Buffers and spoolers
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A buffer is an area of computer memory that stores data temporarily between a fast system component and a slower peripheral device, such as between a processor and printer. This ensures the processor is not held up by the slower speeds of peripherals. Buffers also track the status of peripherals so the processor knows when data can be sent or received. Similarly, spoolers send data to fast hard disk storage before transmitting to peripherals, allowing users to continue working while data sends in the background, which is preferable for large data transfers or shared network peripherals.
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The document discusses various aspects of I/O systems and mass storage devices. It describes how operating systems manage I/O devices through device drivers and controllers. It covers different types of I/O devices like block and character devices. It also discusses I/O techniques like memory mapped I/O, interrupts, DMA, polling vs interrupts. The document provides an overview of mass storage structure including magnetic disks, storage arrays, and RAID levels. It covers topics like swap space management, Windows architecture and process states in Windows.
Introduction to mis
1. The document discusses different types of computers including analog computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. It also covers super computers, mini computers, and micro computers.
2. It then provides details on key components of computers such as input and output devices, the central processing unit (CPU), data storage devices, computer memory, graphic user interfaces, video cards, ports and peripherals, and resolution.
3. The document concludes by discussing local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth and baud rate, multitasking and multiprocessing, multimedia, file management, and an introduction to computer networks including their need and how they enhance communication.
Microprocessor_IO Interfacing.ppt
This document discusses interface definitions and data transfer schemes. It defines an interface as a shared boundary between system elements that allows for input/output communication via signals and protocols. Interface devices meet interface specifications on one side. Data transfer schemes refer to the method of transferring data between a processor and peripheral devices, and include programmed and direct memory access transfers. Programmed transfers involve small data amounts using I/O instructions, while direct memory access allows large block transfers without processor involvement.
Introduction to Interfacing Technique
A well designed flexible interfaces will be required to ensure compatibility and extend design options.
Memory hierarchy
The document discusses the memory hierarchy which consists of main memory, auxiliary memory, and cache memory. Main memory communicates directly with the CPU, auxiliary memory provides backup storage, and cache memory is very fast memory that helps compensate for the speed difference between main memory and the CPU. The goal of the memory hierarchy is to obtain the highest possible average access speed while minimizing total cost.
operating system structure
The document discusses key components and concepts related to operating system structures. It describes common system components like process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and more. It then provides more details on specific topics like the role of processes, main memory management, file systems, I/O systems, secondary storage, networking, protection systems, and command interpreters in operating systems. Finally, it discusses operating system services, system calls, and how parameters are passed between programs and the operating system.
Ch # 04 computer hardware
computer hardware,
Internal Hardware
Processor (CPU)
Motherboard
RAM
Hard Disk Drive
Sound Card
Video Card
Network Card
Power Supply
External Hardware
Monitor or LCD
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Scanner
USB Drive
Internal Hardware
Processor (CPU)
Motherboard
RAM
Hard Disk Drive
Sound Card
Video Card
Network Card
Power Supply
External Hardware
Monitor or LCD
Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Scanner
USB Drive
Operating system
This document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- The role of an operating system is to act as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware to execute programs and efficiently manage system resources.
- A computer system consists of hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system controls and coordinates the hardware resources among applications and users.
- Operating systems perform process management, memory management, storage management, and security functions to allocate resources and control concurrent execution of programs.
Ram iit ppt
full information about operating system and its uses.................
if U find good work done please give one like
Kernel I/O subsystem
The document defines the kernel as the core of an operating system that provides basic services for I/O. It discusses I/O services provided by the kernel like scheduling, buffering, caching, spooling, device reservation, error handling, and I/O protection. The document also describes data structures like open file tables that the kernel uses to track the state of I/O components and activities.
CT01 Computer Basics
This document provides an overview of computer basics, including:
- Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer like the case, monitor, keyboard. Software refers to programs and instructions that make the hardware work.
- The CPU (central processing unit) is the brain of the computer and contains the arithmetic/logic and control units. RAM (random access memory) is short-term memory the computer uses to run programs.
- The basic process of how a computer works involves inputting data, the CPU processing it using programs stored in memory, and producing an output. Proper care and ergonomics are important for health and safety.
Performance Tuning
The document is Sidra Khan's presentation thanking those who supported her completion of the presentation, including Sir Waseem Mehmood, Sir Mehmood Butt, and her group members. It discusses performance tuning of systems, operating systems, databases, applications, and programming languages. Methods discussed include analyzing problems, determining and testing solutions, and optimizing aspects like response time, throughput, CPUs, I/O, networks, disk arrays, and memory.
Lecture 2_006ce463f6b1f768ce13b30d3bca6eea.pdf
This document provides an overview of computer systems architecture and components. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can store, retrieve, process, and output data. The document then discusses different types of computers like personal computers, laptops, tablets, servers, and supercomputers. It also explains the basic hardware components inside and outside a computer case, including the motherboard, CPU, RAM, power supply, expansion cards, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. The document concludes by describing primary memory like RAM and ROM, as well as secondary memory like hard drives.
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SQL
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This document outlines the end user and functional requirements for a doctor's surgery database. The end user requirements include searching appointments, patient medical histories, personal details, patients by medication or age range, and calculating average patient ratings by doctor. The functional requirements specify tables for doctors, patients, appointments with relevant fields, as well as database processes like queries, averages, sorts, and counts.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 6
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Buffers and spoolers
- 2. Buffers A buffer is an area of computer memory that is allocated to transferring data between the computer and a peripheral . A buffer will be used when a fast acting part of the system is exchanging data with a slow acting device eg a printer
- 3. Buffers Most interfaces have buffers to store blocks of data while in transfer between the processor and the peripheral. This ensures that the processor is not held up by slow communications to and from the peripherals. The buffer must also keep the status of the peripheral so that the processor knows when it is able to send or receive data and when problems arise.
- 4. Buffers Most interfaces have buffers to store blocks of data while in transfer between the processor and the peripheral. This ensures that the processor is not held up by slow communications to and from the peripherals. The buffer must also keep the status of the peripheral so that the processor knows when it is able to send or receive data and when problems arise.
- 5. Spoolers Another approach to ensuring the processor is not held up by slow peripherals is to send data to be spooled . This means that the data is sent to fast backing storage (usually the hard disk). Data is then sent from the backing store to the peripheral in the gaps between processing actions (an example of this is background printing).
- 6. Spoolers The user can continue operating the computer while the data is being sent to the peripheral. This is preferred to buffering when large amounts of data is to be sent or if the peripheral is shared across a network.
- 7. Credits Higher Computing – Peripherals – Buffers and Spoolers Produced by P. Greene for the City of Edinburgh Council 2004 Adapted by M. Cunningham 2010