1. The document discusses the components and architecture of computers, including microprocessors, CPUs, memory, and I/O devices. 2. It describes the main components of a microcomputer as the CPU, memory, parallel I/O, serial I/O, programmable interrupt, and direct memory access. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers. 3. Memory types include cache memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Most computers use static random access memory for cache, dynamic random access memory for main memory, and hard disks for secondary memory.

1. 6.53
COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, student should be
able to:
1. List the component of microprocessor
2. List the component and distinguish of CPU
3. Explain the difference between von
Neumann and Harvard architecture
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3. WHAT IS PROCESSOR?
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4. 4

5. WHAT IS PERIPHERALS?
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computer architecture defines the design and
functionality of a computer system.
The components of a microcomputer are designed to
interact with one another, and this interaction plays an
important role in the overall system operation.

8. ABSTRACT REPRESENTATION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
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Layered architecture of a computer

9. ABSTRACT REPRESENTATION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
9
• Compiler: The function of a compiler is to
convert a high-level language (HLL) to
assembly language, and the assembler then
converts assembly language to machine code
(binary).
• Firmware: software program or set of
instructions programmed on a hardware
device. Its devices provides the necessary
instructions for how the device communicates
with the other computer hardware such as the
BIOS, device manager, and device driver
• Instruction Set Architecture: The instruction set
are the set of different commands that are
supported by the hardware. It is basically the
interface between the hardware and software
layers

10. ABSTRACT REPRESENTATION OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
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• Applications: Applications are programs run by
users like text editors and web browsers. The
hardware layer consists of the CPU, memory,
and I/O devices that make up the computer.
• Operating System: Operating systems manage
computer hardware resources such as
input/output operations, managing memory,
and scheduling processes for execution.

11. COMPONENT OF
MICROCOMPUTER
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CPU
buses
Memory
Serial input/output
Programmable I/O interrupt
Direct memory access

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Components of a microcomputer

13. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
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Brain of the computer
Responsible for:
• accepting data from
input devices
• processing the data
into information,
• transferring the
information to
memory and output
devices.
Organized into the following three major sections:
1. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
2. Control unit
3. Registers
arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
perform arithmetic operations and
logic operations
Registers
pass the information to the ALU for logic and
arithmetic operation that moved from memory.
control unit
to control input/output
devices, generate control
signals to the other
components of the computer

14. REGISTER BANK
• Register is the fastest memory in a computer which holds information
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CPU BUSES
1. Address Bus
the number of addressable locations in a memory IC by using the 2𝑛
formula, where n represents the number of
address lines. If the address bus is made up of three lines, then there are 23
= 8 addressable memory locations
2. Data Bus
carry data to and from the memory. The size of data bus plays an important factor on CPU performance (32 bits @ 64
bits)
3. Control Bus
carries control signals from the control unit to the computer components in order to control the operation of each
component.
(When more than one wire carries the same type of information, it is called a bus)

15. CONTROL
SIGNALS
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• The read line is set to high to read from memory
location or input/output (I/O) devices
Read signal
• The write line is used to write data into the
memory
Write signal
• Indicates an interrupt request
Interrupt
• The device is requesting to use the computer
bus
Bus request
• Gives permission to the requesting device to use
the computer bus
Bus Grant
• I/O read and write are used to read from or write
to I/O devices
I/O Read and
Write

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17. MEMORY
• Type of Dynamic
Random Access
Memory DRAM &
volatile and fast
• Called as
disk/secondary
storage. Include
storage devices (hard
disk / SSD)
• Slow and cheap
• Part of CPU & the
fastest type of
memory
• Made of Static
Random Access
Memory (SRAM)
• Located inside CPU
and hold
Register Cache
Main
Secondary
To interface with other devices, computers
need to use different kinds of serial input and
output interfaces. The most popular devices
that utilize input/output interfaces include
USB devices and PCI Express
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SERIAL I/O

18. DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS
➢ Direct memory access (DMA) allows for the transfer of blocks of data from memory to an I/O device or vice
versa. Without DMA, the CPU reads data from memory and writes it to an I/O device.
➢ Transferring blocks of data from memory to an I/O device requires the CPU to do one read and one write for
each operation
➢ The function of DMA is to transfer data from memory to an I/O device directly, without using the CPU, so that
the CPU is free to perform other functions.
➢ The DMA performs the following functions in order to use the computer bus:
▪ ends a request signal to the CPU.
▪ CPU responds to the DMA with a grant request, permitting the DMA to use the bus.
▪ DMA controls the bus, I/O device can read or write directly to or from memory.
▪ load a file off an external disk into main memory when large blocks of data need to be transferred to a
sequential range of memory
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19. PROGRAMMABLE I/O INTERRUPT
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mechanism is necessary to
synchronize all device
requests.
Function of a programmable interrupt
• to check the status of each device and inform the CPU
of the status of each
NOT READY!
Connected to computer

20. Harvard Architecture
CPU ARCHITECTURE
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Von Neumann Architecture
program consisting of code (instructions)
and data. Von Neumann uses the data bus
to transfer data and instructions from the
memory to the CPU.
uses separate buses for instructions and
data. The instruction address bus and
instruction bus are used for reading
instructions from memory. The address bus
and data bus are used for writing and
reading data to and from memory..

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22. SUMMARY
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1. The components of a microcomputer are the CPU,
memory, parallel I/O, serial I/O, programmable
interrupt, and DMA.
2. The function of the CPU is executing instruction.
3. The components of the CPU are the arithmetic logic
unit (ALU), control unit, and registers.
4. Most computers use three types of memory: cache
memory (SRAM), main memory (DRAM or SDRAM),
and secondary memory (hard disk, tape drive, and
floppy disk).

23. THANK YOU
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