Mesopotamia and Egypt were early civilizations that emerged around 6000 BC along major river valleys, developing irrigation, cities, social hierarchy, governments, and early forms of writing. Mesopotamia emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in an area known as the Fertile Crescent. Early civilizations like Sumer and Akkad developed, and empires like Babylon and Assyria rose and fell over time in Mesopotamia before it was conquered by Persia. Mesopotamian culture included polytheistic religions centered around temples, advances in math, astronomy, and medicine, and architectural achievements like ziggurats and palaces built from mudbricks and decorated

1. MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT

2. 1. THE BIRTH OF THE FIRST CIVILISATIONS
They appeared in distinct places but share some characteristics:
Chronology: around 6000 B.C
Location: They appeared on the banks of large rivers:

3. They developed irrigation techniques that took advantage
of the rivers´ water abundant harvest population growth
the villages became cities
They created a strong political power and hierarchical societies:
- New skills emerged, e.g gold and silver smithing new social groups.
Each group had a different status ( some people were more important than
others)
- The government and public administration were created to organise the city
- Kings or pharaohs ( divine) and priests had the power and decided the laws.
- Society began to pay taxes
- WRITING appeared around 3500 B.C . It was used for administration
and commerce BEGINNING OF HISTORY

4. 2. MESOPOTAMIA : natural environment and history
MESOPOTAMIA LAND BETWEEN RIVERS
Tigris and Euphrates
The location and fertility of its lands(
very rich) made it attractive to live.
Different groups of people settled there
and built independent city states.
These were conquered by different
empires

5. These rivers , every spring
when the ice melted,
overflowed the valleys,
fertilising the soil with
mud ( silt). The land
produced abundant
harvests

6. Situated between:
•Upper Mesopotamia:
northern mountain region
•Lower Mesopotamia:
South region,marshes
It can be also divided into 3 regions:
ASSYRIA AKKAD SUMER
North West
Taurus Mountains
East:
Zagros Mountain
The Persian Gulf
Syrian Desert

7. 2.2 THE HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIA
The political history of Mesopotamia was defined by the alternating of power
between different nations:
In the third millennium B.C Sumerians had the hegemony.
Organized themselves in independent city-states such us Ur, Uruk….
Invented writing
Built dykes and canals
Around 2330 Sargon I of Akkad conquered Sumer . Around 2200
they were defeated and a long period of division took place
The city of Babylon dominated the rest of the territory and unified
Mesopotamia. Babylonian Empire was founded. It reached its
splendour in the time of King Hammurabi
SUMER
AKKAD
BABYLONIA

8. In 539 BC the Persian conquest put and end to the Mesopotamian
civilisation
They created a great empire that went from Persian Gulf to the
Mediterranean
Babylonians became powerful again and conquered the Assyrians.
Neo- Babylonian Empire was created.
ASSYRIA
NEO-BABILONIA
PERSIA

9. The code of Hammurabi

10. WRITING
The first writing ever know corresponds to the Sumerians around 3500 BC.
People wrote on clay tablets that were left to dry. They wrote with a sharp
reed.
This kind of writing is known as cuneiform because the signs they wrote
were composed of wedges.
It was used for writing administration documents, account and laws.

11. The cuneiform alphabet and numbers

12. 3. LIFE AND CULTURE IN MESOPOTAMIA
• The main economic activities were:
• Agriculture: fields irrigated by water transported by a system of
canals and dykes
• Livestock
• Trade
• Craftwork: clay pots, wool cloth, leather work.
ECONOMY
• It was very hierarchical and divided into ranks.
• The highest rank was occupied by the king who was all-powerful(
political, military, religious power, lawmaker)
• In a second rank were the ruling caste ( priest, public servants and
rich people)
• In the middle rank were the free people such as farmers, artisans..
• In the lower rank were the slaves
• CITYS: had defensive walls. Houses had a rectangular courtyard but
no windows.
SOCIETY

13. Imagen anaya pag 104
King
Ruling
caste
Free people
Slaves
Social pyramid class

14. Ishtar Gate ( Babylon)

15. • Mesopotamians were polytheistic( several gods)
• Gods were human-shaped but were immortal.
• They also believed in life after death.
• Temples were the houses of the gods
RELIGION
• There were libraries.
• Arts: epic of Gilgamesh, The code of Hammurabi.
• They made advances in sciences: maths, astronomy,
medicine…
ARTS
and
SCIENCES

16. Enki Isthar
GODS

17. lamassu

18. • Materials: adobe bricks. Marble and alabaster as decoration
• They used arches and vaults.
• Two types of buildings:
• Palaces
• Temples: They included ziggurats: tower with various storeys
connected by stairs. The last level was a sanctuary and an
astronomical observatory.
ARCHITECTURE
• Statues: idealised images of gods and rulers
• Reliefs: a way of decorating with designs that stick out a lot
• Size: The more important was the person the bigger they were
shown.
• The purpose of these sculptures was propaganda( heoric deeds)
SCULPTURE

19. Ziggurat of Ur

20. Stele of Naram-Sim

21. The wounded lion
Gudea of Lagash