cultures and time periods. It notes that anthropology studies both the biological and cultural aspects of humans.
The document then outlines four main subfields of anthropology: physical/biological anthropology; archaeological anthropology; linguistic anthropology; and socio-cultural anthropology. It provides brief descriptions of the scope and focus of each subfield.
The document also discusses some key characteristics and aspects of human culture, which is a central focus of anthropological study. It defines culture and notes that culture is learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, adaptive and dynamic. It
The document discusses the structure and properties of amino acids. It notes that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group. There are 20 standard amino acids that are used in protein synthesis. Amino acids share a common core structure but differ in their variable side chains. They can be classified based on the polarity of their side chains and whether they are essential or non-essential to humans. The document also discusses the nomenclature and abbreviations of amino acids, as well as some specialized amino acids like selenocysteine.
This document discusses various types of isomers that can exist in organic chemistry, including constitutional isomers, stereoisomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers. It provides examples and definitions for each type of isomerism. Key points covered include the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system for naming enantiomers, optical activity arising from the interaction of chiral molecules with plane-polarized light, and methods for resolving racemic mixtures into their pure enantiomer components.
This document provides information on blood physiology, including:
- The functions of blood include transporting oxygen, nutrients, waste, and hormones throughout the body while maintaining temperature, pH, and fluid volume.
- Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin, which transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production.
- Old red blood cells are destroyed by macrophages, and the iron and other components are recycled for use in producing new red blood cells.
Joints are where two bones meet, allowing movement and connecting the skeleton. They can be classified by function, like synarthroses which don't move, or amphiarthroses which move partially. Most common are diarthroses, which move freely. Structurally, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Synovial joints have a cavity filled with fluid and include knee, elbow, shoulder joints. They allow motions like flexion, extension, and rotation. Understanding joints is key to learning bone and muscle anatomy.
The document discusses emerging technologies and data science. It defines key concepts such as data, information, knowledge and data processing. It also covers different types of data from both computer programming and data analytics perspectives including structured, semi-structured, unstructured and metadata. The document highlights that data processing transforms raw data into useful information through input, processing and output stages.
The document discusses cells and their structures. It begins by defining cells as the basic functional units of living organisms. It then describes the main components of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not. The document also discusses the structures within cells called organelles and their specific functions. It explains the cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and different types of cellular junctions. Finally, it covers the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and the role of the cytoskeleton in providing structure and facilitating movement within cells.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within living organisms. The document introduces biochemistry and discusses several key topics:
1. It defines biochemistry and explains that it encompasses areas like cell biology, molecular biology, and genetics to understand life at the molecular level.
2. The major components of cells are described as water, organic biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, and inorganic ions. Organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria are also introduced.
3. Biochemistry is applied in various fields including medicine, pharmacology, and agriculture to study physiological processes, drug interactions, and more. Understanding biochemistry provides insights into health, disease, and cellular function.
Water is essential for life and makes up a large percentage of the human body. The document discusses several key points about water and acid-base balance in the human body:
1) Water is involved in many critical functions like acting as a solvent, participating in metabolic reactions, and regulating body temperature. The body precisely controls water balance through mechanisms like thirst.
2) The body produces acids through cellular metabolism which can lower pH. However, several buffer systems precisely regulate pH, including bicarbonate buffers, phosphate buffers, and protein buffers.
3) When the pH shifts outside the narrow range of 7.35-7.45, it can cause acidosis or alkalosis respectively. The lungs,
1. Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include sugars, starches, and fibers and serve important functions in the body.
2. The document discusses the classification of carbohydrates into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Important monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
3. Polysaccharides are high molecular weight carbohydrates and include starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Starch is made of amylose and amylopectin and is an important storage carbohydrate in plants.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
1. Outlines
The “Restoration of the “Solomonic” Dynasty
• Succession Problem and Establishment of Royal
Prison at Amba Gishen
• Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the
Christian Kingdom
• Evangelization, Religious Reforms and Religious
Movements
The Political and Socio-economic Dynamics in the Muslim
Sultanate
The Rise of Adal
Trade and Expansion of Islam
Rivalry Between the Christian Kingdom and the Muslim
Sultanates
External Relations
• Relations with Egypt
• Relations with Christian Europe
2. Evangelization, Religious Reforms and Religious
Movements
A. Evangelization
It was an expansion of Christianity.
Churches and their believers had been in existence long
before expansion of Christian kingdom. E.g. in Shewa
Early Christians played an important role in the spread of
Christianity in several areas.
For example, Abba Iyesus-Mo'a (Haik Estifanos), opened
new opportunities of learning for Christians.
Territorial expansion of Amde-Tsiyon was a momentum for
spread of Christianity in the medieval period.
• Abune Tekle-Haymanot of ( Debre Libanos), played a key
role in reviving Christianity in Shewa and followed by
evangelization in Southern Ethiopia including medieval
Damot.
He baptized and converted Motalami to Christianity.
3. • By the direction from Bishop Yaqob, spread Christianity to
different areas of Shewa such as Kil'at, Tsilalish, Merhabite,
Wereb, Moret and Wegda, and Fatagar, Damot, Waj and
Enarya.
B. The Ewostatewos Movement
In the 13th century witnessed development of monasticism
and religious movements.
Abba Ewostatewos established his own monastic
community in Sara'e (in present day Eritrea).
• His teachings was the strict observance of Sabbath on
Saturday.
• Due to opposition, he fled the country to Egypt.
• His followers such as Bekimos, Merkoryewos and Gebre–
Iyasus returned home from Armenia led by Abba Absad to
continue it.
• Soon, it spread to Enfranz, northern Tigray, and
Hamessen.
• Anti Ewostatewos group emerged led by Aqabe-Se’at
4. • The clergy removed Ewostatians from the churches services
and settled in peripheral areas.
• Ewostatians sustained their movement in monasteries like
Debre-Bizan, and Debre-San.
C. Deqiqe Estifanos/ the Estifanosites
Abba Estifanos, was born in Agame.
He established a rigid monastic organization.
It emphasized on poverty, absolute self-subsistence, equality
and independence from secular authorities.
Estifanos was initially able to convince atse Takla Maryam(r.
1430-33) as he posed no threat to royal power and unity of
the church.
He collided with Zara-Yaqob due to his disapproval of
religious initiatives of Emperor, rejected royal supremacy and
authority in spritual matters and refused to participate in court
judiciary.
Zara-Yaqob took harsh measures against the Estifanosites
5. Naod favorably inclined to the Estifanosites.
The Estifanosites softened their position, reintegrated into
EOC by lifting excommunication during bishop Yeshaq.
D. The Religious Reforms of Zara Ya’iqob
Emperor Zara-Yaqob (r.1434-68) took several measures to
stabilize and consolidate the Orthodox Church.
The assimilation of his pagan subjects into the Christian
community, and the creation of a religiously homogenous
society was Zara Ya’iqob’s highest ideal.
Some of his reforms were:
• He settled the conflict among the Ethiopian clergy towards
the creation of a suitable church-state union.
• He made peace with the House of Ewostatewos by reviving
Sabbath in the Ethiopian church,
• Ewostatians agreed to receive Holy orders from the
Ethiopian prelates.
• Further, he urged the clergy to preach Christianity in remote
areas.
6. • He ordered the people to observe fasting on Wednesday and
Friday, and to get Father Confessors.
• He declared the abolition of all forms of pagan worship in his
kingdom.
• He decreed that every Christian should bear the names of
‘the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost’ branded on his
forehead.
• The sign of the cross also had to be affixed on all
belongings of the Christians- on their dress, their instruments
of war, and even on their ploughs.
• The king encouraged the establishment of a library in every
church. This was followed by revival of religious literature.
• Zara Ya’iqob himself wrote some books like Metsafe-Birhan,
Metsafe-Me’lad, Metsafe-Sillasie, Metsafe-te’aqebo Mister.
• Some parts of Te’amre Maryam were translated from Arabic
to Geez.
7. POLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN MUSLIM
SULTANATES
Emergence:- a number of Muslim sultanates emerged since
the 14th century.
Trade:- both the major source of livelihood and state
formation of Muslim Sultanates.
Trade also a major source of conflict between the Christian
Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates.
One of the strongest Muslim Sultanates emerged along the
trade routes and resisted the Christian Kingdom until the
second half of the 16th C was the Sultanate of Adal.
TRADE AND EXPANSION OF ISLAM
Trade:- served as the major channel for expansion of Islam
and main source of economy.
The most known Muslim Sultanates were Ifat (1285-1415)
and Adal (1415-1577).
Zeila served as the main trade outlet and old city states of
Mogadishu, Brava and Merca were used as ports for
8. With the revival of trade, different towns and trade centers
emerged along the route from Zeila to the interior.
Travelers' accounts and chronicles referred to these towns
and ruins of mosques and residences mark the existence of
market centers, which followed and served the trade coasts.
Jigjiga and the highlands of Harar and Charchar attest to the
market towns that served the Zeila route. These include:
1. Weez-Gebeya in western Shewa/famous market on the
Fatagar-Dawaro-Harar route,
2. Suq-Wayzaro in old Damot,
3. Suq-Amaja and the very famous market centre Gandabalo
on the Ifat-Awsa route.
Gandabalo was largely inhabited by Muslim and Christian
merchants serving the kings and sultans as agents.
Other big market towns include:
i. One that linked medieval Amhara with Awsa, called Wasel
near what is today Ware-Illu, Qorqora/Qoreta (north of Waldiya)
and Mandalay in southern Tigray.
9. ii. The towns of Dabarwa, the seat of the Bahre-Negash (“Lord
of the Sea”), and Asmara were the two important entrepots of
caravans in the hinterland of Massawa.
Muslim states had significant control over trade routes that
passed through Zeila due to their geographical proximity,
although contested by “Solomonic” Kingdom.
4.4. RIVALRY BETWEEN THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOM AND
THE MUSLIM SULTANATES
Causes for the rivalry:
The ambition to control this trade route and commodities
that passed through Zeila led to rivalry between the
“Solomonic” rulers and the Sultanate of Ifat.
The first recorded conflict between the Christian Kingdom
and Ifat took place in 1328.
It was because the Muslim Sultanates organized their
armies to take military action against the Christian Kingdom.
10. The Sultan of Ifat, Haqaddin I stopped merchants belonging
to the Christian King, Amde-Tsion, confiscating the goods,
capturing, and imprisoning the king's agent, Ti’iyintay
returning from Cairo.
These actions forced Amde-Tsion to wage a campaign
against Haqaddin I; defeated and took him prisoner and
eventually replaced him by his brother Sabradin. Both Ifat
and Fatagar came under Sabradin.
The Sultanates of Hadiya and Dawaro made an alliance
with Sabradin. Yet, Ifat was defeated and Sabradin was
captured on his retreat. Replaced by his brother Jamaladin.
As a result, Ifat, Fatagar and Dawaro were incorporated.
Amde-Tsion required from them annual tributes and
freedom of movement for all caravans through Zeila.
It was based on these grounds that some members of the
Walasma moved their seat of power further east to Adal,
from where they continued their struggle.
11. THE RISE OF ADAL
Adal:- was a branch of Walasma family splintered from Ifat
and established in Harar in 1367.
Dakar was the first center, in 1520 changed to Harar and
1576 to Awsa in Afar due to the Oromo pressure.
Having lost Ifat, they moved their seat of power further east
to Adal (established by Haqaddin II and Sa’adadin), and
from there they continued their efforts to recover their
losses.
To check their attacks on the highlands, the successors of
Amde Tseyon had to conduct repeated campaigns into the
lowlands.
These include: Amde Tseyon’s son, Saya Ar’ed (1344-71),
succeeded by his sons, first Newaye Maryam (1371-80) and
later Dawit (1380-1413), succeeded by his son, Tewodros I
(1413-1414). King Yeshaq (r. 1414-1430) lost his life fighting
somewhere in the sultanate of Adal.
In 1376, Haqadin II came to power and refused to pay
12. Similarly, the successor of Haqadin II, Sa’d ad-Din II (C.
1386-1402) gained initial success but defeated by king
Dawit I (r. 1380-1412) in 1402/3.
Sa’d ad-Din II became refuge in Zeila until King Yishaq
(r.1413-30) killed him in 1415. Since then the area was
called "the land of Sad ad-Din."
Following the death of Sa’d ad-Din and loss of Zeila to
Christian Kings, the Muslim sultanates declined in power.
Sa’d ad-Din’s sons who took refuge in Yemen came back to
succeed their father. Yet, Adal continued to challenge the
Christian state and were successful in killing Tewodros
(1412-13) and Yeshaq. In 1445, Zara Yaqob defeated
Sultan Ahmed Badlay at the battle of Yeguba.
As a result, the son and successor of Ahmed Badlay,
Mohammed Ahmed (r.1445-71) sent a message of
submission to Ba’ede Mariam (r. 1468-78) to remain vassal
of the Christian Kings.
On the death of Mohammed, Ba’ede-Mariam campaigned
13. The successors of Ba'ede-Mariam proved weak in their
dealings with the rulers of Muslim Sultanates. At the same
time, leaders of the Muslim Sultanate sought to resolve the
problem peacefully.
As a result, Mohammad ibn Azhar ad-Din (1488-1518)
attempted to harmonize relations with the Christian
Kingdom.
However, among the various Sultans of the Muslim
sultanates, Emir Mahfuz carried out some effective military
campaigns into the highlands and in 1517 Emir Mahfuz died
fighting against Emperor Lebne-Dengel's (r. 1508-40) force.
His son-in-law, Imam Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi,
popularly known as Ahmed Gragn or the "left-handed" took
over the leadership.
Peaceful Interactions:
There were wider socio-economic and cultural interactions
between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim principalities.
As in earlier periods, trade continued to be the major
14. The long distance trade and local markets served as core
areas of social ties. Relatively, the difference in ecology of
the Muslim sultanates and the Christian Kingdom created
economic interdependence, which in due course
strengthened socio-economic bondage.
Merchants of the two regions often moved from the
highlands to the coast and vice versa. It was through such
caravan merchants that the social links were strengthened
and religions spread.
These interactions and interdependence in economic,
social, cultural and political spheres lay the foundation for
modern Ethiopia.
The period witnessed the flourishing of Geez literature as is
evident from the works of Abba Giorgis Ze-Gasicha and
others and philosophies epitomized by Zara-Ya'iqob (not to
be confused with the king).
On the Muslim side, literature had developed including the
works of Arab writers such as Ibn Fadil al Umari, Ibn
Khaldun and others.
15. 4.5. EXTERNAL RELATIONS
1. RELATIONS WITH EGYPT
From the late thirteenth century onwards, Christian
Kingdom continued to maintain relations with Egypt, which
was mainly religious in character.
In 1272, Yekuno-Amlak sent an emissary to Egypt’s Sultan,
Baybars requesting an Abun from the Coptic Church.
Both Egypt and Ethiopia continued to act as protectors of
religious minorities in their respective domain.
Egypt also wanted to ensure secure flow of the Nile (the
Abay River) that originated from Ethiopia.
In the early 14th century, Mohammed ibn Qala’un
persecuted the Copts and destroyed their churches in
Cairo. In response, Amde-Tsion demanded the restoration
of the churches and warned that the failure to do so would
result in the diversion of the Nile waters.
16. Patriarch Marqos (1348- 63) sent a message to Sayfa-Arad
(r.1344-71), revealing his imprisonment by the then
Egyptian Sultan. Sayfa-Arad is said to have mobilized a
huge army against Egypt after which the Sultan released
the patriarch and sent a delegation to the King.
Patriarch Matewos (1328-1408) delegated by the Sultan,
established harmonious relations between King Dawit and
Egypt. The Sultan is said to have sent a piece of the "True
Cross" and in return, Dawit is said to have given a number
of religious paintings to the Sultan.
In 1437/8, Zara-Yaqob wrote a friendly letter to Sultan
Barsbay requesting the protection of Christians in Egypt.
Three years later, however, Patriarch Yohannes XI wrote
Zara-Yaqob a letter stating the demolition of the famous
church of Mitmaq (Debre-Mitmaq).
Then Zara-Yaqob sent an envoy to Sultan Jaqmaq (1438-
53) with a strongly worded letter. In reply to this message,
Jaqmaq sent an envoy to Ethiopia, with complimentary gifts
to the King but rejected the reconstruction of the church.
17. II. RELATIONS WITH CHRISTIAN EUROPE
As with the Muslim Arab world, the Christian Kingdom
maintained relations with Christian Europe.
During the medieval period, contacts between the two
regions were strongly influenced by the legend of “Prester
John”.
This was followed by sustained relations in subsequent
decades. For example, it is stated that Ethiopian
delegation was in attendance of Gian Galeazzo Visconti’s
coronation in Milan in 1395.
In 1418, three Ethiopians attended the Council of
Constance. In another report, message from an Ethiopian
monarch, Amde-Tsion was presented to King Phillip of
France in 1332.
The earliest known message to Ethiopia from a European
monarch is the letter of King Henry IV of England dated
1400 A.D. and addressed to “Prester John”, the purported
king of the Christian Kingdom.
18. The identification of the King with “Prester John” was firmly
established in the 14th century. They even thought that it was
possible to liberate Jerusalem with the help of this King.
Hence, during the reign of King Dawit, the leaders of Rome,
Constantinople, Syria, Armenia and Egypt sent letters to the
king in which they asked for support.
King Dawit received some Italian craftsmen consisting mainly
of Florentines. In 1402, King Dawit sent his first delegation to
Europe led by a Florentine man called Antonio Bartoli.
Alphonso de Paiva V of Aragon received a delegation from
Yishaq in the city of Valentia, in 1427. Yishaq’s delegation to
Europe was to ask for more artisans and military experts.
The embassy of the Duke of Berry consisting craftsmen,
Neapolitan Pietro, a Spaniard and a Frenchman reached
Ethiopia during the reign of Yishaq.
In 1450 a Silican Pietro Rombulo, who had been in Ethiopia
since the last years of Dawit's reign and who had previously
carried out a successful trade mission to India on behalf of the
King, was now sent to Europe as Zara-Yaqob’s ambassador.
19. An Ethiopian priest, Fikre-Mariam and two other individuals
accompanied him. The mission was to Alphonso of Aragon,
(also ruled as king of Naples and Sicily).
King Zara-Yaqob sent delegates to Alphonso to get
political, military, and technical assistance. Alphonso wrote
a letter to Zara- Yaqob and informed him that he sent him
artisans and masons he requested.
The most authentic pieces of evidence on Ethio-Europe
links are the maps of Egyptus Novelo (c. 1454) and Fra
Mauro's Mappomondo (1460) which clearly depicted many
places and peoples.
Venetian Gregorio or Hieronion Bicini visited Ethiopia in
1482. Pedros da Covilhao/Peter de Covilham arrived at
court of Eskindir (1478-1494) in 1493.
The rivalry between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim
Sultanates in the 15th century strengthened the relation
between the Christian Kingdom and Christian Europe.
20. Queen Elleni (the daughter of Hadiya Garad and married to
King Zara Yaeqob) played an important role in the
strengthening of these relations. She also had foreseen the
possibility to consolidate relations with and get support from
Portugal that was against the Tukish.
In 1508, Portugal sent a person to act as an ambassador to
Christian Ethiopia. Around 1512, Queen Elleni, the mother
and regent of Lebne-Dengel sent an Armenian called
Mathew to Portugal. The Portuguese court doubted his
authenticity and was received coldly.
The Portuguese Embassy led by Rodrigo di Lima, Duwarto
Galliba and Francisco Alvarez reached Ethiopia in 1520 and
remained for six years. The objective was to establish a
naval port against the expanding Turkish power in Red Sea
Area. The mission was not successful.