2. Chapter Introduction Section 1 Early Humans Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization Section 3 The First Empires Reading Review Chapter Assessment The First Civilizations Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
6. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes the world’s earliest humans and relates their change from nomadic hunters to farmers. Early Humans
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11. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Determine Cause and Effect Draw a diagram like the one on page 8 of your textbook. Use it to explain how early humans adapted to their environment. Early Humans
19. How did spoken language help the Paleolithic people? Language made it easier for people to work together and pass on knowledge. Early Humans
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24. Why was farming important to the Neolithic people? Farming allowed people to settle in one place, and it provided a steady food supply. Early Humans
25. Who are archaeologists and what do they study? Archaeologists are scientists who hunt for, dig up, and study artifacts. Early Humans
26. Animals supplied meat, milk, and wool. They also carried goods and pulled carts. How did domesticating animals help the Neolithic people? Early Humans
27. Explain Why were Paleolithic people nomads? They moved around to hunt animals and gather other foods. Early Humans
28. Compare Compare the technology of the Paleolithic Age with that of the Neolithic Age? Paleolithic: stone, bone, and wooden tools and weapons; Neolithic: metal tools and weapons Early Humans
29. Analyze Why was the ability to make a fire so important? Fire kept humans warm, scared animals away, and was used to cook food. Early Humans
32. Mesopotamian Civilization Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes Mesopotamia, one of the regions where the world’s earliest civilizations developed.
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37. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Sequencing Information Use a diagram like the one on page 16 of your textbook, to show how the first empire in Mesopotamia came about. Mesopotamian Civilization
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44. What effect did irrigation have on the people of Mesopotamia? Irrigation allowed farmers to grow plenty of food. More food meant more people could be fed, so the population grew. Mesopotamian Civilization
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47. Why did Sumerians study the skies? The locations of the planets and stars guided the Sumerians’ farming and festivals. Mesopotamian Civilization
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50. What were some of the benefits of living in Hammurabi’s empire? What were some of the drawbacks? Benefits: Living in a large, powerful empire helps keep enemies from taking over the land; Hammurabi’s code helped keep people from committing crimes against one another. Drawbacks: Hammurabi’s code had cruel punishments; people were governed by one person, Hammurabi, instead of living in a representative government. Mesopotamian Civilization
51. What is civilization? a complex society with cities, an organized government, art, religion, a system of writing, and class divisions Mesopotamian Civilization
52. a set of laws that the Babylonian leader Hammurabi established for his empire What was the Code of Hammurabi? Mesopotamian Civilization
53. Geography Skills How was the geography of Mesopotamia suited for the growth of population and creation of a civilization? Mesopotamia was located in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. These rivers often flooded, leaving behind rich soil for farming, which made it easier to feed large numbers of people. Mesopotamian Civilization
54. Science Link Why did the Sumerians record the positions of stars and planets and develop a calendar? to learn the best times to plant crops and hold religious festivals Mesopotamian Civilization
55. Persuasive Writing Imagine you are living in a city-state in ancient Sumer. Write a letter to a friend describing which Mesopotamian idea or invention you believe will be the most important to humanity. Answers will vary. Mesopotamian Civilization
56. Review the Sumerian technologies that changed the world. Mesopotamian Civilization
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58. The First Empires Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section discusses the Assyrian and Chaldean Empires.
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66. How were the Assyrians like other Mesopotamians? The Assyrians and the Mesopotamians built temples and palaces. Both used art and writing. The First Empires
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71. What made Babylon the world’s richest city? Being on a major trade route meant merchants and artisans benefited from trade. The city also had beautiful structures, such as the Hanging Gardens and the Ishtar Gate. The First Empires
72. The First Empires Why was the Assyrian army a powerful fighting force? It had a well-organized army with advanced weapons.
73. The First Empires They mapped stars, planets, and phases of the moon and created the sundial and seven-day week. What were some of the accomplishments of Chaldean astronomers?
74. Analyze How did the Assyrians set up a well organized government? They divided the empire into provinces, and chose provincial officials to collect taxes and enforce laws. The First Empires
75. Conclude Why do you think the Assyrians took conquered peoples from their lands and moved them to other places? Possible answer: It would make it more difficult for conquered people to rise up against the Assyrians. The First Empires
76. Descriptive Writing Write a paragraph that might be found in a travel brochure describing the beauty of ancient Babylon. Answers will vary. The First Empires
77. Science Link What different types of knowledge and skills would the Babylonians need to build the Hanging Gardens? Answers will vary. The First Empires
78. Describe two main points about the Assyrians and Chaldeans. The First Empires
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84. __ 1. A ___ kept records in cuneiform. __ 2. An ___ is a group of many different lands under one ruler. __ 3. Assyrian kings divided their empire into political districts called ___. Review Vocabulary A. historians B. provinces C. empire D. city-state E. scribe C B Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each sentence. E The First Civilizations
85. __ 4. ___ are people who study and write about the human past. __ 5. A ___ had its own government and was not part of any larger unit. Review Vocabulary A. historians B. provinces C. empire D. city-state E. scribe D Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each sentence. A The First Civilizations
86. How did Paleolithic people adapt to their environment? They adapted to the environment by making tools and clothes and by using fire. The First Civilizations Section 1 Early Humans Review Main Ideas
87. The First Civilizations Section 1 Early Humans Review Main Ideas What were the major differences between people who lived in the Paleolithic period and those who lived in the Neolithic period? People who lived in the Paleolithic period were hunters and gatherers. Neolithic people were farmers and traders who built communities.
88. Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization The First Civilizations Review Main Ideas Where were the first civilizations in Mesopotamia? in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
89. The First Civilizations Section 2 Mesopotamian Civilization Review Main Ideas How did Sumerian city-states lose power? Conflicts weakened them and they became vulnerable to attacks by outsiders.
90. Section 3 The First Empires What helped Assyria build an empire in Mesopotamia? its military power and well organized government The First Civilizations Review Main Ideas
91. The First Civilizations Section 3 The First Empires Review Main Ideas What scientific advancement did the Chaldeans make? They mapped the stars, planets, and phases of the moon; created the sundial; and used the seven-day week.
92. Explain Why do you think Mesopotamia is sometimes called the “cradle of civilization”? Some of the earliest known civilizations arose in Mesopotamia and had a great effect on world history. The First Civilizations
93. Analyze Why was the switch from hunting and gathering to farming important enough to be called the farming revolution? Farming allowed early humans to settle into villages, which was a new way of living that led to the rise of civilizations. The First Civilizations
94. Describe What rights did women have in the city-states of Sumer? They could buy and sell property and run businesses. The First Civilizations
95. Predict How successful do you think the Assyrian army would have been if it had not learned how to strengthen iron? Answers will vary. You should note that the Assyrians still would have been powerful because of their strategies and ruthlessness. The First Civilizations
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97. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 1-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com
98. Map s The Rise of Farming Communities 7000 – 2000 B.C. Ancient Mesopotamia Assyrian Empire Chart Comparing the Neolithic and Paleolithic Ages Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
103. Scientists believe early humans made tools from other materials besides stone. They probably used wooden sticks to dig holes and used bark from trees to make containers. Unlike stone, these organic materials decay, so remnants from the early humans are unavailable. Early Humans
104. Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania spent 30 years developing the first Sumerian language dictionary. Mesopotamian Culture
105. The Chaldeans in today’s Iraq still speak Aramaic, the language of ancient Babylon. The First Empires
106. Get Ready to Read! Learn It! Reading Social Studies Before you read, take time to preview the chapter. This will give you a head start on what you are about to learn. Follow the steps on the next slide to help you quickly read, or skim, Section 1 on page 9 of your textbook.
117. Science and Inventions One of the most important advances of prehistoric people was the creation of stone tools. Tools made hunting, gathering, building shelter, and making clothing much easier. The first tools were made of stones. Early humans quickly learned that grinding, breaking, and shaping the stones to create sharp edges made them more useful. As technology advanced, people began making specific tools such as food choppers, meat scrapers, and spear points. In time, people learned that hitting a stone in a particular way would produce a flake—a long, sharp chip. Flakes were similar to knives in the way they were used. Tools
118. Connecting to the Past Stones were easy to fashion into tools. 1. Why do you think early people chose stones to make their first tools? 2. How were flakes created? by chipping stones pieces until they flaked into the right shape
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