The document provides information about early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It begins by introducing the topic of early civilizations that will be covered in Unit 2. It then discusses some key characteristics of early civilizations in general, including their origins along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, use of irrigation, development of urban centers, and invention of writing systems. The document goes on to provide more specific details about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, including their social structures, religious beliefs, and some of their major empires and accomplishments in architecture, art, literature, science and other areas.

1. UNIT 2.- EARLY CIVILISATIONS

2. BEFORE STARTING WITH THE STUDY OF EARLY CIVILISATION…
• You have to do the cover of unit 2 using the ancient Egyptian system of
writing: hieroglyphs, based on elaborate drawings.

3. WELCOME TO A NEW CLASS OF HISTORY!!!
• We are going to start with the study of history.
• We don´t forget the previous period of time: prehistory
PREHISTORY HISTORY
Before the
invention of
writing
After the
invention of
writing

4. Remember the timeline with all the periods of
history
This term we are going to study
ANCIENT HISTORY

5. EARLY
CIVILISATIONS
URBAN OR
RIVER
CIVILISATION
Mesopotamia
Egypt
CLASIC
CIVILISATION
Ancient Greek
Ancient Rome
ANCIENT HISTORY
From the invention of writing (3.500 BC) to the fall of Roman
Empire (476)
Unit 2
Unit 4
Unit 3

6. EARLY CIVILISATION:
Mesopotamia and Egypt
In this unit we will focus on the civilisations in Egypt and Mesopotamia

7. What is a civilisation?
• Early civilisations were:
– Large states or group of cities;
– Had urban life and writing;
– Shared similar customs and beliefs;
– Led by great rulers: emperors, kings or pharaohs.
RAE: Conjunto de costumbres, saberes y artes propio de una sociedad humana.

8. MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT
Common characteristics
1. These early civilisations began along the banks of very long rivers, such as
the Nile (Egypt) and the Tigris and the Euphrates (Mesopotamia).
 People used their water to make the lands around them fertile for agriculture.
They developed irrigation systems, such as canals, to channel water to more distant areas.
2. There was a lot of craftwork and
trade. In fact, so much trade took place
that people began to use money.
Nectanebo II (361-350 AC)

9. 3. These early civilisations were urban civilisations, because the main
economic activities were concentrated in cities.
4. Society was very hierarchical (population pyramid). A minority, made up of
kings and priests, controlled the majority of the wealth and governed
the people. Under their command were the army and civil servants,
who managed the kingdom. Traders were below these groups in the
social hierarchy. Then came artisans, peasants and finally slaves.
5. Slaves did not have rights and were considered to be the property
of their masters (amo).
6. The first codes, or sets of laws, were written during this period.
These codes regulated day-to-day life. For example, Code of Hamurabi
(king of Babilonia).
Memphis
Code of Hamurabi Population Pyramid

10. 7. People of these civilisations were polytheistic (relating to believe in many gods).
This means they worshipped various gods. For this reason, temples were
built in honour of the gods (for example, Amun-Ra-God of the Sun; Osiris-God of death;
Isis-Queen of the gods…).
8. One of the most important developments was the appearance of writing.
The earliest known example was cuneiform writing, dating from 3500 BC in
Mesopotamia. Writing first came into existence to keep a record of taxes,
trade, population or offerings made to temples. Therefore, the origin of
writing is associated with religion and economic activities.

11. ACTIVITIES
Check if you have learnt about the common characteristics of Egypt
and Mesopotamia doing the following activities:
– Page 28: activities 1, 2, 3.
– Page 29: activities 5, 6.
– DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
• Civilisation:
• Polytheism:
• Urban civilisation:
• Ancient History:
 PLEASE, REMEMBER:
 You have to write the statement with red pen.
 You have to write the answers whit blue pen.
 It is forbidden the use of pencil.

12. MESOPOTAMIA

13. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Mesopotamia civilization developed some 5500 years
ago (3500 BC) in the region between the Tigris and
the Euphrates Rivers.
• The name Mesopotamia comes from the Greek:
means ‘between two rivers’.
• Mesopotamia was a very dry region. However,
irrigation canals took water from the rivers.
Today, the territory of
Mesopotamia corresponds
to the countries Iraq, Kuwait
and north-eastern Syria

14. REMEMBER THE CHARACTERISTICS: MESOPOTAMIA
• This civilisation began along the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers.
• They were polytheistic because they
believed in many Gods. For example,
Shamash, the God of the sun, was also
the god of justice; Sin, the God of the
Moon; Ishtar, the goddess of love and
war; and Ninhursag, the mother
goddess.
• Hierarchical society (different social
classes): kings, priest, army and civil
servant, artisans, traders, peasants and,
finally, slaves.
• Urban civilisation. Important cities-
states developed during this period of
time. The main economic activities took
place in cities, governed by the kings. Shamash

15. THE HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIA
• Mesopotamia was home to four important civilisations:
Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians.

16. 1. SUMER
• Sumerians Inhabited southern
Mesopotamia around 3500 BC.
• They invented cuneiform
writing and developed the first
known civilisation.
• They lived in city-states
(independent cities with their
own governments) like
Ur, Uruk and Lagash.
• At first, cities were governed by
priests. Later, they were ruled
by kings with the help of priests.
Interesting video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi5wTojwTvI

17. 2. AKKADIAN EMPIRE
• In 2300 BC King Sargon
conquered the Sumerian
city-states.
• The conquest of Sumerian
territory allowed Sargon,
king of Akkad, to create
the first empire in
History: Akkadian Emprie.
• Important kings: Rimush (Sargon´s
son), Manishtusu (Sargon´s son),
Naram-Sin (grand-son of Sargon)
Sargon
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin

18. 3. Babylonian Empire
• Around 1950 BC, in the city
of Babylon , there was a great
royal dynasty. One of the
most powerful kings of this
dynasty was Hammurabi.
• He held great power over
Mesopotamia and introduced
an important set of laws,
the Code of Hammurabi,
which was written in 1756 BC.
This code of laws was used
throughout his empire.
• One of the most important
cities: Babylon
Code of Hammurabi

19. 4. Assyrian Empire
• The Assyrians lived in northern
Mesopotamia. Their empire
reached its peak between the
9th and 7th centuries BC.
• The Assyrians were fearsome
(aterrador/imponente) warriors
and were able to create a great
empire.
• Their most important cities
were Assur and Nineveh, where
the remains of a great library,
the Royal Library of
Ashurbanipal, have been found.
• There were also important
palaces such as the palace of
King Ashurbanipal.
Relief of Ashurbanipal palace

21. ACTIVITIES ABOUT CODE OF HAMMURABI
• PAGE 31: ACTIVITIES 11 AND 13.
To do the previous activities, you have to use the information
you have in your book, on page 30, and also look for more
information using other sources, such as internet.

22. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
• What materials did the Mesopotamians use for building?
The terrain of Mesopotamia is not very rocky, so the main
building material used was bricks made of mud (barro) or
mudbricks (barro cocido) or bricks made of adobe (mixture of sand, mud,
clay) sun-dried. Because of this, very little architecture has survived the test
of time, as mudbricks are less resistant than stone.
ZIGGURATS
• Are temples built for Mesopotamian civilizations (Sumerians, Akkadians,
Babylonians and Assyrians) to honour their gods.
For these civilizations, ziggurats were a ladder (escalera) that allowed them
to communicate with the world of the gods.
• These were one of the most important buildings in Mesopotamia.
• They were immense structures in the form of stepped towers (torres
empinadas) usually located in the city-centre.
• Priests lived and performed religious ceremonies in them.

23. ZIGGURAT OF UR: RECREATION
ZIGGURAT OF UR: REMAINS

24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zxwlHotjhg

25. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
STATUES
• Sumerian kings were
intermediaries between the
people and the gods.
• This is why Sumerian
sculpture usually depicts
them praying.
• Characteristics:
– Sumerian sculpture depicted
people disproportionately,
giving them large heads and
small bodies.
– The figures are usually seated
and have large eyes, in the
shape of almond (ojos con forma
de almendra-almendrados), and
inexpressive faces.
Statue of Gudea, ruler of the city-state of
Lagash, from the Sumerian period.

26. Winged lions and bulls
(Leones y toros alados)

27. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (I)
• Relief sculptures from
Mesopotamian civilisations
were sculpted on
stone plaques, or on
upright slabs (losas verticales) of
stone, called steles.
• Steles were placed in cities or
temples to commemorate
important events, such as a
military victory.
• They depicted the gods and
kings, often hunting or in
battle.
Wounded lioness (Assurbanipal palace)
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Stele of the Hammurabi Code

28. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (II): Assyrians
• The warrior spirit of the
Assyrians is reflected in their
art (remember: they were
fearsome warriors).
• The walls of their palaces were
decorated with large friezes
(frisos) of battle and
hunting scenes in relief.
• In Assyrian reliefs, figures were
sometimes superimposed to
give the scenes depth.
• Details, such as animal fur and
horse harnesses (arneses), were
sculpted very accurately:
realism Assurbanipal palace

29. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
Relief sculpture (III)
• The city of Babylon was
famous for decorating the
bricks used in its structures,
such as the Ishtar Gate
(Nabuconodosor, 575 BC).
• It has more than 12 metres
tall and was decorated with
bricks reliefs representing
young bulls, lions and
dragons.
Ishtar Gate: the main entrance of the city of
Babylonia

31. RECREATION BABYLONIA CITY

32. MESOPOTAMIAN LITERATURE
• As you know, writing developed in Mesopotamia as a way of
recording payments, offerings and taxes brought to temples.
• But did you know that the first great work of literature was
written by the Sumerians?
• The Epic of Gilgamesh was an epic POEM about
Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state
Uruk. The poem is written on 12 tablets. We know
about the poem today as some tablets have survived.
– “Ea habló al valiente Enlil, diciendo: «Tú, el más sabio de los
dioses, tú, héroe, ¿cómo pudiste, sin respeto alguno, causar el
diluvio? ¡Castiga al pecador por sus pecados, castiga al ofensor
por su ofensa! ¡(Sin embargo), sé benévolo para que [la
humanidad] no sea cercenada!”.
More information about Gilgamesh epic poem:
http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/poema-de-gilgamesh-fragmento/html/2bc8f2e3-ee85-4361-bcb8-85c82e50dc77_2.html
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-epopeya-de-gilgamesh_6746

33. ENHEDUANA: AKKADIAN PRINCESS
(daughter of Sargon I)
• The earliest author and poet that we know by name.
IMPORTANT
• If you have time and you want to improve YOUR
FINAL MARK, write a short biography about
Enheduana and one of her poems.
• Date of delivery: 11/05/2018

34. EGYPT

35. EGYPT: PERIODS
Its history is divided into different periods,
or kingdoms, and two intermediate periods.
• FIRST EMPIRE: King Narmer join together the
Lower and the Upper Egypt (3100 BC).
• OLD EMPIRE: its capital in Memphis. During
this period, the Pyramids of Giza were made.
• Intermediate period (economic crisis, drought
and famine: Political and social disorder)
• MIDDLE EMPIRE: its capital in Thebes. During
this period, Deir el-Bahari Tomb was made.
• Intermediate period (invasions of Hyksos from
Asia)
• NEW EMPIRE: its capital in Thebes. One of the
most important pharaohs, Ramses II. Tombs in
the Valley of the Kings were made.
• LATE PERIOD: its capital in Alexandria. In 30
BC, after the death of Cleopatra, Egypt is a
territory or province of the Roman Empire.

36. SOCIETY
 Hierarchical society: pharaohs, priests, army and civil servants (scribes),
traders, artisans, peasants and, finally, slaves.
• The PHARAOH was the most powerful person in Ancient Egypt. He was
the political and religious leader of the Egyptians and was considered to
be the incarnation of the god Horus (instead of the God of the heavens, the god of
the Earth).
– As political leader, he also owned all the land, made laws, collected taxes and
was the head of the military.
– As religious leader, he performed rituals and built temples to honour the gods.
• The pharaoh had a court of priests and scribes:
– Priest supervised the worshipping of the gods at the temples (centers that
collected offerings and taxes from the common people)
– Scribes, who were civil servants with a knowledge of hieroglyphic writing.
• Traders, artisans or peasants, who paid taxes on the land they farmed and
were required to work on the great royal and religious structures.
• Slaves: they were people that did not have rights and were considered to
be the property of their masters.

37. Religion • The Egyptians were very
interested in death. They
believed that the souls (alma) of
the dead travelled to the
afterlife to be judged by Osiris,
the god of death and
resurrection.
• Their bodies had to be kept in
good condition. This led to the
development
of mummification:
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OdVMjouWe
4A
• They also buried the dead
person with The Book of the
Dead, which contained prayers
that would allow them to pass
the judgment of Osiris:
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znH8KbPSKfs
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng6H76Xa1l
M
Egyptians were polytheistic, as they
believed in many Gods.

39. The Nile River and ancient Egypt
• The Ancient Egyptians considered
the Nile River to be the father of
their kingdom.
• The river overflowed every year
and the fields along its banks
flooded, leaving behind mud (limo)
that was very good fertiliser for
crops.
• Harvests were plentiful
and agriculture was the basis of
the economy. This agricultural
wealth allowed cities, craft and
trade to develop, as Egypt needed
to obtain wood and metals in
exchange for its crops.

40. They developed knowledge in certain areas, such as
astronomy, Geometry and arithmetic, Engineering or medicine
Papyrus of Smith.
Is an ancient Egyptian medical text.
Papyrus of Rhind.
Is one of the best examples of Egyptian mathematics
 Papiro egipcio escrito por el
escriba Ahmes a mediados del
siglo XVI a. C., durante el
reinado de Apofis I.
 Está redactado
en escritura hierática (tipo de
escritura que permitía a los
escribas del Antiguo Egipto
escribir de forma rápida
simplificando los jeroglíficos) y
mide unos seis metros de
longitud por 32 cm de anchura
https://matematicascercanas.com/2015/03/12/%CF%80-y-el-papiro-de-ahmes/

41. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND ART
TOMBS
• The tombs built by Ancient Egyptians reflected how
important death was to them.
• The tombs in which pharaohs were buried were complex
structures, intended to preserve the body and surround it
with wealth for its journey to the afterlife.
• There were burial chambers inside the tombs, which
were decorated with paintings and inscriptions.
• There were various types of tombs, such as mastabas,
pyramids and hypogea.
• Video about Pyramids:
– https://youtu.be/TZIHCiAhR5E

42. Hypogea were underground tombs carved into the rock,
with various chambers (Image: Deir el-Bahari or funeral
temple of Hatshepsut)
Pyramids were made up of one or many surface-
level chambers (Image: Giza Pyramids – Keops ,
Kefren and Micerinos)/ Sphinx
Mastabas were a single underground
chamber covered by a truncated pyramid

43. The oldest of the ancient wonders relatively intact.

44. TOMBS OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS

45. Temples
• Egyptian temples were very large
structures, built to honour the
gods.
• Only priests, scribes and servants
worked in temples, as these
buildings were not intended for
public use.
• Ceremonies were performed
outside the temple, so
their exterior was spectacular,
with obelisks and long avenues
of sphinxes.
• Two of the most important
temples are in Luxor and Karnak.
Luxor
Karnak

46. TEMPLE OF LUXOR

47. TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL:
RAMSES II

48. AN INCREDIBLE HISTORY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CMdep2m_E

49. TEMPLO OF DEBOD IN MADRID
The temple was a gift from Egypt to Spain for helping to rescue temples under the
waters of the Nile

50. Sculpture
• Its purpose was to
represent the gods and
pharaohs, and to
communicate distance and
solemnity.
• Characteristics:
– 1. Inexpressive faces. They
do not show any emotions.
– 2. Symmetrical figures and
facing forward.
– 3. Very little movement.
They give and impression of
rigidity and solemnity.
– 4. The subjects can usually
be identified by their
symbols
Triad of Mykerinos

51. NefertitiThe seated scribe

52. Painting
• Egyptian painting depicted
a wide variety of subjects.
In addition to religious and
royal subjects, there were
scenes of daily life, such
as dancing, farming and
bread-making.
• Characteristics:
– Human figures were
represented according to a
certain rules: the head and
extremities were seen in
profile and the torso was
shown face on.

53. INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY
• After watching the following video and
looking for information on internet, answer
the questions:
– https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/history-beginnings/ancient/v/rosetta-
stone-196-b-c-e
– What is the Rosetta Stone?
– Who discovered this important Stone?
– Why is so important this Stone?

56. OTHER EARLY CIVILISATIONS
• The Phoenicians (map on page 38).
– They established important colonies along the Mediterranean Sea,
such as Carthage, and in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Gadir and
Malaka.
• The Hebrews (map on page 38).
– They were nomads an dominated by others cultures, such as the
Egyptians. However, they created the kingdom of Israel (1010 - 932
BC). The Main rulers, Saul, David and Solomon. After a brief period,
they were subjugated by the Assyrians and Babylonians.
• The Persian Empire (map on page 39).
– They created and empire and built important cities, such as Persepolis
Remains of PersepolisGadir