The document provides a review for a test on Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It covers several topics including the geography of Greece which divided the people, the rise of city-states and democracy in Athens, influential Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars, Alexander the Great's conquests, the founding of Alexandria, the transition from Roman Republic to Empire under Augustus, the Pax Romana period of peace and expansion, influential Roman innovations like roads, aqueducts and the calendar, the rise and spread of Christianity, and the multiple internal and external factors that contributed to the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire. The review concludes by stating the test will
Rome began as a small town on the Tiber River and grew into a massive empire through military expansion and conquest over centuries. It transitioned from a monarchy to a republic ruled by elected officials and senators. Internal political struggles and the rise of influential figures like Julius Caesar led to the end of the republic and establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus in 27 BC. The empire reached its peak but then declined due to economic troubles, corruption, and invasions, with the western half falling in 476 AD.
The document provides an overview of the beginnings and rise of ancient Rome. It discusses:
- The founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus in 753 BC along the Tiber River.
- The three groups - Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans - who inhabited the region and fought for control. The Latins were the first Romans.
- How the Roman Republic replaced the monarchy in 509 BC, led initially by two consuls instead of a king.
- The three Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage from 264-146 BC which established Rome as the dominant power.
- Key figures like Julius Caesar, who conquered Gaul, and Augustus,
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire through its three main historical phases: the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD). It describes how the Roman Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire after the civil war sparked by Julius Caesar's assassination. It then outlines key reforms and achievements under Augustus, the first Roman emperor, which established over 200 years of stability and growth, known as the Pax Romana or Roman Peace.
Classical Rome: Rise, Fluorescence, and FallPaulVMcDowell
Describe the rise of the Roman republic and empire, its culture from law and government to architecture, arts, and engineering, and its long-term decline.
According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who were fed by a she-wolf as infants. Romulus became the first king of Rome. Over the next centuries, Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic as the Etruscan kings were overthrown. As a republic Rome expanded through military conquests, granting citizenship to more people over time. Eventually the republic transitioned again to an empire under Augustus in 27 BC, which reached its peak size before declining due to military, economic and social issues and finally fell in 476 AD with the deposition of the last emperor.
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization, including its economy, society, culture, architecture, and art. The Roman economy consisted of agriculture, livestock, crafts, and trade, facilitated by expansion of the Empire and infrastructure like roads. Roman society had citizens, non-citizens, slaves, and women held different legal statuses. Roman culture included law, Latin language, polytheistic religion later replaced by Christianity, and contributions to literature. Architecture such as aqueducts, temples, amphitheaters, and baths endured. Art embraced sculpture, painting, and mosaics emulating Greek styles.
Ancient Greek civilization began between the Ionian Sea and the Aegean Sea in a mountainous region called Hellas. This terrain influenced the development of independent city-states rather than large kingdoms. Two early civilizations, the Minoans and Mycenaeans, preceded ancient Greek civilization. The Archaic period saw the rise of poleis and the spread of Greek culture through colonization. The Classical period was defined by the growth of Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy and wars with Persia. The Hellenistic period began with the conquests of Philip and Alexander the Great, spreading Greek culture further and dividing Greece into Hellenistic kingdoms.
Rome began as a small town on the Tiber River and grew into a massive empire through military expansion and conquest over centuries. It transitioned from a monarchy to a republic ruled by elected officials and senators. Internal political struggles and the rise of influential figures like Julius Caesar led to the end of the republic and establishment of the Roman Empire under Augustus in 27 BC. The empire reached its peak but then declined due to economic troubles, corruption, and invasions, with the western half falling in 476 AD.
The document provides an overview of the beginnings and rise of ancient Rome. It discusses:
- The founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus in 753 BC along the Tiber River.
- The three groups - Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans - who inhabited the region and fought for control. The Latins were the first Romans.
- How the Roman Republic replaced the monarchy in 509 BC, led initially by two consuls instead of a king.
- The three Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage from 264-146 BC which established Rome as the dominant power.
- Key figures like Julius Caesar, who conquered Gaul, and Augustus,
The document summarizes the rise of the Roman Empire through its three main historical phases: the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD). It describes how the Roman Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire after the civil war sparked by Julius Caesar's assassination. It then outlines key reforms and achievements under Augustus, the first Roman emperor, which established over 200 years of stability and growth, known as the Pax Romana or Roman Peace.
Classical Rome: Rise, Fluorescence, and FallPaulVMcDowell
Describe the rise of the Roman republic and empire, its culture from law and government to architecture, arts, and engineering, and its long-term decline.
According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus and Remus, who were fed by a she-wolf as infants. Romulus became the first king of Rome. Over the next centuries, Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic as the Etruscan kings were overthrown. As a republic Rome expanded through military conquests, granting citizenship to more people over time. Eventually the republic transitioned again to an empire under Augustus in 27 BC, which reached its peak size before declining due to military, economic and social issues and finally fell in 476 AD with the deposition of the last emperor.
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization, including its economy, society, culture, architecture, and art. The Roman economy consisted of agriculture, livestock, crafts, and trade, facilitated by expansion of the Empire and infrastructure like roads. Roman society had citizens, non-citizens, slaves, and women held different legal statuses. Roman culture included law, Latin language, polytheistic religion later replaced by Christianity, and contributions to literature. Architecture such as aqueducts, temples, amphitheaters, and baths endured. Art embraced sculpture, painting, and mosaics emulating Greek styles.
Ancient Greek civilization began between the Ionian Sea and the Aegean Sea in a mountainous region called Hellas. This terrain influenced the development of independent city-states rather than large kingdoms. Two early civilizations, the Minoans and Mycenaeans, preceded ancient Greek civilization. The Archaic period saw the rise of poleis and the spread of Greek culture through colonization. The Classical period was defined by the growth of Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy and wars with Persia. The Hellenistic period began with the conquests of Philip and Alexander the Great, spreading Greek culture further and dividing Greece into Hellenistic kingdoms.
Rome was founded between 1000-500 BC by Latins on seven hills along the Tiber River in central Italy, with influences from Greeks, Etruscans, and others over time. In the early republic, Rome transitioned from Etruscan kings to a republican government with elected leaders like consuls and tribunes. Rome then expanded its power, conquering neighboring regions of the Italian peninsula by 265 BC and developing a large trading network in the Mediterranean aided by access to sea routes. However, this brought Rome into conflict with the powerful city of Carthage, leading to the three Punic Wars between 264-146 BC, which Rome ultimately won, destroying Carthage and gaining control of the Mediterranean
The Roman Republic was established in 509 BCE after the overthrow of the Etruscan monarchy, organizing the government into a combination of aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy with citizens electing consuls and a senate to advise them. Society was divided between the wealthy patrician class and the plebeian majority, who engaged in occasional strikes to gain more political power. The republican government structure consisted of two annually elected consuls, the senate which controlled finances and foreign policy, and plebeian tribunes who could veto consular decisions and advocate for the common people.
The document summarizes the origins and political evolution of ancient Rome from its founding in 753 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus and eventually grew into a vast empire governed by a monarchy, republic, and imperial system. The republic collapsed due to internal conflicts and unrest, leading to the rise of Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus, who transformed Rome into a centralized empire spanning from Britain to Persia. However, by the 3rd century AD, the empire began suffering economic and military crises that ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The Greeks and Etruscans were the two main civilizations in pre-Roman Italy. The Greeks inhabited Magna Graecia in the south while the Etruscans lived in modern-day Tuscany. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus, who killed his brother Remus during an argument. Rome transitioned from a kingdom to a republic in 509 BC after overthrowing the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud. The republic expanded Rome's power throughout Italy and the Mediterranean region, defeating rivals like Carthage in the Punic Wars. Political instability led to the rise of Julius Caesar as dictator, but his assassination sparked a civil war won by his adopted heir Oct
The Roman Republic transitioned to the Roman Empire over centuries as Rome expanded from a small city-state into a massive empire through military conquests. Key events included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BCE to establish the Republic, the Punic Wars in the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE which made Rome dominant in the Mediterranean, and the civil wars and rise of powerful generals in the 1st century BCE which weakened the Republic. The Republic ended and the Empire began when Octavian, as the first emperor Augustus, established the Principate and 200 year period of Pax Romana and stability from 27 BCE-180 CE.
The document provides an overview of the history and society of Ancient Rome from its origins as a small settlement to the establishment of a republic and eventual transition to an empire. It discusses the early monarchy period and establishment of a republic ruled by consuls in 509 BC. It describes the struggle between patricians and plebeians and the gradual acquisition of rights and political power by the plebeian class. It also covers the agricultural economy based on slave labor, social issues around land ownership, religion, engineering practices, architecture, and art forms in Ancient Rome.
The Roman Civilization document provides an overview of the origins and development of ancient Rome from its founding by Romulus and Remus through the transition from republic to empire. It describes Rome's strategic location and fertile soil which allowed it to develop. It then discusses the early republic and the social divisions between patricians and plebeians. Finally, it outlines the Roman system of government including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and how the republic eventually transitioned to an empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of ancient Rome. It discusses how Rome's central location in Italy contributed to its success in unifying the Italian peninsula and surrounding Mediterranean lands. Key events summarized include the transition from kingdom to republic around 509 BCE, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, the establishment of an empire under Augustus, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century CE. The document also examines factors that influenced the rise and fall of the Roman Empire such as invasions by barbarian tribes, the adoption of Christianity as the official religion, and the lasting impacts of Roman civilization.
The document provides a historical overview of Western civilization from ancient Greece through the fall of Rome. It discusses the development of Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta and the spread of Greek culture by Alexander the Great. It then covers the rise of Rome as a republic and empire, the establishment of Christianity in the Roman Empire, and the eventual decline and fall of Rome in the 5th century AD.
Ancient Greece emerged as the birthplace of Western civilization between 5000-300 BC. Key developments included the rise of city-states like Athens and Sparta between 800-500 BC, the Persian Wars in the 5th century BC which united the Greeks against an outside threat, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta which weakened Greece and allowed Philip II and his son Alexander the Great to conquer the region.
The document provides background on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. Over time Rome became a large, prosperous city under Etruscan kings. The Romans then overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic with elected leaders. Rome expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean, fighting three Punic Wars against Carthage to gain dominance of the region.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how, according to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. In reality, Rome was built between 1000-500 BC by the Latin people along the Tiber River in a strategic location. The city grew powerful under Etruscan kings but the Romans revolted in 509 BC and established a republic. The republic was ruled by consuls, senators, and citizen assemblies and expanded Rome's territory through military conquests.
The document provides an overview of ancient Rome, beginning with its rise as a city located along the Tiber River that encouraged migration. It then discusses Rome's transition from a republic to an empire through military conquest across Europe and the Mediterranean. Key contributions of Rome discussed include establishing a legal system, engineering achievements like aqueducts and roads, and architectural styles such as the arch, vault and dome that influenced later periods.
The document provides information on various aspects of Roman society and culture during the Pax Romana or Golden Age of Rome. It discusses the role of the emperor, the Praetorian Guard, Roman architecture including public baths and aqueducts, roads, religion, and the city of Pompeii. Key aspects summarized are the stability and prosperity of the Roman Empire during this period, the engineering marvels of Roman aqueducts and infrastructure projects, and religion playing a unifying role in the diverse empire.
Following the Punic Wars, Rome faced demographic problems as wealthy landowners consolidated small farms into large estates, displacing many farmers. Additionally, an influx of slaves provided cheap labor and further displaced farmers. This led to unrest and instability. Julius Caesar rose to power by forming an alliance with Pompey and Crassus known as the First Triumvirate. After conquering Gaul, he was assassinated by senators who feared he wanted to be emperor. This led to the Second Triumvirate between Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, which saw a power struggle that ended with Octavian defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. Octavian became the first Roman emperor, taking the name
The document summarizes the history of Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It discusses the early Roman kings including Romulus, the establishment of the Roman Republic around 509 BC, the conflicts between the patricians and plebeians, the Punic Wars against Carthage, and the Gracchi reforms. It also covers Julius Caesar's conquests and dictatorship, his assassination in 44 BC, and the rise of Augustus who ended the Republic and established the Roman Empire. The document concludes with the decline of the Western Empire due to invasions by groups like the Huns and Vandals, culminating in the fall of Rome in 476 AD.
The Roman Empire experienced over 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana after Augustus became the first emperor and established an effective system of government with civil servants rather than senators. The empire contained over 70 million residents and Rome itself had a population of 1 million. Agriculture was the most important industry and a common currency facilitated trade across the vast empire. This period of stability and growth ended after the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180AD.
Ancient Greek civilization began between the Ionian and Aegean Seas. It was preceded by the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. Greek civilization developed in three periods: the Archaic period saw the rise of city-states (poleis) and colonization; the Classical period was defined by the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars and the prominence of Athens and Sparta; and the Hellenistic period began with the conquests of Philip II and Alexander the Great, whose death resulted in the Hellenistic kingdoms.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek civilization from its origins to the Hellenistic period. It describes the terrain of ancient Greece influencing the rise of independent city-states. Early civilizations like Minoan and Mycenaean preceded ancient Greek civilization. The Archaic period saw the rise of poleis and colonization spreading Greek culture. Athens developed democracy while Sparta used an oligarchy. The Classical period was defined by Persian and Peloponnesian wars between city-states. Alexander the Great then conquered much of the known world before his empire fractured into Hellenistic kingdoms after his death.
The document provides background information on classical Rome and its foundations in democracy and republicanism. It describes the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus, and the establishment of the Roman Republic around 509 BCE. It discusses the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage and Hannibal's famous crossing of the Alps into Italy with war elephants. It also summarizes Rome's eventual defeat of Carthage and outlines some key events and figures in Roman history like Julius Caesar, the Roman Empire, and factors in the fall of Rome to Germanic tribes.
Buddhism was founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who attained enlightenment and taught the Four Noble Truths about suffering. Buddhism does not worship gods but instead reveres enlightened beings known as bodhisattvas. The core Buddhist texts are the Tripitaka and sutras containing the Buddha's teachings. Buddhism spread across Asia through missionary activity and trade, establishing monasteries, and was adopted by many from lower castes, though it eventually declined in India while growing in other regions like China and Vietnam.
The document summarizes the key events and causes of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther. It describes how Luther was inspired to post his 95 Theses in 1517 criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. This sparked the wider Reformation movement and split from the Catholic Church. It also discusses how King Henry VIII established the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage. The long term effects included the establishment of Protestant denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism across Europe and a decline in Catholic Church authority.
Rome was founded between 1000-500 BC by Latins on seven hills along the Tiber River in central Italy, with influences from Greeks, Etruscans, and others over time. In the early republic, Rome transitioned from Etruscan kings to a republican government with elected leaders like consuls and tribunes. Rome then expanded its power, conquering neighboring regions of the Italian peninsula by 265 BC and developing a large trading network in the Mediterranean aided by access to sea routes. However, this brought Rome into conflict with the powerful city of Carthage, leading to the three Punic Wars between 264-146 BC, which Rome ultimately won, destroying Carthage and gaining control of the Mediterranean
The Roman Republic was established in 509 BCE after the overthrow of the Etruscan monarchy, organizing the government into a combination of aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy with citizens electing consuls and a senate to advise them. Society was divided between the wealthy patrician class and the plebeian majority, who engaged in occasional strikes to gain more political power. The republican government structure consisted of two annually elected consuls, the senate which controlled finances and foreign policy, and plebeian tribunes who could veto consular decisions and advocate for the common people.
The document summarizes the origins and political evolution of ancient Rome from its founding in 753 BC to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. It describes how Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus and eventually grew into a vast empire governed by a monarchy, republic, and imperial system. The republic collapsed due to internal conflicts and unrest, leading to the rise of Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus, who transformed Rome into a centralized empire spanning from Britain to Persia. However, by the 3rd century AD, the empire began suffering economic and military crises that ultimately led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
The Greeks and Etruscans were the two main civilizations in pre-Roman Italy. The Greeks inhabited Magna Graecia in the south while the Etruscans lived in modern-day Tuscany. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus, who killed his brother Remus during an argument. Rome transitioned from a kingdom to a republic in 509 BC after overthrowing the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud. The republic expanded Rome's power throughout Italy and the Mediterranean region, defeating rivals like Carthage in the Punic Wars. Political instability led to the rise of Julius Caesar as dictator, but his assassination sparked a civil war won by his adopted heir Oct
The Roman Republic transitioned to the Roman Empire over centuries as Rome expanded from a small city-state into a massive empire through military conquests. Key events included the overthrow of the Etruscan kings in 509 BCE to establish the Republic, the Punic Wars in the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE which made Rome dominant in the Mediterranean, and the civil wars and rise of powerful generals in the 1st century BCE which weakened the Republic. The Republic ended and the Empire began when Octavian, as the first emperor Augustus, established the Principate and 200 year period of Pax Romana and stability from 27 BCE-180 CE.
The document provides an overview of the history and society of Ancient Rome from its origins as a small settlement to the establishment of a republic and eventual transition to an empire. It discusses the early monarchy period and establishment of a republic ruled by consuls in 509 BC. It describes the struggle between patricians and plebeians and the gradual acquisition of rights and political power by the plebeian class. It also covers the agricultural economy based on slave labor, social issues around land ownership, religion, engineering practices, architecture, and art forms in Ancient Rome.
The Roman Civilization document provides an overview of the origins and development of ancient Rome from its founding by Romulus and Remus through the transition from republic to empire. It describes Rome's strategic location and fertile soil which allowed it to develop. It then discusses the early republic and the social divisions between patricians and plebeians. Finally, it outlines the Roman system of government including the executive, legislative, and judicial branches and how the republic eventually transitioned to an empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus.
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of ancient Rome. It discusses how Rome's central location in Italy contributed to its success in unifying the Italian peninsula and surrounding Mediterranean lands. Key events summarized include the transition from kingdom to republic around 509 BCE, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, the establishment of an empire under Augustus, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century CE. The document also examines factors that influenced the rise and fall of the Roman Empire such as invasions by barbarian tribes, the adoption of Christianity as the official religion, and the lasting impacts of Roman civilization.
The document provides a historical overview of Western civilization from ancient Greece through the fall of Rome. It discusses the development of Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta and the spread of Greek culture by Alexander the Great. It then covers the rise of Rome as a republic and empire, the establishment of Christianity in the Roman Empire, and the eventual decline and fall of Rome in the 5th century AD.
Ancient Greece emerged as the birthplace of Western civilization between 5000-300 BC. Key developments included the rise of city-states like Athens and Sparta between 800-500 BC, the Persian Wars in the 5th century BC which united the Greeks against an outside threat, and the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta which weakened Greece and allowed Philip II and his son Alexander the Great to conquer the region.
The document provides background on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. Over time Rome became a large, prosperous city under Etruscan kings. The Romans then overthrew the Etruscans and established a republic with elected leaders. Rome expanded across Italy and the Mediterranean, fighting three Punic Wars against Carthage to gain dominance of the region.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of Rome. It describes how, according to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome after being raised by a she-wolf. In reality, Rome was built between 1000-500 BC by the Latin people along the Tiber River in a strategic location. The city grew powerful under Etruscan kings but the Romans revolted in 509 BC and established a republic. The republic was ruled by consuls, senators, and citizen assemblies and expanded Rome's territory through military conquests.
The document provides an overview of ancient Rome, beginning with its rise as a city located along the Tiber River that encouraged migration. It then discusses Rome's transition from a republic to an empire through military conquest across Europe and the Mediterranean. Key contributions of Rome discussed include establishing a legal system, engineering achievements like aqueducts and roads, and architectural styles such as the arch, vault and dome that influenced later periods.
The document provides information on various aspects of Roman society and culture during the Pax Romana or Golden Age of Rome. It discusses the role of the emperor, the Praetorian Guard, Roman architecture including public baths and aqueducts, roads, religion, and the city of Pompeii. Key aspects summarized are the stability and prosperity of the Roman Empire during this period, the engineering marvels of Roman aqueducts and infrastructure projects, and religion playing a unifying role in the diverse empire.
Following the Punic Wars, Rome faced demographic problems as wealthy landowners consolidated small farms into large estates, displacing many farmers. Additionally, an influx of slaves provided cheap labor and further displaced farmers. This led to unrest and instability. Julius Caesar rose to power by forming an alliance with Pompey and Crassus known as the First Triumvirate. After conquering Gaul, he was assassinated by senators who feared he wanted to be emperor. This led to the Second Triumvirate between Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, which saw a power struggle that ended with Octavian defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. Octavian became the first Roman emperor, taking the name
The document summarizes the history of Rome from its founding through the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It discusses the early Roman kings including Romulus, the establishment of the Roman Republic around 509 BC, the conflicts between the patricians and plebeians, the Punic Wars against Carthage, and the Gracchi reforms. It also covers Julius Caesar's conquests and dictatorship, his assassination in 44 BC, and the rise of Augustus who ended the Republic and established the Roman Empire. The document concludes with the decline of the Western Empire due to invasions by groups like the Huns and Vandals, culminating in the fall of Rome in 476 AD.
The Roman Empire experienced over 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana after Augustus became the first emperor and established an effective system of government with civil servants rather than senators. The empire contained over 70 million residents and Rome itself had a population of 1 million. Agriculture was the most important industry and a common currency facilitated trade across the vast empire. This period of stability and growth ended after the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180AD.
Ancient Greek civilization began between the Ionian and Aegean Seas. It was preceded by the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. Greek civilization developed in three periods: the Archaic period saw the rise of city-states (poleis) and colonization; the Classical period was defined by the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars and the prominence of Athens and Sparta; and the Hellenistic period began with the conquests of Philip II and Alexander the Great, whose death resulted in the Hellenistic kingdoms.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek civilization from its origins to the Hellenistic period. It describes the terrain of ancient Greece influencing the rise of independent city-states. Early civilizations like Minoan and Mycenaean preceded ancient Greek civilization. The Archaic period saw the rise of poleis and colonization spreading Greek culture. Athens developed democracy while Sparta used an oligarchy. The Classical period was defined by Persian and Peloponnesian wars between city-states. Alexander the Great then conquered much of the known world before his empire fractured into Hellenistic kingdoms after his death.
The document provides background information on classical Rome and its foundations in democracy and republicanism. It describes the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus, and the establishment of the Roman Republic around 509 BCE. It discusses the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage and Hannibal's famous crossing of the Alps into Italy with war elephants. It also summarizes Rome's eventual defeat of Carthage and outlines some key events and figures in Roman history like Julius Caesar, the Roman Empire, and factors in the fall of Rome to Germanic tribes.
Buddhism was founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, who attained enlightenment and taught the Four Noble Truths about suffering. Buddhism does not worship gods but instead reveres enlightened beings known as bodhisattvas. The core Buddhist texts are the Tripitaka and sutras containing the Buddha's teachings. Buddhism spread across Asia through missionary activity and trade, establishing monasteries, and was adopted by many from lower castes, though it eventually declined in India while growing in other regions like China and Vietnam.
The document summarizes the key events and causes of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther. It describes how Luther was inspired to post his 95 Theses in 1517 criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. This sparked the wider Reformation movement and split from the Catholic Church. It also discusses how King Henry VIII established the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage. The long term effects included the establishment of Protestant denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism across Europe and a decline in Catholic Church authority.
Between 1750 and 1900, the Ottoman Empire and Qing Dynasty of China experienced turbulent times as industrialized European nations extended their political and economic control overseas through imperialism. Both empires resisted economic changes and faced challenges like nationalist revolts and loss of territory to European powers. By the late 1800s, the Ottoman Empire was seen as weak and the Qing Dynasty struggled against European incursions including the Opium Wars, leading to their eventual collapse in the early 20th century.
The document describes social status and hierarchies in ancient civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Rome, Greece, and Canada. In Mesopotamia, status levels included priests and nobility at the top, merchants and laborers in the middle, and slaves at the bottom. Egypt similarly had farmers and slaves at the lowest levels, and pharaohs, nobles, and priests at the highest. Rome designated citizens and non-citizens, with slaves having no rights, while Greece divided free men based on wealth into four classes. Canada's hierarchies incorporated refugees, indigenous groups, and British colonial influences on status.
The Persian War began after the Persians conquered Lydia and placed tyrants to control the new Greek city-states. The Athenians helped the Lydians revolt but then withdrew, allowing Persia to regain control of Lydia. In 490 BCE, the Athenians met the vengeful Persians at Marathon and were outnumbered but used strategy to defeat the Persians. This victory prevented the destruction of Athens and allowed the Greek-Persian war to continue. The key battles after Marathon were Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea, culminating in the Greeks defeating the Persians at Plataea and ending the war.
The document is a presentation made by Greek students Zoi Kalogianni and Foteini Zagkzaki. It consists of 15 photos from Flickr shared under various Creative Commons licenses. The photos do not have captions or context provided. The presentation was created with Haiku Deck, a tool for making digital presentations.
The document provides a sneak preview of several ancient civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Greece and Rome by listing some of their key features such as the oldest known civilization of Mesopotamia included Babylon and Gilgamesh, Egypt was known for the Nile River and mummies, India developed the Indus Valley and Hindu religion, China built the Great Wall and had many dynasties, Greece believed in Greek gods and myths and held the first Olympics, and Rome established the Roman Empire and built structures like the Coliseum.
Nirvana was an influential American grunge rock band formed in 1987 by Kurt Cobain and Krist Novoselic. They released their breakthrough album Nevermind in 1991 featuring the hit single "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which popularized alternative rock. Their third and final studio album In Utero challenged mainstream audiences. The band abruptly ended following Cobain's death by suicide in 1994. Nirvana went on to sell over 25 million albums in the US and over 50 million worldwide, cementing their legacy as one of the most iconic and commercially successful rock bands of the 1990s.
The Persian Wars consisted of several key battles between 499-479 BCE when the Persians invaded Greece. The wars began with the Ionian Revolt when Greek cities rebelled against Persian rule. This led to the Battle of Marathon where the Athenians defeated the first Persian invasion force. The second invasion was larger, led by Xerxes, and included battles at Thermopylae, where Spartans heroically delayed the Persians, and Salamis, where the larger Persian navy was defeated by the Greeks. The final battle was Plataea, resulting in a Greek victory and ending the wars, leaving Athens as the dominant power in Greece.
Zeus was the son of the Titans Cronos and Rhea. Cronos ate all of his children as they were born to prevent a prophecy of being overthrown, but Rhea saved Zeus by giving Cronos a rock instead. Zeus was raised in secret and later tricked Cronos into vomiting up his siblings. Zeus then led the gods in a war against the Titans, defeating Cronos and claiming Mount Olympus as his throne. As the king of the gods, Zeus had power over lightning and weather and fathered many famous children through his marriages and affairs.
The document provides information about the geographical influences and economies of ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. It discusses how the Nile River shaped Egyptian civilization by providing fertile land and a means of transportation. Egyptian society had a strict hierarchy with the pharaoh at the top. Agriculture along the Nile produced grains, vegetables, fruits, and livestock. Greece's mountainous terrain led to the development of independent city-states, while its seaside location encouraged trade. Small farms produced grains, olives, and grapes for the Greek diet. Rome grew from small settlements along the Tiber River into a republic with a senate and democratic assemblies. As Rome expanded, small farms disappeared and were replaced by large estates worked by slaves.
This document contains a vocabulary and grammar practice test with multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions. The vocabulary section asks the test taker to replace words in sentences, identify true/false statements, and complete a passage by filling in missing words. The grammar section involves conjugating verbs in simple and perfect tenses to complete sentences and writing new sentences using provided word prompts. The test assesses English language skills including vocabulary, verb forms, parts of speech, and sentence structure.
1) In 1971, 17-year old Juliane Koepke was the sole survivor when lightning struck her flight from Lima to Pucallpa in Peru, causing the plane to break apart mid-air and killing 92 others.
2) Juliane was thrown from the wreckage still strapped to her seat and landed two miles into the dense jungle. Despite injuries, she trekked through the jungle for nine days following streams in search of civilization.
3) Near exhaustion, Juliane finally reached a river where she collapsed at a small hut. The next day, she was found by loggers and reunited with her father in the hospital. Juliane went on to study zoology but
YFU is a non-profit organization that organizes international student exchanges. It helps arrange travel, visas, and school enrollment for exchange students, and provides ongoing support to students and host families. Students who participate gain fluency in another language and deep understanding of another culture, skills that are useful later. Participation also fosters personal growth, confidence, adaptability, and problem-solving. While valuable for individuals, YFU's ultimate goal is to promote global cooperation and understanding between countries through these exchanges.
This document provides an English practice exercise for students. It includes vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension questions. The vocabulary section matches words to pictures and categorizes food items. The grammar questions cover topics like verb conjugation, pronouns, and word forms. Reading comprehension involves looking at pictures and answering questions about them. The document aims to help students practice and reinforce key English language concepts.
Refugees United is a social networking site launched in 2005 by two Danish brothers to help refugees locate family members separated during conflict or disaster. The site allows anonymous registration using personal details only close relatives would know. It has been translated into 23 languages to overcome language barriers. While some refugees have been reunited, the founders aim to attract more members by promoting awareness among refugee organizations and placing posters in remote areas. The article questions if the site can ultimately help end refugees' pain and uncertainty of separation.
This document contains a vocabulary and grammar practice test with multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions. The vocabulary section includes questions about replacing words to make sentences logical and identifying true/false statements. The grammar section covers topics like adding relative pronouns, verb conjugation, and rewriting sentences using different words. The test focuses on English language skills like logical thinking, grammar rules, and rephrasing content while maintaining the same meaning.
The document discusses different forms of government in Ancient Greece: oligarchy, where a small group rules; tyranny, where a single ruler has absolute power; and democracy, where people rule themselves. It provides examples of each type, such as oligarchies being ruled by aristocrats and tyrants gaining power through strong armies. Democracies evolved from direct systems where people voted on laws to representative systems. Citizenship rights also expanded over time. Governments sometimes transitioned between these forms due to power struggles.
The ancient Olympics differed from the modern Games in several key ways. Only free Greek men could compete, and the Games were always held in Olympia rather than moving to different locations. While athletes competed to bring glory to their hometowns, the ancient Olympics were also part of a major religious festival honoring Zeus. The Olympics grew over time from a one-day event to five days and only included a few events like running, long jump, and wrestling. Women could not compete but could own winning chariot teams. The Olympics were one of the major events that helped educate Greek citizens and bring prestige to victors' cities.
The New York municipality has launched a program to help reduce homelessness by paying to relocate families with housing elsewhere. Over 550 families have been sent to locations around the US and world since 2007. However, critics argue the program does not truly address the root causes of homelessness and relocated families may become homeless again once temporary housing ends. The writer believes New York must provide more affordable housing rather than just sending homeless families away.
The toga was the standard garment worn by male citizens in ancient Rome, though it became less common over time due to inconvenience, eventually being replaced as everyday wear by tunics and cloaks; women typically wore a long tunic called a stola along with a shawl-like mantle when going out. Undergarments were minimal, consisting solely of a knee-length undertunic for men and ankle-length one for women and girls.
Ancient RomeBeginning in the eighth century B.C., Anciencheryllwashburn
Ancient Rome
Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands.
Among the many legacies of Roman dominance are the widespread use of the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian) derived from Latin, the modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion.
They then instead had a council known as the 'senate' which ruled over them. From this point on one speaks of the 'Roman Republic'.
Early Rome was governed by kings, but after only seven of them had ruled, the Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves
The word 'Republic' itself comes from the Latin (the language of the Romans) words 'res publica' which mean 'public matters' or 'matters of state'.
The senate under the kings had only been there to advise the king. Now the senate appointed a consul, who ruled Rome like a king, but only for one year. - This was a wise idea, as like that, the consul ruled carefully and not as a tyrant, for he knew that otherwise he could be punished by the next consul, once his year was up.
Rome knew four classes of people. This division was very important to the Romans.
The lowest class were the slaves. They were owned by other people. They had no rights at all. The next class were the plebeians. They were free people. But they had little say at all.
The second highest class were the equestrians (sometimes they are called the 'knights'). Their name means the 'riders', as they were given a horse to ride if they were called to fight for Rome. To be an equestrian you had to be rich.
The highest class were the nobles of Rome. They were called 'patricians'. All the real power in Rome lay with them.
The greatest challenge the Roman Republic faced was that of the Carthaginians. Carthage was a very powerful city in North Africa which, much like Rome, controlled its own empire. The fight between the two sides was a long one and took place on land and on sea.
The most famous incident came when the great Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the mountain chain of the Alps to the north of Italy with all his troops, including his war-elephants, and invaded Italy. Though Rome in the end won and Carthage was completely destroyed in the year 146 BC.
Rome's most famous citizen was no doubt Julius Caesar. He was a Roman politician and general who, without having any orders to do so, conquered the vast territory of the Gauls to the north of his province in France.
In the year 49 BC Caesar crossed the small river between his province and Italy, called the river Rubicon, and conquered Rome itself which he then ruled as a dictator.
His military campaigns also took him to Egypt where he met the famous Cleopatra.
His life though was ended as he was inf ...
The document provides an overview of the geography and history of ancient Rome. It discusses how Rome's central location in Italy contributed to its success in unifying the Italian peninsula and surrounding Mediterranean lands. Key events summarized include the transition from kingdom to republic around 509 BCE, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, the establishment of an empire under Augustus, and the eventual split of the empire into western and eastern halves in the 4th century CE. The document also examines factors that influenced the rise and fall of the Roman Empire such as geography, expansion, civil wars, and invasions by barbarian groups.
Report in World History jolens .pdfReport in World History jolensRaymond Mortel
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization from its origins as a small town on the Tiber River influenced by Greek culture, to the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion through military conquests. It discusses the structure of Roman society and government during the Republic and the civil wars that contributed to its fall. The rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus and the period of stability and prosperity under emperors who followed the Julio-Claudian dynasty known as Pax Romana is also summarized. The document concludes with sections on Roman culture, which was heavily influenced by Greek traditions, and the class-based nature of Roman society.
Over several centuries, Rome built a massive empire that controlled portions of three continents by the 2nd century AD. The Roman Republic was established in the 8th century BC, replacing a monarchy. Power was shared between two consuls, the Senate, and citizen assemblies. Through conquest over centuries, Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean, defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars. By the 1st century BC, the Roman Republic controlled territory from Spain to Anatolia.
- Ancient Greece was made up of mountainous peninsulas and islands, which caused small independent communities to develop with different ways of life and encouraged political participation and conflict.
- The Minoan civilization on Crete was established by 2800 BC and traded by sea, but suffered a catastrophe around 1450 BC possibly due to volcanic eruption or invasion.
- The Mycenaeans established fortified city-states with warrior aristocracies from 1100-1000 BC and developed trade networks, before their civilization collapsed around 1100 BC after invasions.
Rome was founded as a republic in 509 BCE, with a government led by senators and two annually elected consuls. Romans were polytheistic and adopted Greek gods like Jupiter and Juno. Society was divided into patricians and plebeians. The Roman Republic expanded across Italy and conquered territories through a powerful army composed of citizen-soldiers. After a period of instability, Augustus established the Roman Empire, bringing two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule. However, the western empire eventually declined due to invasions, economic troubles, and governmental corruption.
The Roman Republic transitioned into the Roman Empire around 27 BC. Under Augustus Caesar, Rome experienced a period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, lasting from 27 BC to 180 AD. During this time, the Empire grew to over 3 million square miles and 80 million people as emperors built infrastructure like roads and aqueducts. While some emperors were poor rulers, the Roman Empire reached its peak in size, power and influence under great leaders during this golden age of Roman culture and innovation.
The document provides an overview of ancient Rome from its origins to its transformation. It summarizes that Rome began as a village founded around 800 BCE and became a republic in 509 BCE, expanding through conquest into a vast empire by the 1st century CE. Roman culture was influenced by the Etruscans, Greeks, and others. The republic transitioned into an empire under military dictators like Julius Caesar. Rome contributed influential developments in law, architecture like the arch and vault, engineering, and literature before declining and transforming.
1) The Italian peninsula was well situated for east-west Mediterranean trade and saw migrations of Indo-European peoples beginning around 1500 BC. The Greeks and Etruscans settled parts of Italy, with the latter influencing early Rome's development.
2) By 264 BC, Rome had defeated its neighbors and controlled almost all of Italy, devising the Roman Confederation to rule its territories. Rome was initially divided between patrician landowners and plebeian small landowners and merchants, though the plebeians gained some political rights over time.
3) Rome defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars and became the dominant power in the western Mediterranean by the mid-2nd century BC. This
Social stratification in ancient Rome was based on wealth, power, and authority. At the top was the royal class, followed by the patricians (upper class). Below them were the equestrians and plebeians (middle class), and at the bottom were the proletariat, freedmen, and slaves (lower class). Greek culture heavily influenced Roman society, with the Romans adopting the Greek alphabet, architecture, gods, and other cultural aspects.
The document discusses the origins and early history of Ancient Rome. It began as independent tribes inhabiting the Italian peninsula in the 8th century BC, including the Etruscans, Latins, and Greeks. According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BC by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus. In fact, archaeological evidence suggests Rome was founded as a settlement in the mid-8th century BC. Rome eventually developed into a monarchy, then a republic with power shared among assemblies, magistrates, and senators. The republic expanded Rome's territory through military conquests across Italy and the Mediterranean region over centuries.
The document provides information on the Etruscans and the Roman period in Italy. It discusses the theories around the origin of the Etruscans and details their civilization from the 7th century BC, including their 12 city confederation and culture. It also describes the rise of the Roman Republic after overthrowing the Etruscans in the 3rd century BC, and the political system established with consuls, the Senate, and citizen assemblies. The document then outlines the period of the Roman Empire under Caesar and the civil wars that transformed Rome's government.
- The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations through the Hellenistic period. It discusses political systems like monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies, and democracy. It also mentions important figures like Alexander the Great, Aristotle, and key battles against Persia.
Ancient Rome began as villages along the Tiber River that united to form the city of Rome around 750 BC. For over 200 years, Rome was ruled by kings but became a republic in 509 BC with democratic rule divided into legislative, judicial, and executive branches. Under ambitious generals, Rome's armies expanded the republic's territories around the Mediterranean Sea. The successful general Julius Caesar took control of Rome, becoming dictator and ending the republic. After Caesar's assassination, his adopted son Octavian became Rome's first emperor, establishing the Roman Empire. At its height under Emperor Augustus, the Empire encompassed much of Europe and the Mediterranean region. The Empire eventually declined due to overexpansion, economic troubles, and invasions, with
Ancient Greek civilization began between the Ionian Sea and the Aegean Sea in a mountainous region called Hellas. This terrain influenced the development of independent city-states rather than large kingdoms. Two early civilizations, the Minoans and Mycenaeans, preceded ancient Greek civilization. The Archaic period saw the rise of poleis and the spread of Greek culture through colonization. The Classical period was defined by the growth of Athenian democracy and Spartan oligarchy and wars with Persia. The Hellenistic period began with the conquests of Philip and Alexander the Great, spreading Greek culture further and dividing Greece into successor kingdoms.
The most important ideas about Rome are its achievements that still influence modern society. The Latin language formed the basis for many current languages. Rome's early law codes influenced later legal systems. Technologies like aqueducts and roads shaped infrastructure, while military organization foreshadowed modern armies. Overall, Rome left a profound legacy through its language, laws, technologies, and military strategies that can still be seen today.
The document summarizes the origins and history of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus on the banks of the Tiber River. Rome was originally ruled by kings, then became a republic with elected magistrates and shared power between the comitias, magistrates, and senate. Eventually the republic transitioned into an empire beginning with Augustus in 27 BC. The empire reached its peak but then declined due to various political, economic, and social instabilities before finally falling in 476 AD.
Chapter 10, Section 1 Classical Greece and RomeStephen Veliz
The document summarizes classical Greece and Rome between 800 BC to AD 400. It discusses that Greece reached its Golden Age in the 400s BC with the rise of democracy and city-states like Athens. Athens was home to great philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. In the 300s BC, Philip II and Alexander the Great conquered Greece and expanded their empire to include Persia, Egypt, and parts of India. The document also summarizes the rise of Rome from a monarchy to a republic and its transformation into a vast empire between 264-146 BC under Caesar Augustus, the first emperor. The Roman Empire built advanced infrastructure and ruled during the birth of Jesus, though early Christians faced persecution.
The document summarizes the origins and history of ancient Rome. It describes how Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus on the banks of the Tiber River. It then outlines the three main periods of Roman history: the Monarchy (753-509 BC), the Roman Republic (509-27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD). The Republic established democracy and saw Rome's expansion throughout the Mediterranean. The Empire began when Augustus took power, establishing the Pax Romana and making Christianity the official religion. However, by the 5th century AD, the Western Empire was weakened by invasion and instability and fell in 476 AD.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Unit 2 test_review
1. REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 2 TEST
Persia
Ancient Greece
Alexander the Great
Ancient Rome
2. Greece’s lack of natural resources and location
on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged
Greek trade with neighboring societies
The Greeks were skilled sailors,
which linked the various Greek
states with neighboring countries
3. Mountains covered about 75% of Greece; these
barriers divided the Greek people into separate
mountain valleys and made unifying Greece
nearly impossible
4. The Greek
people were
divided into
independent
city-states
(called polis)
within each
valley and its
surrounding
mountains
5. Greek city-states had an agora (a
massive marketplace) that was the
center for trade and government
City-states had an acropolis, a
temple on a hill dedicated to one
of the sacred gods or goddesses
6. Differences Among Greek City-States
Some polis like Athens had a
direct democracy, a
government ruled by citizens
who vote on decisions
7. GREEK DEMOCRACY
The foundation of
America’s democratic
republic began with
Athens’ direct democracy
Athenian citizens
participated in
government decisions
by voting
Ancient
Greek ballots
8. Athenian society focused on wealth & culture
Philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
questioned assumptions, quested for knowledge,
and used logic to find answers to questions
9. The Greek cultural
contributions
(especially from
Athens) to
philosophy, art,
entertainment,
literature,
architecture,
science, education,
and democracy
formed the
foundation of
Western civilization
10. GREEK PHILOSOPHY
Aristotle was a student of
Plato and became a brilliant
teacher of the sciences
Aristotle created the basis
for the scientific method:
every truth is followed by
other logical truth
Together with the work of
Socrates and Plato,
Aristotle’s work provided a
basis of Western civilization
11. The society of Sparta
focused on military
strength, not
freedom, art, and
learning (like Athens)
13. King Darius’ army was defeated by several
Greek city-states when some Greeks living in
the Persian Empire’s territory revolted
Persia’s next king, Xerxes, never forgot this
defeat and decided to teach Greece a lesson; he
led his massive forces in an invasion of Greece
14. The war between
Sparta and Athens
was called the
Peloponnesian War
(named after the
southern part of
Greece, where Sparta
was located)
Sparta won, but the
war left all of Greece
weakened
15. In 338 B.C.E., King Philip II of Macedonia attacked and
conquered the Greeks, but he was assassinated soon
after this (possibly arranged by his wife)
16. King Alexander of Macedonia
Alexander was only
20 years old when he
became king
The well-educated
Alexander was just as
ambitious as he was
brilliant at military
strategy
Once he cemented
his power, he began
to expand his empire
17. Alexander set his
sights on the Persian
Empire and began his
attack by conquering
Egypt; Egyptians
viewed Alexander as a
liberator, freeing them
from the Persians
18. In 331 B.C., Alexander
attacked and defeated the
mighty Persian army led
by King Darius III
Alexander destroyed
the Persian capital of
Persepolis
19. When Alexander died without an heir,
his empire was divided among his top
generals, who fought each other
Alexander's empire was the largest of the
Classical Era, but it was short-lived (only
13 years) and was never fully unified
20. Alexander brought Greek colonists and culture to
Persia and parts of Asia, blending the cultures
together; this created a new culture called Hellenism
The term “Hellenism” comes from the sun goddess
Helen, which the Greeks thought themselves the
children of; they called Greek culture “Hellenism”
21. Alexandria in Egypt was the most significant of
these cities and best represented Hellenism
(the spread and blending of Greek culture)
Alexandria became the center for Hellenistic culture
and trade for the Mediterranean world
22. The Culture of Ancient Rome
Roman religion was
polytheistic and based on
the Greek gods (usually only
the names changed)
23. Roman Language
Roman conquest spread their language, Latin, through
much of Europe; over time, different regions in Europe
developed their own languages based in Latin
Languages
based in
Latin are
known as
the
Romance
languages
24. The Culture of Ancient Rome
Like Greek agoras, Roman cities had a forum
for markets and public gatherings
25. Ancient Roman Society
Roman society was divided into three major groups
At the top were the nobles (called patricians);
they controlled most of the land and held key
military and government positions
26. Ancient Roman Society
Most Roman people were commoners
(called plebeians); they were farmers,
shopkeepers, or peasants
27. The Government of Ancient Rome
A republic is a
form of
government in
which citizens
have the power
to elect their
leaders
28. The Government of Ancient Rome
In 451 BCE, government
officials wrote down
Rome’s laws onto the
Twelve Tables, which
were hung in the forum
for all citizens to see
The Twelve Tables were
based on the idea that
all citizens of Rome had
a right to the protection
of the law
29. The Roman Army was made up of full-time
professional soldiers; the highly organized command
structure ensured that legions could be rapidly
deployed against the enemy
30. Advances in military technology (such as
catapults) enabled the professional Roman
soldiers to not only defend the Romans’
territory, but to expand it
31. With Carthage’s
defeat, the Romans
were then the most
dominant power in
the Mediterranean,
carving out an
enormous empire
THE PUNIC WARS
32. JULIUS CAESAR
From the turmoil
within the Roman
Republic, a new
political leader
emerged: a general
named Julius Caesar
33. Julius Caesar partnered
with two other Roman
politicians to take control
of Rome (they formed a
triumvirate)
Julius was extremely
popular with the Roman
people, due to his great
military victories
Determined to fix the problems
of the Roman Republic, he
reduced the Senate’s power,
named himself dictator-for-life,
and forced enactment of his
reform programs
34. Fearing that he was becoming too
powerful, members of the Roman
Senate conspired to assassinate Caesar
35. FROM ROMAN REPUBLIC TO
ROMAN EMPIRE
Julius Caesar’s death changed Rome; the
people no longer trusted the Senate to
rule the Roman Republic
36. FROM ROMAN REPUBLIC TO
ROMAN EMPIRE
Octavian exacted revenge
on the Senators who
assassinated Julius
Octavian soon became
undisputed ruler of Rome,
renaming himself
Augustus Caesar
“Augustus” means “exalted
one”; Julius Caesar’s last
name became the title for
“emperor”
37. FROM ROMAN REPUBLIC TO
ROMAN EMPIRE
Augustus did away with the
Senators’ power, eventually
ending the representative
government of Rome and
becoming Rome’s first emperor
The Senate still met, but
the emperor had all of
the real power
38. THE PAX ROMANA
Pax Romana
Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the beginning
of a 207-year era of peace, wealth, and
expansion called “Pax Romana” (the “Roman
Peace”) from 27 BCE to 180 CE
The Empire
was over 3
million square
miles in size
and contained
about 80
million people
39. ROME: AN EMPIRE OF INNOVATION
Rome’s location on the
Mediterranean Sea allowed for
trade and cultural diffusion
(blending of cultures) with other
people and nations
40. ROME: AN EMPIRE OF INNOVATION
Through the cultural diffusion, the Romans were able to
borrow the best ideas from other civilizations (especially the
Greeks) and improve upon them
41. Roman Engineering: Roads
At first, the roads were built to move soldiers quickly,
but eventually the roads served many people for
many purposes, especially as trade routes
42. Roman Engineering: Aqueducts
One of the Romans’ greatest engineering feats was
channeling water to their cities throughout the Empire
Roman engineers built the aqueducts to move the cold,
clear water from springs to towns; sometimes they would
be up to 250 miles long
43. The Roman Calendar
This new
calendar (called
the “Julian
Calendar” after
Julius Caesar)
had 365 days
and one extra
day every
fourth year
July was named
after Julius
because it
included his
birthday
44. Roman Government
They elected a
Senate, made up of
300 men, that
made laws; they
also elected two
consuls, men who
commanded the
army and ran the
day-to-day affairs
of Rome
46. The Influence of the Greeks and Romans
The influence that the Greeks and later on
the Romans had on Western civilization
cannot be overstated
Many facets of modern American life can be
traced back to the innovations of the Greeks
and Romans: things like government, language,
religion, law, education, entertainment,
literature, art, mathematics, astronomy,
engineering, science, buildings, customs,
traditions, sports, philosophy and medicine all
can trace their roots back to Greece and Rome
47. Rome would have a wide
range of different
emperors over the years
ROMAN EMPERORS:
THE GOOD, THE BAD, and THE UGLY
48. In 63 BCE, the Romans conquered the Hebrew
kingdom of Judea and allowed “Romanized
Jews” (who showed respect to Roman gods and
obeyed Roman laws) to govern Judea
But, the Jews were monotheistic
and many refused to pay respect
to the Roman gods
49. Many Hebrews began to resist
Roman rule; they believed that
God would send the Messiah to
restore the kingdom to the Jews
50. Jesus did good
works, performed
miracles, and
delivered his
religious teachings
Jesus preached a
religion based on the
Jewish belief in a single
God (monotheism)
52. In the year 29 CE, Jesus was arrested on
charges of blasphemy against the Jewish
religion and defying Roman authority
53. Christianity spread quickly due to roads,
numerous trade routes, and common language
throughout the Roman Empire; the peaceful
time of Pax Romana made travel safe for those
spreading Jesus’ teachings
54. Persecution of Jews and Christians
Christians and Jews were persecuted by the Romans;
many were crucified, exiled, or killed during gladiator
events (such as by being fed to lions)
55. ORGANIZATION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Teachings that the Christians believed in (Jesus’
teachings as well as some of Judaism) were
collected into one official text called the Bible
56. CHRISTIANITY BECOMES RECOGNIZED
Despite Roman efforts to
suppress it, Christianity
spread throughout the
Roman Empire and
gained popularity
In the year 312 CE,
Emperor Constantine
made Christianity legal
after recognizing that the
Christian religion was
becoming the dominant
one in his empire
57. The Decline of the Roman Empire
The decline and fall of the Roman Empire
happened gradually, in three stages
FIRST STAGE: internal problems with politics, the
economy, and the military began an era of decline
SECOND STAGE: there was a brief period of revival as
Emperors Diocletian and Constantine enacted
reforms; however, some of these reforms would help
bring about the Empire’s end
THIRD STAGE: repeated invasions by Germanic
“barbarian” tribes would lead to the conquest of
Rome, bringing the Roman Empire to an end
59. Rome’s Internal Problems
ECONOMIC
The government
raised taxes and
minted new coins
which led to inflation
The economic decline
left many Romans
very poor
Rome had a trade
imbalance (they
bought more than
they produced)
60. Rome’s Internal Problems
MILITARY
The Roman military was
growing ineffective due to
poor leadership: generals
had their own interests
and were challenging the
authority of the emperors
62. Byzantium, the new capital
Rome, the old capital
Byzantium was perfectly
located to be the center of
trade between East and West
Given its location on the Bosporus Strait, the city was
also in a more easily defensible position from
Northern invaders than Rome was
63. The Fall of the Roman Empire
A marauding
barbarian tribe from
Central Asia called
the Huns began the
invasions
The Huns swept into
Northern Europe,
conquering all in
their path
64. The Fall of the Roman Empire
To avoid the Huns, the Germanic tribes moved south into the
Western Roman Empire’s territory; the Germans attacked and
eventually conquered the Western Roman Empire
Geography Shapes Greek Life
The Sea The sea shaped Greek civilization just as rivers shaped the ancient civilizations of Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, India, and China. In one sense, the Greeks did not live on a land but around a sea. Greeks rarely had to travel more than 85 miles to reach the coastline. The Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the neighboring Black Sea were important transportation routes for the Greek people. These seaways linked most parts of Greece. As the Greeks became skilled sailors, sea travel connected Greece with other societies. Sea travel and trade were also important because Greece lacked natural resources, such as timber, precious metals, and usable farmland.
The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies
Geography Shapes Greek Life
The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies
Geography Shapes Greek Life
The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies
Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government
the gods
Spartan Daily Life From around 600 until 371 B.C., Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece. However, the Spartan people paid a high price for their military supremacy. All forms of individual expression were discouraged. As a result, Spartans did not value the arts, literature, or other artistic and intellectual pursuits. Spartans valued duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, and learning. Since men were expected to serve in the army until the age of 60, their daily life centered on military training. Boys left home when they were 7 and moved into army barracks, where they stayed until they reached the age of 30. They spent their days marching, exercising, and fighting. They undertook these activities in all weathers, wearing only light tunics and no shoes. At night, they slept without blankets on hard benches. Their daily diet consisted of little more than a bowl of coarse black porridge. Those who were not satisfied were encouraged to steal food. Such training produced tough, resourceful soldiers. Spartan girls also led hardy lives. They received some military training, and they also ran, wrestled, and played sports. Like boys, girls were taught to put service to Sparta above everything—even love of family. A legend says that Spartan women told husbands and sons going to war to “come back with your shield or on it.” As adults, Spartan women had considerable freedom, especially in running the family estates when their husbands were on active military service. Such freedom surprised men from other Greek city-states. This was particularly true of Athens, where women were expected to remain out of sight and quietly raise children.
Paul’s Mission One man, the apostle Paul, had enormous influence on Christianity’s development. Paul was a Jew who had never met Jesus and at first was an enemy of Christianity. While traveling to Damascus in Syria, he reportedly had a vision of Christ. He spent the rest of his life spreading and interpreting
Christ’s teachings. The Pax Romana, which made travel and the exchange of ideas fairly safe, provided the ideal conditions for Christianity to spread. Common languages—Latin and Greek—allowed the message to be easily understood. Paul wrote influential letters, called Epistles, to groups of believers. In his teaching, Paul stressed that Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins. He also declared that Christianity should welcome all converts, Jew or Gentile (non-Jew). It was this universality that enabled Christianity to become more than just a local religion.
By the third century A.D., the Roman military was also in disarray. Over time, Roman soldiers in general had become less disciplined and loyal. They gave their allegiance not to Rome but to their commanders, who fought among themselves for the throne. To defend against the increasing threats to the empire, the government began to recruit mercenaries, foreign soldiers who fought for money. While mercenaries would accept lower pay than Romans, they felt little sense of loyalty to the empire. Feelings of loyalty eventually weakened among average citizens as well. In the past, Romans cared so deeply about their republic that they willingly sacrificed their lives for it. Conditions in the later centuries of the empire caused citizens to lose their sense of patriotism. They became indifferent to the empire’s fate.
Constantine Moves the Capital
Constantine gained control of the western part of the empire in A.D. 312 and continued many of the social and economic policies of Diocletian. In 324 Constantine also secured control of the East, thus restoring the concept of a single ruler. In A.D. 330, Constantine took a step that would have great consequence for the empire. He moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium (bih•ZAN•tshee•uhm), in what is now Turkey. The new capital stood on the Bosporus Strait, strategically located for trade and defense purposes on a crossroads between West and East. With Byzantium as its capital, the center of power in the empire shifted from Rome to the east. Soon the new capital stood protected by massive walls and filled with imperial buildings modeled after those in Rome. The city eventually took a new name—Constantinople, or the city of Constantine. After Constantine’s death, the empire would again be divided. The East would survive; the West would fall