Social stratification in ancient Rome was based on wealth, power, and authority. At the top was the royal class, followed by the patricians (upper class). Below them were the equestrians and plebeians (middle class), and at the bottom were the proletariat, freedmen, and slaves (lower class). Greek culture heavily influenced Roman society, with the Romans adopting the Greek alphabet, architecture, gods, and other cultural aspects.
In my last lecture, I discussed the spread of Greek culture that cMargenePurnell14
In my last lecture, I discussed the spread of Greek culture that created Hellenistic civilization.
The term Hellenistic meant, to imitate the Greeks. Hellenistic civilization reach from the
Mediterranean through the former Persian Empire all the way to Western India due to the efforts
of Alexander the Great and his armies. Hellenistic civilization lasted from 323 BCE, the year of
Alexander's death, to 31 BCE. During this time period, another civilization was taking form.
This was the Roman Republic. In this lecture, we're going to shift our focus from Alexander's
huge eastern empire to the Italian peninsula to look at the development of the Romans. The
Roman Republic was initiated in Italy in 509 BCE. Prior to that time, the Romans had a
monarchy with a King who made all the decisions for his people. In 509 BCE, however, the
Romans did something very important. They established a republic. [SLIDE] A republic is a
government in which citizens elect representatives to rule on their behalf. This is slightly
different from a democracy, which is a form of government in which every citizen is expected to
play an active role in governing the kingdom or country to which they belong. In other words,
citizens in a republic tend to play a less active role in their government than they do in a
democracy. The development of a republic form of government by the Romans is really
important for Western civilization. Later, kingdoms and countries, including the United States,
would adopt governments based completely or partly on this Roman model of government.
[SLIDE] Let's look now at the questions I'll answer in this lecture. First, we're going to ask, why
the Romans adopted a Republican government and how it functioned. Second, we're going to
look at why the political organization of the Roman Republic disintegrated in the first century
BCE. And third, we’re going examine what changes Augustus made to Rome between 31 BCE
and 14 CE.
[SLIDE] So the Romans established a Roman Republic in 509 BCE. But many groups of people
were living in Italy long before this time. In fact, the Romans were never the guaranteed leaders
of the region. Until the 500s BCE, the Romans were members of a relatively small tribe of
people known as the Latins that resided in West Central Italy, around where the city of Rome is
located today. The Latins represent the pink shading in the map on your screen. Of the other
groups living in Italy, the two that would influence the Romans the most were the Greeks and the
Etruscans. Let's look at these two groups within the context of Italy. [SLIDE] The Greeks started
arriving in Italy in large numbers during the Archaic period, beginning around 750 BCE. This
was of course before Philip II conquered Greece or Alexander the Great created his ginormous
empire. The Greeks settled mostly in Southern Italy, primarily for economic reasons. They
wanted to make money from farming and trade. They built cities with harbors ...
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Ancient RomeBeginning in the eighth century B.C., Anciencheryllwashburn
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Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands.
Among the many legacies of Roman dominance are the widespread use of the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian) derived from Latin, the modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion.
They then instead had a council known as the 'senate' which ruled over them. From this point on one speaks of the 'Roman Republic'.
Early Rome was governed by kings, but after only seven of them had ruled, the Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves
The word 'Republic' itself comes from the Latin (the language of the Romans) words 'res publica' which mean 'public matters' or 'matters of state'.
The senate under the kings had only been there to advise the king. Now the senate appointed a consul, who ruled Rome like a king, but only for one year. - This was a wise idea, as like that, the consul ruled carefully and not as a tyrant, for he knew that otherwise he could be punished by the next consul, once his year was up.
Rome knew four classes of people. This division was very important to the Romans.
The lowest class were the slaves. They were owned by other people. They had no rights at all. The next class were the plebeians. They were free people. But they had little say at all.
The second highest class were the equestrians (sometimes they are called the 'knights'). Their name means the 'riders', as they were given a horse to ride if they were called to fight for Rome. To be an equestrian you had to be rich.
The highest class were the nobles of Rome. They were called 'patricians'. All the real power in Rome lay with them.
The greatest challenge the Roman Republic faced was that of the Carthaginians. Carthage was a very powerful city in North Africa which, much like Rome, controlled its own empire. The fight between the two sides was a long one and took place on land and on sea.
The most famous incident came when the great Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the mountain chain of the Alps to the north of Italy with all his troops, including his war-elephants, and invaded Italy. Though Rome in the end won and Carthage was completely destroyed in the year 146 BC.
Rome's most famous citizen was no doubt Julius Caesar. He was a Roman politician and general who, without having any orders to do so, conquered the vast territory of the Gauls to the north of his province in France.
In the year 49 BC Caesar crossed the small river between his province and Italy, called the river Rubicon, and conquered Rome itself which he then ruled as a dictator.
His military campaigns also took him to Egypt where he met the famous Cleopatra.
His life though was ended as he was inf ...
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2.
Social class in ancient Rome was hierarchical, but there were multiple and
overlapping social hierarchies.
The social division in Roman Republic society was on the basis of money, power
and authority. The major factor in Roman Republic social hierarchy always remained
the wealth that distinguishes the people of Roman Republic in various classes. The
more a person was wealthier more powers & authorities he & his family could enjoy.
Social Hierarchy
4.
The highest social class in the Roman Republic social hierarchy was the
royal class. This class included the royal king and his family. The king was
the supreme head of the people. He was the leader of the war. No one was
allowed to deceive the orders of the mighty king. After the royal king, the
royal family was authorized second utmost power in the kingdom.
Royal Class
5.
The upper class which was also referred to as the patricians were
second on the hierarchy. They were originally the blood related
relatives of the ancient ‘fathers’ (the heads of the families) of the
ancient Roman tribes. These patricians were provided some
special marriage rituals.
Upper Class/ Patricians
6.
The middle class further incorporated following two levels:
The Equestrian – The Equestrian formulated the upper middle
level social class. These people were rich Roman knights or
Roman horsemen. Later on this social class formulated the
Rome’s most flourishing & successful businessmen class.
The Roman Plebeian – These people were involved in manual
working for the kingdom.
Middle Class
8.
This was the lowest class in the Roman Republic social
hierarchy. It was further divided in two parts -
The Roman Proletariat – These were wage earners who used
to be involved in manual lower level work for wages.
The Freedman of Roman Republic Society – These were
slaves who got freed by any mean.
Lower Class
9.
The lowest most level in the Roman Republic social hierarchy. These
were not even considered a part of the social system but they did
formulate a crucial role in this hierarchy. These were actually
powerless people. They were never provided any right or authority.
There were many reasons to be a slave. Some were born slaves while
some were bought or taken possession through a war result.
Slavery
10.
Greeks had settled in Southern Italy and Sicily since the 8th
century BCE. In this way, Italian tribes came into contact with
Greek culture very early on and were influenced by it. The
alphabet, weights and measures, coinage, many gods and cults as
well as the building of temples were derived from the Greeks.
Roman architecture and Greek architecture are strikingly similar.
The mythology is nearly the same, though the names are different,
both sets of Gods reside on Mount Olympus. Western historians
talk about Magna Grecia, a period beginning in the 8th Century BC
in which the Greeks colonized what is now known as modern day
Sicily, Calabria, Apulia, and Salento. This could account for some
of the similarities. However, we need only look to the pages of
Rome’s own mythology for further insight into the Greek influences
on Rome.
INFLUENCE OF
GREECE ON ROME
12. In 29 B.C., Publius Vergilius Maro, better known as Virgil, wrote the epic
Aeneid. In the very first stanza, he wrote:
“Expelled and exiled, left the Trojan shore… before he won the Latian realm,
and built the destined town; his banished Gods restored to rites divine and
settled sure succession in his line. From whence the race of Alban fathers
come, and the long glories of majestic Rome.”
The surviving Trojans sailed westward, being told by an oracle to return to
their ancestral home. So, they went to Crete. Finding Crete to inhospitable
for them, they moved further west and settled along the Tiber River in Italy.
This notion is further enforced in a prophecy that foretells that Carthage will
be destroyed by the race descended from the Trojans.
However, the influence doesn’t stop there. At the height of the Roman
Republic and even during the beginning of the Roman Empire under the
Julio-Claudian line (from Octavian/Augustus to Nero), if a Roman
Patrician wished to reach the highest levels of education, they attended
the schools in Greece.
13. Julius Caesar and his general, Mark Antony, were known to have trained
their legions in the Spartan manner; idolizing their fortitude. Caesar and his
nephew/adopted son Augustus revered Alexander the Great and during their
stays in Alexandria, went to the tomb and paid their respects to the Greek
general.
Greeks also helped protect the Roman Empire during its infancy.
Spartan soldiers were often called up to assist Roman legions in their
battles against the Middle-Eastern Parthian Empire.
14. Domestic Architecture
Many Greeks migrated to Rome during the rise of the Roman Empire.
Greek artists designed the homes of prominent Roman citizens.
Greek Architecture.
15. olumns
he Romans modified Grecian Doric columns by adding a separate base and more
rnamentation. The Romans used Corinthian style columns extensively because of their
vish embellishments.
Columns.
16. mples and Basilicas
man temples, unlike Greek temples, were small and varied in their structure.
e Romans incorporated the Greek use of columns on the temple façade and the use an
cement of the triangular pediment. The word “basilica” is Greek for “royal.”
Roman temple
17. heaters
tially, conservative Romans built temporary theatrical structures.
ter on, the Romans modeled their permanent theaters after the Greeks, but built the sta
uilding one story higher and turned the orchestra pit into seating because Roman theate
d not require a chorus.
Colosseum, Rome.
18. aterials
he Romans imported marble from Greece before they discovered extensive Italian marb
eposits. The Romans invented and utilized cement.
Close up of marble