The document discusses several key components of a computer system: the power supply unit (PSU) which provides power and can handle AC or DC current; the motherboard which holds the central processing unit (CPU), RAM, graphics card and connects other components; the CPU which processes instructions and can be single or dual core; read-only memory (ROM) which permanently stores basic input/output instructions; random access memory (RAM) which allows data to be directly accessed; and the basic input/output system (BIOS) chip which contains boot instructions.