The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. Their architecture, art, and early works of literature are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical societies, use of irrigation, and the invention of writing. The document then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more depth, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Important figures and developments are highlighted for each group. Early Egyptian civilization is also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that were common to both civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, the invention of writing, and polytheistic religious beliefs. Specific details are then given about the history, society, architecture, art, and literature of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Early civilizations in these regions are considered the origin of complex societies in human history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, polytheistic religions, and the early development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture, art, literature and other cultural aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the major time periods of ancient Egyptian history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that these civilizations shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and being polytheistic. For Mesopotamia, it describes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians - and some of their achievements. For Egypt, it outlines the different historical periods and discusses aspects of their society like the important role of the pharaoh. It also touches on architecture, art, literature and religious beliefs in these early civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of codes like the Code of Hammurabi. Egyptian civilization is briefly outlined with a focus on the importance of the Nile River to the economy and development of cities, crafts and trade.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, being polytheistic, having hierarchical societies, and inventing writing. For Mesopotamia specifically, it outlines the major civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. It also summarizes architectural features like ziggurats and reliefs, and literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh. For Egypt, it divides its history into periods including the Old Empire when the pyramids of Giza were built.
Paleolithic - Nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves or huts and created cave paintings and tools from stone.
Neolithic - Settlements emerged as humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, growing crops and domesticating animals. Rock art depicted hunting and ceremonies.
Metal Ages - The emergence of metallurgy led to stronger tools and weapons from copper, bronze and iron. Trade increased and the first cities developed with specialized labor and hierarchical societies. Megalithic monuments like stone circles and dolmens were constructed.
Roman civilization originated in the city of Rome, founded in the 8th century BC along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. Roman society was divided between patricians and plebeians, and later included slaves. The government transitioned from a monarchy to a republic to an empire. The Roman Empire reached its peak between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD during the Pax Romana, but economic and political crises led to the Western Empire's fall in 476 AD. Roman influence is still seen today through language, laws, and Christianity.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical societies, use of irrigation, and the invention of writing. The document then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more depth, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Important figures and developments are highlighted for each group. Early Egyptian civilization is also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that were common to both civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, the invention of writing, and polytheistic religious beliefs. Specific details are then given about the history, society, architecture, art, and literature of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Early civilizations in these regions are considered the origin of complex societies in human history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, polytheistic religions, and the early development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture, art, literature and other cultural aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the major time periods of ancient Egyptian history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that these civilizations shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and being polytheistic. For Mesopotamia, it describes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians - and some of their achievements. For Egypt, it outlines the different historical periods and discusses aspects of their society like the important role of the pharaoh. It also touches on architecture, art, literature and religious beliefs in these early civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of codes like the Code of Hammurabi. Egyptian civilization is briefly outlined with a focus on the importance of the Nile River to the economy and development of cities, crafts and trade.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, being polytheistic, having hierarchical societies, and inventing writing. For Mesopotamia specifically, it outlines the major civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. It also summarizes architectural features like ziggurats and reliefs, and literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh. For Egypt, it divides its history into periods including the Old Empire when the pyramids of Giza were built.
Paleolithic - Nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves or huts and created cave paintings and tools from stone.
Neolithic - Settlements emerged as humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, growing crops and domesticating animals. Rock art depicted hunting and ceremonies.
Metal Ages - The emergence of metallurgy led to stronger tools and weapons from copper, bronze and iron. Trade increased and the first cities developed with specialized labor and hierarchical societies. Megalithic monuments like stone circles and dolmens were constructed.
Roman civilization originated in the city of Rome, founded in the 8th century BC along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. Roman society was divided between patricians and plebeians, and later included slaves. The government transitioned from a monarchy to a republic to an empire. The Roman Empire reached its peak between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD during the Pax Romana, but economic and political crises led to the Western Empire's fall in 476 AD. Roman influence is still seen today through language, laws, and Christianity.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then describes some key aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh.
3) Details are also given about ancient Egyptian society centered around the pharaoh, their polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, reliance on the Nile River, and
Mesopotamia was the site of some of the earliest civilizations due to its fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Natural levees along the rivers allowed for irrigation, farming, and the establishment of cities like Ur and Babylon. Sumerians developed systems of governance, religion, trade, mathematics, and the earliest form of writing called cuneiform to record their achievements, laying the foundations for later civilizations.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. It was the site of some of the earliest civilizations, where writing, cities, laws, agriculture, and other early advances were developed. Over thousands of years, various groups including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians dominated the region. Mesopotamian art evolved from early sculpting and painting by the Sumerians to the monumental stone reliefs depicting royal power and conquest under later empires like Assyria and Babylon.
Mesopotamian civilization, their era, their inventions, and system. The studies focus on how Mesopotamia began and how it led to the formation of other cities. Their religion, geographic features, culture. The six lenses: art, culture, context, religion, architecture and aesthetics are used to study this region
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
Mesopotamian art developed over several periods, with the Sumer period focusing on sculpture and architecture depicting daily life, the Akkad period producing black sculptures, and the Assyrian period known for reliefs. The Babylonian period was marked by King Hammurabi and the establishment of codes of law. Key artworks included ziggurats, sculptures of bearded bulls and goats, and reliefs showing rulers and myths.
1) The document discusses the early civilization of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
2) It focuses on the Sumerian civilization, the first to emerge in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE. The Sumerians developed advanced farming techniques, irrigation, and urban settlements like Ur.
3) The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing and made advances in math, architecture like the ziggurat, law, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, the constant warfare between Sumerian city-states was also a defining aspect of their civilization.
1. The document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the invention of writing.
2. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (lower, middle, upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and the Metal Ages (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages).
3. During the Neolithic period, around 9,000-7,000 years ago, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers and villagers with the development of agriculture and livestock domestication.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, was the site of the earliest civilizations and is known as the "Cradle of Civilization." It saw the rise and fall of many empires over thousands of years. The Mesopotamians developed new technologies, a system of writing known as cuneiform, and made advances in mathematics, architecture, agriculture and metallurgy. Though it declined due to flooding and warfare, Mesopotamia was the birthplace of many foundations of modern civilization.
Mesopotamia and the Near East: Foundation of Western CulturePaulVMcDowell
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was the site of early agricultural developments and the world's first cities. Key Mesopotamian civilizations included Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylon. Writing developed from tokens used for accounting to the cuneiform script on clay tablets. Major cities such as Uruk, Ur, and Babylon featured ziggurats, temples, and palaces at their cores and traded extensively by river and overland routes. Recurring themes in Mesopotamian art, literature, and religion included war, powerful rulers, and gods and goddesses like Ishtar.
Early civilizations developed monumental architecture like ziggurats and pyramids to demonstrate power and unify cultures. Elites promoted arts that decorated temples and palaces. Writing systems independently arose in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley and spread between cultures. Legal codes standardized rules but also stratified societies, as seen in Hammurabi's code treating classes differently. Literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh and Rig Veda reflected each culture. Trade of goods between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley linked regions. Overall, culture helped unify states by establishing shared symbols, laws, and economic ties while also reinforcing social hierarchies.
This document provides an overview of Module 3 of the course History of Architecture I. It discusses the architecture of the Ancient Near East, including Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian architecture. For Sumerian architecture, it describes the White Temple at Uruk and the Great Ziggurat at Ur as examples of Sumerian temples. It also discusses the Oval Temple at Khafaje as an example of a city temple. The module then moves to discussing Assyrian architecture, including an introduction to Assyrian cities and architecture as well as details about the city of Khorsabad.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was known as the "Cradle of Civilization". The flooding of the rivers provided ideal conditions for the development of settlements and agriculture. Individual city-states emerged along the rivers, each with their own patron deity, government, and eventually king. Sumer was an early Mesopotamian civilization centered around cities like Ur and Uruk, known for innovations like the ziggurat temple towers and a polytheistic religion. Later, Babylonia rose to power under the rule of King Hammurabi, who developed one of the earliest known code of laws.
The document provides information about the earliest civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes how the Sumerian civilization arose around cities along these rivers due to favorable conditions for farming provided by annual flooding. Key aspects of Sumerian civilization discussed include their invention of cuneiform writing, construction of ziggurats for worship, establishment of city-states each with their own government, and social hierarchy with priests and kings ruling over craftspeople, merchants, farmers and slaves. The document also notes how Sumerian innovations like the wheel and calendar system influenced later peoples in the region.
The document discusses the geography of ancient Mesopotamia and the origins of civilization. Mesopotamia, meaning "land between the rivers", referred to the fertile region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where the first civilization developed over 5,000 years ago. Small farming communities grew into large cities with specialized jobs, common culture, and empires like Sumer, considered the first Mesopotamian civilization. Many aspects of modern civilization such as the first written language, legal code, math, and science originated in ancient Mesopotamia, also known as the "Cradle of Civilization."
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations. People first settled there due to natural levees along the rivers that protected against floods while enabling irrigation. Several successive civilizations arose in Mesopotamia over 3000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. These civilizations developed systems of writing like cuneiform, advanced mathematics, the wheel, and organized religion centered around temples. Though Mesopotamia faced environmental challenges like flooding and lack of resources, its civilizations left lasting legacies as the cradle of modern civilization.
Mesopotamia - History of Human CivilizationVishnu Raju
The earliest civilization in Mesopotamia was the Sumerian civilization in southern Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. The Sumerians established cities like Ur and developed irrigation systems to farm the fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. One of the earliest empires was established by Sargon I of Akkad around 2300 BC when he conquered the Sumerian city-states. Another important Mesopotamian ruler was Hammurabi of Babylon in the 18th century BC, who created one of the earliest codes of law and expanded his empire. Mesopotamian civilizations made significant contributions to math, science, and law that influenced other ancient cultures.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses key characteristics they shared like developing along major river valleys and having hierarchical, urban societies. For Mesopotamia, it outlines the major civilizations of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. It also describes aspects of their architecture, art, literature and legal codes. For Egypt, it discusses the importance of the Nile River to their agriculture-based society and covers their religious beliefs, art including tombs and temples, and how art changed under Pharaoh Akhenaten.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of the Nile River in Egyptian civilization. Architecture, art, literature and the importance of religion are also summarized for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates Rivers. This allowed for irrigation and fertile farmland. It also describes some of the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture like ziggurats and art like reliefs and statues are discussed. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of some of the earliest civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics they shared such as developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and the invention of writing. For Mesopotamia, it summarizes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. For Egypt, it outlines the importance of the Nile River, religious beliefs, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and sculptures. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of these early civilizations.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then describes some key aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh.
3) Details are also given about ancient Egyptian society centered around the pharaoh, their polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, reliance on the Nile River, and
Mesopotamia was the site of some of the earliest civilizations due to its fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Natural levees along the rivers allowed for irrigation, farming, and the establishment of cities like Ur and Babylon. Sumerians developed systems of governance, religion, trade, mathematics, and the earliest form of writing called cuneiform to record their achievements, laying the foundations for later civilizations.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, Turkey, and Syria. It was the site of some of the earliest civilizations, where writing, cities, laws, agriculture, and other early advances were developed. Over thousands of years, various groups including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians dominated the region. Mesopotamian art evolved from early sculpting and painting by the Sumerians to the monumental stone reliefs depicting royal power and conquest under later empires like Assyria and Babylon.
Mesopotamian civilization, their era, their inventions, and system. The studies focus on how Mesopotamia began and how it led to the formation of other cities. Their religion, geographic features, culture. The six lenses: art, culture, context, religion, architecture and aesthetics are used to study this region
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
Mesopotamian art developed over several periods, with the Sumer period focusing on sculpture and architecture depicting daily life, the Akkad period producing black sculptures, and the Assyrian period known for reliefs. The Babylonian period was marked by King Hammurabi and the establishment of codes of law. Key artworks included ziggurats, sculptures of bearded bulls and goats, and reliefs showing rulers and myths.
1) The document discusses the early civilization of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
2) It focuses on the Sumerian civilization, the first to emerge in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE. The Sumerians developed advanced farming techniques, irrigation, and urban settlements like Ur.
3) The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing and made advances in math, architecture like the ziggurat, law, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, the constant warfare between Sumerian city-states was also a defining aspect of their civilization.
1. The document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the invention of writing.
2. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (lower, middle, upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and the Metal Ages (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages).
3. During the Neolithic period, around 9,000-7,000 years ago, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers and villagers with the development of agriculture and livestock domestication.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, was the site of the earliest civilizations and is known as the "Cradle of Civilization." It saw the rise and fall of many empires over thousands of years. The Mesopotamians developed new technologies, a system of writing known as cuneiform, and made advances in mathematics, architecture, agriculture and metallurgy. Though it declined due to flooding and warfare, Mesopotamia was the birthplace of many foundations of modern civilization.
Mesopotamia and the Near East: Foundation of Western CulturePaulVMcDowell
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was the site of early agricultural developments and the world's first cities. Key Mesopotamian civilizations included Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, and Babylon. Writing developed from tokens used for accounting to the cuneiform script on clay tablets. Major cities such as Uruk, Ur, and Babylon featured ziggurats, temples, and palaces at their cores and traded extensively by river and overland routes. Recurring themes in Mesopotamian art, literature, and religion included war, powerful rulers, and gods and goddesses like Ishtar.
Early civilizations developed monumental architecture like ziggurats and pyramids to demonstrate power and unify cultures. Elites promoted arts that decorated temples and palaces. Writing systems independently arose in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley and spread between cultures. Legal codes standardized rules but also stratified societies, as seen in Hammurabi's code treating classes differently. Literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh and Rig Veda reflected each culture. Trade of goods between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley linked regions. Overall, culture helped unify states by establishing shared symbols, laws, and economic ties while also reinforcing social hierarchies.
This document provides an overview of Module 3 of the course History of Architecture I. It discusses the architecture of the Ancient Near East, including Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian architecture. For Sumerian architecture, it describes the White Temple at Uruk and the Great Ziggurat at Ur as examples of Sumerian temples. It also discusses the Oval Temple at Khafaje as an example of a city temple. The module then moves to discussing Assyrian architecture, including an introduction to Assyrian cities and architecture as well as details about the city of Khorsabad.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was known as the "Cradle of Civilization". The flooding of the rivers provided ideal conditions for the development of settlements and agriculture. Individual city-states emerged along the rivers, each with their own patron deity, government, and eventually king. Sumer was an early Mesopotamian civilization centered around cities like Ur and Uruk, known for innovations like the ziggurat temple towers and a polytheistic religion. Later, Babylonia rose to power under the rule of King Hammurabi, who developed one of the earliest known code of laws.
The document provides information about the earliest civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It describes how the Sumerian civilization arose around cities along these rivers due to favorable conditions for farming provided by annual flooding. Key aspects of Sumerian civilization discussed include their invention of cuneiform writing, construction of ziggurats for worship, establishment of city-states each with their own government, and social hierarchy with priests and kings ruling over craftspeople, merchants, farmers and slaves. The document also notes how Sumerian innovations like the wheel and calendar system influenced later peoples in the region.
The document discusses the geography of ancient Mesopotamia and the origins of civilization. Mesopotamia, meaning "land between the rivers", referred to the fertile region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where the first civilization developed over 5,000 years ago. Small farming communities grew into large cities with specialized jobs, common culture, and empires like Sumer, considered the first Mesopotamian civilization. Many aspects of modern civilization such as the first written language, legal code, math, and science originated in ancient Mesopotamia, also known as the "Cradle of Civilization."
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, was the site of some of the earliest human civilizations. People first settled there due to natural levees along the rivers that protected against floods while enabling irrigation. Several successive civilizations arose in Mesopotamia over 3000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. These civilizations developed systems of writing like cuneiform, advanced mathematics, the wheel, and organized religion centered around temples. Though Mesopotamia faced environmental challenges like flooding and lack of resources, its civilizations left lasting legacies as the cradle of modern civilization.
Mesopotamia - History of Human CivilizationVishnu Raju
The earliest civilization in Mesopotamia was the Sumerian civilization in southern Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. The Sumerians established cities like Ur and developed irrigation systems to farm the fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. One of the earliest empires was established by Sargon I of Akkad around 2300 BC when he conquered the Sumerian city-states. Another important Mesopotamian ruler was Hammurabi of Babylon in the 18th century BC, who created one of the earliest codes of law and expanded his empire. Mesopotamian civilizations made significant contributions to math, science, and law that influenced other ancient cultures.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses key characteristics they shared like developing along major river valleys and having hierarchical, urban societies. For Mesopotamia, it outlines the major civilizations of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. It also describes aspects of their architecture, art, literature and legal codes. For Egypt, it discusses the importance of the Nile River to their agriculture-based society and covers their religious beliefs, art including tombs and temples, and how art changed under Pharaoh Akhenaten.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of the Nile River in Egyptian civilization. Architecture, art, literature and the importance of religion are also summarized for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates Rivers. This allowed for irrigation and fertile farmland. It also describes some of the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture like ziggurats and art like reliefs and statues are discussed. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of some of the earliest civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics they shared such as developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and the invention of writing. For Mesopotamia, it summarizes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. For Egypt, it outlines the importance of the Nile River, religious beliefs, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and sculptures. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of these early civilizations.
This document provides an overview of a history lesson on early civilizations. It begins by welcoming students to a new class and reviewing that they previously studied prehistory. It then outlines that this term they will study early civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. For their first unit, students will focus on these early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, examining their common characteristics like developing along major rivers and having hierarchical, urban societies. The document then provides details on Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as aspects of Egyptian civilization before assigning related homework activities.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more detail, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature.
3) Finally, key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization are outlined such as its lengthy history, the importance of the pharaoh and Nile River, religious beliefs centered around death and the afterlife, and architectural
Catal Huyuk and Jericho were two of the earliest Neolithic cities in the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Catal Huyuk, dating back to 8,000 BCE, was the oldest and largest city found from that period. Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization as it was home to some of the earliest cities and civilizations, including the Sumerians who developed innovations in writing, mathematics, architecture, and more. Over thousands of years, different groups including the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians rose to power in Mesopotamia before falling to subsequent foreign invaders.
The document provides information on ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses how the Nile River shaped ancient Egypt through fertile soil, yearly floods, and acting as a trade route. It then outlines the three main periods of Egyptian history and influences like the Hyksos invasion and trade with Nubia. Key figures in Egypt like Tutankhamen, Akhenaten, and Hatshepsut are identified. The document also summarizes the development of Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia, including their inventions of writing, the wheel, plow, and walled cities. The Code of Hammurabi and Epic of Gilgamesh are also mentioned.
This lecture provides an overview of early Mesopotamian civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It discusses the geography and climate of the region, known as the Fertile Crescent, which allowed for the development of irrigation-based agriculture and urban settlements. Sumerians were the first to settle the region around 5000 BC, developing dams, canals and cities like Uruk and Ur. Writing and other innovations emerged as cities grew in size and complexity between 3500-3000 BC. Social classes and kingship developed, with temples becoming important religious and administrative centers marked by ziggurats.
Mesopotamia was the first civilization in history located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, Syria, and surrounding areas. It began as independent Sumerian city-states like Ur and Uruk before being unified under empires like the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Neo-Babylonian. Mesopotamian society was hierarchical with kings and priests at the top. Their economy was based on irrigated agriculture and they developed writing, mathematics, astronomy, law codes, and architectural achievements like ziggurats and arches. Their polytheistic religion influenced later civilizations.
The document provides an overview of pre-historic and ancient Mesopotamian civilization from the Old Stone Age through the Bronze Age. It describes how early humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers before transitioning to farming and permanent settlements in the Neolithic period. Three successive civilizations developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: the Sumerian period saw the emergence of the first known civilization and writing system; the Assyrian period was characterized by expansion under imperial rule; and the Babylonian period saw rebuilding and cultural flowering, including iconic structures like the Hanging Gardens and Ishtar Gate. Architectural achievements across periods utilized locally available materials like mud bricks and
The document provides an overview of early civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerian civilization was the first to emerge around 3500 BCE, developing cities like Uruk and establishing innovations like writing, irrigation, and the wheel. Sumerian culture influenced later Mesopotamian empires like the Babylonians and Assyrians. Major figures like Hammurabi established legal codes and expanded control over the region, though empires rose and fell with invading forces until Persia's conquest in the 6th century BCE.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerian civilization was the first to emerge around 3500 BCE, developing cities like Uruk and establishing innovations like writing, irrigation, and the wheel. Sumerian culture influenced later Mesopotamian empires like the Babylonians and Assyrians. Major figures like Hammurabi established legal codes and expanded control over the region, though empires rose and fell with invading forces until Persia's conquest in the 6th century BCE.
The document provides an overview of the first civilizations including their political organization, society, and emergence of writing. It then summarizes Mesopotamian and ancient Egyptian civilizations. Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and was influenced by Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian peoples. Ancient Egyptian civilization arose in the Nile River valley and was led by pharaohs over its 3000 year history divided into dynastic periods. Key aspects of these civilizations included their religion, art, and architectural monuments like temples, tombs, and pyramids.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were early civilizations that developed around 6000 BC along major river valleys, adopting irrigation for abundant harvests. They created hierarchical societies with kings, priests, and social classes, and writing emerged around 3500 BC for administration. Mesopotamia's civilization arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in a fertile region with shifting empires like Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria over time, developing systems of laws, trade, and cuneiform writing on clay tablets.
The document provides an overview of the Mesopotamian civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It discusses the early Sumerian cities like Ur and Akkad, the development of writing and the wheel, as well as later empires like Babylonia and Assyria. Important leaders are mentioned, such as Sargon of Akkad, Hammurabi of Babylon, and Ashurbanipal of Assyria. Details are also given about the religion, culture, and daily life of ancient Mesopotamians.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. For over 3000 years beginning around 3500 BC, various civilizations developed in this region, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians. Mesopotamian cities like Ur and Uruk featured innovations like irrigation systems, writing, and architecture using arches, vaults, and ziggurats. Society was organized around religion, with kings and priests governing as intermediaries between the people and the gods like Anu, Enki, Enlil, Ishtar, and Marduk. Mesopotamian culture left behind artistic works, legal
Mesopotamia and Egypt were early civilizations that emerged around 6000 BC along major river valleys, developing irrigation, cities, social hierarchy, governments, and early forms of writing. Mesopotamia emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in an area known as the Fertile Crescent. Early civilizations like Sumer and Akkad developed, and empires like Babylon and Assyria rose and fell over time in Mesopotamia before it was conquered by Persia. Mesopotamian culture included polytheistic religions centered around temples, advances in math, astronomy, and medicine, and architectural achievements like ziggurats and palaces built from mudbricks and decorated
Este documento explica los conceptos de conjugación verbal, verbos regulares e irregulares. Define la conjugación como la acción de conjugar un verbo en sus diferentes formas según modo, tiempo, persona y número. Explica que existen tres modelos de conjugación y da ejemplos de verbos regulares e irregulares. Finalmente, insta a los estudiantes a estudiar los verbos modelo para un próximo control.
El documento contiene los horarios semanales de la asignatura de Geografía e Historia para el curso 1o ESO durante tres semanas consecutivas. La profesora Anabel presenta diferentes temas cada día a las clases 1oA y 1oB, como la introducción al tema 7, el proceso de hominización, el Paleolítico, el Neolítico y la Edad de los Metales. Los estudiantes ven las presentaciones, subrayan lo más importante y realizan actividades para enviar a la profesora.
El documento resume la era Paleolítica, que abarcó desde hace 2.5 millones de años hasta hace 10,000 años. Durante este período, los humanos vivían una vida nómada de caza y recolección, usando principalmente herramientas de piedra. Hace unos 100,000 años, comenzaron a producir las primeras manifestaciones artísticas como pinturas rupestres en cuevas. La sociedad paleolítica estaba formada por grupos pequeños unidos por lazos familiares.
La Prehistoria es el período desde la aparición de los primeros humanos hace 2.5 millones de años hasta la aparición de la escritura hace unos 5,500 años. Durante este tiempo, los homínidos evolucionaron desde seres similares a los simios con cerebros pequeños como los Australopithecus hasta convertirse en Homo sapiens a través de un proceso llamado hominización que incluyó caminar erguidos, manos con pulgares separados y aumento del tamaño cerebral. La arqueología estudia los restos materiales dejados
A biome is defined as an area with a specific climate and characteristic plants and animals. There are different types of biomes categorized by climate, including polar, alpine, equatorial, tropical, desert, and temperate biomes. Students will create an ebook using BookCreator about biomes on Earth and in Spain, including information on specific biomes and some risks they face. They will have class time over several sessions to work on their ebooks with photos and videos to represent each biome without writing too much text.
Este documento define y describe varios géneros literarios narrativos como el cuento tradicional, la fábula y la leyenda. Explica que el cuento tradicional suele transmitirse oralmente de generación en generación y distingue entre cuentos maravillosos, de animales y de fórmulas. También define la fábula como una historia con animales que actúan como personas y termina con una moraleja, mientras que la leyenda narra hechos imaginarios en un contexto histórico real con personajes reconocidos.
El documento presenta dos actividades sobre la dignidad humana. La primera instruye analizar la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, incluyendo una breve descripción, identificar el artículo que refleja la dignidad y seleccionar un artículo notable con ejemplos de vulneraciones. La segunda actividad pide leer el Artículo 10 de la Constitución española sobre la dignidad, responder preguntas sobre su definición y encontrar ejemplos de vulneraciones en el informe anual de Amnistía Internacional.
El documento resume diferentes géneros literarios narrativos como el cuento tradicional, la fábula y la leyenda. Explica que el cuento tradicional suele transmitirse oralmente de generación en generación y distingue entre cuentos maravillosos, de animales y de fórmulas. Además, describe la estructura típica de un cuento con introducción, nudo y desenlace y proporciona ejemplos como La Bella Durmiente. Por otro lado, define la fábula como una historia con animales y plantas que actúan como
This document discusses economic activities and sectors of the economy. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The three main sectors of the economy are described as the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. The primary sector involves obtaining natural resources and includes agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing. Different types of agriculture and livestock farming techniques are outlined. The secondary sector involves industry and manufacturing raw materials into finished goods. The tertiary sector produces intangible goods and services.
The document discusses economic concepts and sectors. It defines economic activity as the process through which human needs are satisfied through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The economy is divided into three sectors - the primary sector involves obtaining natural resources, the secondary sector converts raw materials into finished goods through manufacturing and industry, and the tertiary sector provides intangible services. Key economic systems are also outlined, including traditional, capitalist, centrally planned, and mixed economies.
This document provides an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It discusses the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It describes properties of air like composition, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity. It explains concepts of weather and climate, factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation. It also outlines the Earth's climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate, and identifies nine climate types based on temperature and precipitation patterns. Climographs are introduced as a way to graphically represent annual temperature and precipitation data to identify a location's climate.
Students are assigned a project to learn about their city of Ciudad Real. The project has two parts: first, creating a poster with a short history of the city, photos of important buildings and streets, and a map marking the locations. Second, students will interview 3 citizens, asking their opinions on living in the city and possible disadvantages and solutions. Students will turn in their posters between specific dates in January and conduct interviews on January 30th. The completed project is due on February 6th.
Este documento describe diferentes recursos literarios como la comparación, metáfora, personificación, lenguaje figurado, hipérbole y juego de palabras. Proporciona ejemplos de cada recurso y ejercicios para practicar su identificación y uso.
The document summarizes the major river systems of Europe. It divides the rivers into four watersheds: 1) Arctic Ocean, which includes the Pechora and Northern Dvina rivers; 2) Atlantic Ocean, such as the Elbe, Rhine, and Seine rivers; 3) Mediterranean, including the short and irregular Rhône and Po rivers; 4) Black Sea and Caspian Sea, home to Europe's longest rivers like the Volga, Ural, Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, and Don rivers that run through Central Europe's plains.
The document summarizes the major rivers in Spain. It divides the rivers into three watersheds: the Cantabrian watershed in the north which consists of short rivers with large flows that empty into the Cantabrian Ocean, the Atlantic watershed along the western coast whose rivers mostly empty into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean watershed in the east whose rivers are also short except the Ebro and empty into the Mediterranean Sea. It also lists some of the major rivers within each watershed and provides some additional details on notable lakes within Spain.
The document summarizes the hydrosphere, or Earth's water system. It describes the three states water can be in - solid, liquid, and gas. Most water is found as liquid in oceans and seas, which covers about three quarters of the planet's surface. Water also exists as solid ice in glaciers and polar ice caps, and as a gas in the form of water vapor in the atmosphere. The water cycle describes how water is continuously circulated and recycled between these states through evaporation, transportation by wind and air currents, precipitation, and collection in rivers, lakes, oceans, and underground. Fresh water makes up a small percentage and is found in rivers, lakes, wetlands, and underground aquifers and glac
This document discusses the concepts of cities and urban settlements. It defines rural and urban settlements based on factors like population size, building structure, and economic activities. Cities are characterized by large populations, tall buildings close together, and economies focused on secondary and tertiary industries. The document also examines the functions, morphology, and structure of cities. It explores concepts like grid plans, central areas, and outskirts. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of what defines and characterizes urban areas compared to rural settlements.
This document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Asia, including major mountain ranges like the Himalayas, peninsulas such as the Arabian Peninsula, deserts such as the Gobi Desert, plains like the North China Plain, plateaus including the Tibetan Plateau, island groups such as the Indonesian Archipelago, seas and oceans bordering Asia, and various gulfs, bays, and capes. It provides an overview of the diverse topographical elements found across the continent of Asia.
The document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Oceania, including mountain ranges, peninsulas, deserts, islands and archipelagos, capes and gulfs, rivers, lakes, and seas and oceans. Some of the key features mentioned are the Great Dividing Range, Bismarck Archipelago, Great Sandy Desert, Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, Gulf of Carpentaria, Murray River, Lake Eyre, Coral Sea, and Pacific Ocean.
The document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Africa, including mountain ranges like the Atlas Mountains and Kilimanjaro, deserts such as the Sahara and Kalahari, the Somali Peninsula, the Rift Valley, island groups including Madagascar and the Seychelles, capes and gulfs like Cape Verde and the Gulf of Guinea, straits such as the Strait of Gibraltar, and surrounding seas and oceans.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
2. BEFORE STARTING WITH THE STUDY OF EARLY CIVILISATION…
• You have to do the cover of unit 2 using the ancient Egyptian system of
writing: hieroglyphs, based on elaborate drawings.
3. WELCOME TO A NEW CLASS OF HISTORY!!!
• We are going to start with the study of history.
• We don´t forget the previous period of time: prehistory
PREHISTORY HISTORY
Before the
invention of
writing
After the
invention of
writing
4. Remember the timeline with all the periods of
history
This term we are going to study
ANCIENT HISTORY
7. What is a civilisation?
• Early civilisations were:
– Large states or group of cities;
– Had urban life and writing;
– Shared similar customs and beliefs;
– Led by great rulers: emperors, kings or pharaohs.
RAE: Conjunto de costumbres, saberes y artes propio de una sociedad humana.
8. MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT
Common characteristics
1. These early civilisations began along the banks of very long rivers, such as
the Nile (Egypt) and the Tigris and the Euphrates (Mesopotamia).
People used their water to make the lands around them fertile for agriculture.
They developed irrigation systems, such as canals, to channel water to more distant areas.
2. There was a lot of craftwork and
trade. In fact, so much trade took place
that people began to use money.
Nectanebo II (361-350 AC)
9. 3. These early civilisations were urban civilisations, because the main
economic activities were concentrated in cities.
4. Society was very hierarchical (population pyramid). A minority, made up of
kings and priests, controlled the majority of the wealth and governed
the people. Under their command were the army and civil servants,
who managed the kingdom. Traders were below these groups in the
social hierarchy. Then came artisans, peasants and finally slaves.
5. Slaves did not have rights and were considered to be the property
of their masters (amo).
6. The first codes, or sets of laws, were written during this period.
These codes regulated day-to-day life. For example, Code of Hamurabi
(king of Babilonia).
Memphis
Code of Hamurabi Population Pyramid
10. 7. People of these civilisations were polytheistic (relating to believe in many gods).
This means they worshipped various gods. For this reason, temples were
built in honour of the gods (for example, Amun-Ra-God of the Sun; Osiris-God of death;
Isis-Queen of the gods…).
8. One of the most important developments was the appearance of writing.
The earliest known example was cuneiform writing, dating from 3500 BC in
Mesopotamia. Writing first came into existence to keep a record of taxes,
trade, population or offerings made to temples. Therefore, the origin of
writing is associated with religion and economic activities.
11. ACTIVITIES
Check if you have learnt about the common characteristics of Egypt
and Mesopotamia doing the following activities:
– Page 28: activities 1, 2, 3.
– Page 29: activities 5, 6.
– DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
• Civilisation:
• Polytheism:
• Urban civilisation:
• Ancient History:
PLEASE, REMEMBER:
You have to write the statement with red pen.
You have to write the answers whit blue pen.
It is forbidden the use of pencil.
13. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Mesopotamia civilization developed some 5500 years
ago (3500 BC) in the region between the Tigris and
the Euphrates Rivers.
• The name Mesopotamia comes from the Greek:
means ‘between two rivers’.
• Mesopotamia was a very dry region. However,
irrigation canals took water from the rivers.
Today, the territory of
Mesopotamia corresponds
to the countries Iraq, Kuwait
and north-eastern Syria
14. REMEMBER THE CHARACTERISTICS: MESOPOTAMIA
• This civilisation began along the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers.
• They were polytheistic because they
believed in many Gods. For example,
Shamash, the God of the sun, was also
the god of justice; Sin, the God of the
Moon; Ishtar, the goddess of love and
war; and Ninhursag, the mother
goddess.
• Hierarchical society (different social
classes): kings, priest, army and civil
servant, artisans, traders, peasants and,
finally, slaves.
• Urban civilisation. Important cities-
states developed during this period of
time. The main economic activities took
place in cities, governed by the kings. Shamash
15. THE HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIA
• Mesopotamia was home to four important civilisations:
Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians.
16. 1. SUMER
• Sumerians Inhabited southern
Mesopotamia around 3500 BC.
• They invented cuneiform
writing and developed the first
known civilisation.
• They lived in city-states
(independent cities with their
own governments) like
Ur, Uruk and Lagash.
• At first, cities were governed by
priests. Later, they were ruled
by kings with the help of priests.
Interesting video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi5wTojwTvI
17. 2. AKKADIAN EMPIRE
• In 2300 BC King Sargon
conquered the Sumerian
city-states.
• The conquest of Sumerian
territory allowed Sargon,
king of Akkad, to create
the first empire in
History: Akkadian Emprie.
• Important kings: Rimush (Sargon´s
son), Manishtusu (Sargon´s son),
Naram-Sin (grand-son of Sargon)
Sargon
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
18. 3. Babylonian Empire
• Around 1950 BC, in the city
of Babylon , there was a great
royal dynasty. One of the
most powerful kings of this
dynasty was Hammurabi.
• He held great power over
Mesopotamia and introduced
an important set of laws,
the Code of Hammurabi,
which was written in 1756 BC.
This code of laws was used
throughout his empire.
• One of the most important
cities: Babylon
Code of Hammurabi
19. 4. Assyrian Empire
• The Assyrians lived in northern
Mesopotamia. Their empire
reached its peak between the
9th and 7th centuries BC.
• The Assyrians were fearsome
(aterrador/imponente) warriors
and were able to create a great
empire.
• Their most important cities
were Assur and Nineveh, where
the remains of a great library,
the Royal Library of
Ashurbanipal, have been found.
• There were also important
palaces such as the palace of
King Ashurbanipal.
Relief of Ashurbanipal palace
20.
21. ACTIVITIES ABOUT CODE OF HAMMURABI
• PAGE 31: ACTIVITIES 11 AND 13.
To do the previous activities, you have to use the information
you have in your book, on page 30, and also look for more
information using other sources, such as internet.
22. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
• What materials did the Mesopotamians use for building?
The terrain of Mesopotamia is not very rocky, so the main
building material used was bricks made of mud (barro) or
mudbricks (barro cocido) or bricks made of adobe (mixture of sand, mud,
clay) sun-dried. Because of this, very little architecture has survived the test
of time, as mudbricks are less resistant than stone.
ZIGGURATS
• Are temples built for Mesopotamian civilizations (Sumerians, Akkadians,
Babylonians and Assyrians) to honour their gods.
For these civilizations, ziggurats were a ladder (escalera) that allowed them
to communicate with the world of the gods.
• These were one of the most important buildings in Mesopotamia.
• They were immense structures in the form of stepped towers (torres
empinadas) usually located in the city-centre.
• Priests lived and performed religious ceremonies in them.
25. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
STATUES
• Sumerian kings were
intermediaries between the
people and the gods.
• This is why Sumerian
sculpture usually depicts
them praying.
• Characteristics:
– Sumerian sculpture depicted
people disproportionately,
giving them large heads and
small bodies.
– The figures are usually seated
and have large eyes, in the
shape of almond (ojos con forma
de almendra-almendrados), and
inexpressive faces.
Statue of Gudea, ruler of the city-state of
Lagash, from the Sumerian period.
27. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (I)
• Relief sculptures from
Mesopotamian civilisations
were sculpted on
stone plaques, or on
upright slabs (losas verticales) of
stone, called steles.
• Steles were placed in cities or
temples to commemorate
important events, such as a
military victory.
• They depicted the gods and
kings, often hunting or in
battle.
Wounded lioness (Assurbanipal palace)
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Stele of the Hammurabi Code
28. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (II): Assyrians
• The warrior spirit of the
Assyrians is reflected in their
art (remember: they were
fearsome warriors).
• The walls of their palaces were
decorated with large friezes
(frisos) of battle and
hunting scenes in relief.
• In Assyrian reliefs, figures were
sometimes superimposed to
give the scenes depth.
• Details, such as animal fur and
horse harnesses (arneses), were
sculpted very accurately:
realism Assurbanipal palace
29. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (III)
• The city of Babylon was
famous for decorating the
bricks used in its structures,
such as the Ishtar Gate
(Nabuconodosor, 575 BC).
• It has more than 12 metres
tall and was decorated with
bricks reliefs representing
young bulls, lions and
dragons.
Ishtar Gate: the main entrance of the city of
Babylonia
32. MESOPOTAMIAN LITERATURE
• As you know, writing developed in Mesopotamia as a way of
recording payments, offerings and taxes brought to temples.
• But did you know that the first great work of literature was
written by the Sumerians?
• The Epic of Gilgamesh was an epic POEM about
Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state
Uruk. The poem is written on 12 tablets. We know
about the poem today as some tablets have survived.
– “Ea habló al valiente Enlil, diciendo: «Tú, el más sabio de los
dioses, tú, héroe, ¿cómo pudiste, sin respeto alguno, causar el
diluvio? ¡Castiga al pecador por sus pecados, castiga al ofensor
por su ofensa! ¡(Sin embargo), sé benévolo para que [la
humanidad] no sea cercenada!”.
More information about Gilgamesh epic poem:
http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/poema-de-gilgamesh-fragmento/html/2bc8f2e3-ee85-4361-bcb8-85c82e50dc77_2.html
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-epopeya-de-gilgamesh_6746
33. ENHEDUANA: AKKADIAN PRINCESS
(daughter of Sargon I)
• The earliest author and poet that we know by name.
IMPORTANT
• If you have time and you want to improve YOUR
FINAL MARK, write a short biography about
Enheduana and one of her poems.
• Date of delivery: 11/05/2018
35. EGYPT
• The civilisation of Ancient
Egypt developed over
a period of 3000 years.
• Its history is divided
into three periods,
or kingdoms, and two
intermediate periods when
they were invaded. After
the last empire, Ancient
Egypt went into decline.
36.
37. EGYPT: PERIODS
Its history is divided into different periods,
or kingdoms, and two intermediate periods.
• FIRST EMPIRE: King Narmer join together the
Lower and the Upper Egypt.
• OLD EMPIRE: its capital in Memphis. During
this period, the Pyramids of Giza were made.
• Intermediate period (economic crisis, drought
and famine: Political and social disorder)
• MIDDLE EMPIRE: its capital in Thebes. During
this period, Deir el-Bahari Tomb was made.
• Intermediate period (invasions of Hyksos from
Asia)
• NEW EMPIRE: its capital in Thebes. One of the
most important pharaohs, Ramses II. Tombs in
the Valley of the Kings were made.
• LATE PERIOD: its capital in Alexandria. In 30
BC, after the death of Cleopatra, Egypt is a
territory or province of the Roman Empire.
38. SOCIETY
Hierarchical society: pharaohs, priests, army and civil servants
(scribes), artisans, traders, peasants and, finally, slaves.
• The PHARAOH was the most powerful person in Ancient Egypt. He
was the political and religious leader of the Egyptians, and
was considered to be the incarnation of the god Horus (instead of the
God of the heavens, the god of the Earth).
– As political leader, he also owned all the land, made laws, collected
taxes and was the head of the military.
– As religious leader, he performed rituals and built temples to honour
the gods.
• The pharaoh had a court of priests, that supervised the
worshipping of the gods at the temples (centers that collected
offerings and taxes from the common people), and scribes, who were
civil servants with a knowledge of hieroglyphic writing.
• Artisans, traders or peasants, who paid taxes on the land they
farmed and were required to work on the great royal and religious
structures.
• Slaves: they were people that did not have rights and were
considered to be the property of their masters.
39. Religion • The Egyptians were very
interested in death. They
believed that the souls (alma) of
the dead travelled to the afterlife
to be judged by Osiris, the god of
death and resurrection.
• Therefore, their bodies had to be
kept in good condition. This led
to the development
of mummification:
– https://dai.ly/xcdkmg
• They also buried the dead
with The Book of the Dead, which
contained prayers that would
allow them to pass the judgment
of Osiris:
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znH8Kb
PSKfs
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng6H76
Xa1lM
Egyptians were polytheistic, as they
believed in many Gods.
40. The Nile River and ancient Egypt
• The Ancient Egyptians considered
the Nile River to be the father of
their kingdom. The river
overflowed every year and the
fields along its banks flooded,
leaving behind mud (limo) that was
very good fertiliser for crops.
• Harvests were plentiful
and agriculture was the basis of
the economy. This agricultural
wealth allowed cities, craft and
trade to develop, as Egypt needed
to obtain wood and metals in
exchange for its crops.
41. • The flooding forced Egyptians to develop certain
areas of knowledge:
– Astronomy: enabled them to predict when the Nile would
flood
– Geometry and arithmetic: they measured the fields and
market the boundaries of each property after the flood.
– Engineering: developed canals to irrigate the land and
store water.
Papyrus of Smith Papyrus of Rhind
42. INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY
• For the next class, look for information about Papyrus of
Smith and Rhind and write in your notebook the result of
your investigation.
• Papyrus of Smith: is an ancient Egyptian medical text; it
describes 48 cases of injuries, fractures, wounds,
dislocations and tumors
– Caso 45 Título: Instrucciones concernientes a tumores en su
pecho. Examen: Si examina a un hombre con un tumor abultado
en su pecho y encuentra que la hinchazón se ha extendido sobre
su pecho, y si pone su mano sobre ese pecho, sobre esos
tumores, y los encuentra fríos y no hay fiebre, y no tienen
granulación, y no forman líquido y no generan secreciones, y se
tocan como bultos. Veredicto: Debería decir con respecto a él:
“Uno que tiene tumores abultados, una enfermedad que debo
contener”. Tratamiento: No hay tratamiento. Si encuentra
tumores abultados en cualquier miembro de un hombre, deberá
tratarlo de acuerdo a estas direcciones. (Que no se haga nada).
• Papyrus of Rhind: is one of the best known examples
of Egyptian mathematics: arithmetic, geometry…
43. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND ART
TOMBS
• The tombs built by Ancient Egyptians reflected how
important death was to them.
• The tombs in which pharaohs were buried were complex
structures, intended to preserve the body and surround it
with wealth for its journey to the afterlife.
• There were burial chambers inside the tombs, which
were decorated with paintings and inscriptions.
• There were various types of tombs, such as mastabas,
pyramids and hypogea.
• Video about Pyramids:
– https://youtu.be/TZIHCiAhR5E
44. Hypogea were underground tombs carved into the rock,
with various chambers (Image: Deir el-Bahari or funeral
temple of Hatshepsut)
Pyramids were made up of one or many surface-
level chambers (Image: Giza Pyramids – Keops ,
Kefren and Micerinos)/ Sphinx
Mastabas were a single underground
chamber covered by a truncated pyramid
45. The oldest of the ancient wonders relatively intact.
47. Temples
• Egyptian temples were very large
structures, built to honour the
gods.
• Only priests, scribes and servants
worked in temples, as these
buildings were not intended for
public use.
• Ceremonies were performed
outside the temple, so
their exterior was spectacular,
with obelisks and long avenues
of sphinxes.
• Two of the most important
temples are in Luxor and Karnak.
Luxor
Karnak
51. TEMPLO OF DEBOD IN MADRID
The temple was a gift from Egypt to Spain for helping to rescue temples under the
waters of the Nile
52. Sculpture
• Its purpose was to
represent the gods and
pharaohs, and to
communicate distance and
solemnity.
• Characteristics:
– 1. Inexpressive faces. They
do not show any emotions.
– 2. Symmetrical figures and
facing forward.
– 3. Very little movement.
They give and impression of
rigidity and solemnity.
– 4. The subjects can usually
be identified by their
symbols
Triad of Mykerinos
54. Painting
• Egyptian painting depicted
a wide variety of subjects.
In addition to religious and
royal subjects, there were
scenes of daily life, such
as dancing, farming and
bread-making.
• Characteristics:
– Human figures were
represented according to a
certain rules: the head and
extremities were seen in
profile and the torso was
shown face on.
55. INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY
• After watching this video
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-
history/history-beginnings/ancient/v/rosetta-stone-196-b-c-e,
and looking for information on internet,
answer the following questions:
– What is the Rosetta Stone?
– Who discovered this important Stone?
– Why is so important this Stone?
56.
57.
58. OTHER EARLY CIVILISATIONS
• The Phoenicians (map on page 38).
– They established important colonies along the Mediterranean Sea,
such as Carthage, and in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Gadir and
Malaka.
• The Hebrews (map on page 38).
– They were nomads an dominated by others cultures, such as the
Egyptians. However, they created the kingdom of Israel (1010 - 932
BC). The Main rulers, Saul, David and Solomon. After a brief period,
they were subjugated by the Assyrians and Babylonians.
• The Persian Empire (map on page 39).
– They created and empire and built important cities, such as Persepolis
Remains of PersepolisGadir