This document provides an overview of a history lesson on early civilizations. It begins by welcoming students to a new class and reviewing that they previously studied prehistory. It then outlines that this term they will study early civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. For their first unit, students will focus on these early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, examining their common characteristics like developing along major rivers and having hierarchical, urban societies. The document then provides details on Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as aspects of Egyptian civilization before assigning related homework activities.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates Rivers. This allowed for irrigation and fertile farmland. It also describes some of the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture like ziggurats and art like reliefs and statues are discussed. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of some of the earliest civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses key characteristics they shared like developing along major river valleys and having hierarchical, urban societies. For Mesopotamia, it outlines the major civilizations of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. It also describes aspects of their architecture, art, literature and legal codes. For Egypt, it discusses the importance of the Nile River to their agriculture-based society and covers their religious beliefs, art including tombs and temples, and how art changed under Pharaoh Akhenaten.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics they shared such as developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and the invention of writing. For Mesopotamia, it summarizes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. For Egypt, it outlines the importance of the Nile River, religious beliefs, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and sculptures. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of these early civilizations.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more detail, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature.
3) Finally, key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization are outlined such as its lengthy history, the importance of the pharaoh and Nile River, religious beliefs centered around death and the afterlife, and architectural
1. The document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the invention of writing.
2. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (lower, middle, upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and the Metal Ages (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages).
3. During the Neolithic period, around 9,000-7,000 years ago, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers and villagers with the development of agriculture and livestock domestication.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were two of the earliest civilizations that developed along major river valleys, specifically the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile River in Egypt. Both civilizations relied heavily on irrigation from these rivers to support agriculture and both developed hierarchical, urban societies with social classes and systems of laws and government. Writing first emerged in Mesopotamia as a way to record economic transactions and taxes for temples, and this document outlines some of the key similarities and differences between these two early river valley civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of codes like the Code of Hammurabi. Egyptian civilization is briefly outlined with a focus on the importance of the Nile River to the economy and development of cities, crafts and trade.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that these civilizations shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and being polytheistic. For Mesopotamia, it describes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians - and some of their achievements. For Egypt, it outlines the different historical periods and discusses aspects of their society like the important role of the pharaoh. It also touches on architecture, art, literature and religious beliefs in these early civilizations.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates Rivers. This allowed for irrigation and fertile farmland. It also describes some of the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture like ziggurats and art like reliefs and statues are discussed. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of some of the earliest civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses key characteristics they shared like developing along major river valleys and having hierarchical, urban societies. For Mesopotamia, it outlines the major civilizations of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. It also describes aspects of their architecture, art, literature and legal codes. For Egypt, it discusses the importance of the Nile River to their agriculture-based society and covers their religious beliefs, art including tombs and temples, and how art changed under Pharaoh Akhenaten.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics they shared such as developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and the invention of writing. For Mesopotamia, it summarizes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. For Egypt, it outlines the importance of the Nile River, religious beliefs, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and sculptures. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of these early civilizations.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more detail, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature.
3) Finally, key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization are outlined such as its lengthy history, the importance of the pharaoh and Nile River, religious beliefs centered around death and the afterlife, and architectural
1. The document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the invention of writing.
2. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (lower, middle, upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and the Metal Ages (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages).
3. During the Neolithic period, around 9,000-7,000 years ago, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers and villagers with the development of agriculture and livestock domestication.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were two of the earliest civilizations that developed along major river valleys, specifically the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile River in Egypt. Both civilizations relied heavily on irrigation from these rivers to support agriculture and both developed hierarchical, urban societies with social classes and systems of laws and government. Writing first emerged in Mesopotamia as a way to record economic transactions and taxes for temples, and this document outlines some of the key similarities and differences between these two early river valley civilizations.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of codes like the Code of Hammurabi. Egyptian civilization is briefly outlined with a focus on the importance of the Nile River to the economy and development of cities, crafts and trade.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that these civilizations shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and being polytheistic. For Mesopotamia, it describes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians - and some of their achievements. For Egypt, it outlines the different historical periods and discusses aspects of their society like the important role of the pharaoh. It also touches on architecture, art, literature and religious beliefs in these early civilizations.
Paleolithic - Nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves or huts and created cave paintings and tools from stone.
Neolithic - Settlements emerged as humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, growing crops and domesticating animals. Rock art depicted hunting and ceremonies.
Metal Ages - The emergence of metallurgy led to stronger tools and weapons from copper, bronze and iron. Trade increased and the first cities developed with specialized labor and hierarchical societies. Megalithic monuments like stone circles and dolmens were constructed.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, being polytheistic, having hierarchical societies, and inventing writing. For Mesopotamia specifically, it outlines the major civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. It also summarizes architectural features like ziggurats and reliefs, and literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh. For Egypt, it divides its history into periods including the Old Empire when the pyramids of Giza were built.
Roman civilization originated in the city of Rome, founded in the 8th century BC along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. Roman society was divided between patricians and plebeians, and later included slaves. The government transitioned from a monarchy to a republic to an empire. The Roman Empire reached its peak between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD during the Pax Romana, but economic and political crises led to the Western Empire's fall in 476 AD. Roman influence is still seen today through language, laws, and Christianity.
1. This document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the introduction of writing.
2. It divides prehistory into the Stone Age (Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and Metal Ages (Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).
3. Key developments included the first humans standing upright and using tools in the Paleolithic, the introduction of agriculture and permanent settlements in the Neolithic, and the use of metals in tool-making during the different Metal Ages.
The document provides an overview of history from prehistory through the Middle Ages in 3 parts:
1) Prehistory discusses the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Metal Ages, including the transition to farming and use of metals.
2) Ancient History summarizes ancient civilizations like Greece and Rome, including the rise of democracy and conquest of territories by Rome.
3) The Middle Ages describes this period in Western Europe and Spain, covering the spread of Christianity, rise of feudalism, and Muslim and Christian rule in Spain.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of the Nile River in Egyptian civilization. Architecture, art, literature and the importance of religion are also summarized for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
During prehistory, which lasted from around 2.5 million years ago until the invention of writing around 3500 BC, humans evolved from early hominids to hunter-gatherers who lived in tribes. The Palaeolithic period saw the first humans and use of tools like spears and axes made of stone. During the Neolithic period, around 9000 BC, humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, settling in permanent villages and domesticating plants and animals. Various metal ages then followed, where cultures developed bronze and iron tools, enabling trade and the growth of cities.
1. The document discusses the origins and development of ancient Greek civilization from its beginnings around 800 BC to the Hellenistic period ending around 30 BC. It describes the terrain and political structure of poleis that influenced Greek society and the early Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations that preceded it.
2. The three main periods covered are the Archaic period marked by colonization, the Classical period defined by the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta, and the Hellenistic period following the conquests of Alexander the Great and the breakup of his empire.
3. Key aspects highlighted include the acropolis and democracy in Athens versus the oligarchy in Sparta, Alexander's
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical societies, use of irrigation, and the invention of writing. The document then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more depth, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Important figures and developments are highlighted for each group. Early Egyptian civilization is also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of prehistory from 2.5 million years ago until the invention of writing around 3500 BC. It discusses key periods of prehistory including the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. The Paleolithic period saw the earliest humans who lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers, using stone tools and creating cave paintings. During the Neolithic period, around 9000 BC, humans transitioned to living in permanent settlements and began farming, leading to the development of the first villages. New tools were developed for agriculture and crafts like pottery and weaving emerged. The document also notes the Metal Ages between 7000-3500 BC when humans started using metals like copper and bronze to make
This document provides an overview of world history from 8000 BCE to 600 CE. It outlines the major periods, including the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the rise of early civilizations. Eight key elements that define civilizations are identified, including writing systems, organized belief systems, cities, and specialized jobs. Major early civilizations discussed include those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and the Mediterranean. The document also summarizes major belief systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Judaism that emerged during this time period.
The document provides an overview of the study of history and prehistory. It discusses how historians use observations, readings, and studies of physical remains, written documents, and oral histories to understand past societies. Prehistory is divided into the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic began over 4 million years ago and saw the development of tools made of carved stone and bone. The Neolithic started around 10,000 BC and featured polished stone tools as well as early pottery, baskets, and textiles. The Metal Age between 4,000-3,000 BC comprised the Copper, Bronze, and Iron Ages defined by advances in metalworking.
Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages were the main periods of Prehistory. During Paleolithic, nomadic hunter-gatherers lived in caves and used stone tools. In Neolithic, the development of agriculture led to permanent settlements like villages and new tools. The Metal Ages brought new technologies like copper, bronze and iron tools as well as the first cities with specialized labor and social hierarchy.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then describes some key aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh.
3) Details are also given about ancient Egyptian society centered around the pharaoh, their polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, reliance on the Nile River, and
This document provides an overview of ancient Mesopotamian civilization and its art. It discusses how Mesopotamian culture emerged from small agricultural villages along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 5000 BCE. The Sumerians were the first civilization in Mesopotamia and made important advances in writing, mathematics, science, and architecture. The document examines Sumerian art forms like pottery, sculpture, and pictographs as well as religious practices and the rise of cities across Mesopotamia.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It begins by introducing the topic of early civilizations that will be covered in Unit 2. It then discusses some key characteristics of early civilizations in general, including their origins along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, use of irrigation, development of urban centers, and invention of writing systems. The document goes on to provide more specific details about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, including their social structures, religious beliefs, and some of their major empires and accomplishments in architecture, art, literature, science and other areas.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key similarities between the two civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the invention of writing. The document then goes into more detail about the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians) and their achievements, as well as details about Egyptian society, religion, and dependence on the Nile River. Students are assigned investigation activities to further their understanding.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. Their architecture, art, and early works of literature are also summarized.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations in Mesopotamia, including important figures like Hammurabi and important sites like Ur and Babylon. Architecture such as ziggurats and art such as sculpture and reliefs are also summarized.
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for millions of years before settling into agricultural villages during the Neolithic Revolution around 8000 BC. This led to the rise of civilization, with specialized jobs, social classes, governments, religions, and art. The first major civilizations emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt along major rivers from 3000 BC. They developed writing, legal codes, empires, and major architectural achievements like the pyramids. Other important early peoples included the Phoenicians, Israelites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that were common to both civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, the invention of writing, and polytheistic religious beliefs. Specific details are then given about the history, society, architecture, art, and literature of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Early civilizations in these regions are considered the origin of complex societies in human history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, polytheistic religions, and the early development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture, art, literature and other cultural aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the major time periods of ancient Egyptian history.
Paleolithic - Nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in caves or huts and created cave paintings and tools from stone.
Neolithic - Settlements emerged as humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, growing crops and domesticating animals. Rock art depicted hunting and ceremonies.
Metal Ages - The emergence of metallurgy led to stronger tools and weapons from copper, bronze and iron. Trade increased and the first cities developed with specialized labor and hierarchical societies. Megalithic monuments like stone circles and dolmens were constructed.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, being polytheistic, having hierarchical societies, and inventing writing. For Mesopotamia specifically, it outlines the major civilizations of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. It also summarizes architectural features like ziggurats and reliefs, and literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh. For Egypt, it divides its history into periods including the Old Empire when the pyramids of Giza were built.
Roman civilization originated in the city of Rome, founded in the 8th century BC along the Tiber River. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus. Roman society was divided between patricians and plebeians, and later included slaves. The government transitioned from a monarchy to a republic to an empire. The Roman Empire reached its peak between the 1st and 2nd centuries AD during the Pax Romana, but economic and political crises led to the Western Empire's fall in 476 AD. Roman influence is still seen today through language, laws, and Christianity.
1. This document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the introduction of writing.
2. It divides prehistory into the Stone Age (Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and Metal Ages (Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).
3. Key developments included the first humans standing upright and using tools in the Paleolithic, the introduction of agriculture and permanent settlements in the Neolithic, and the use of metals in tool-making during the different Metal Ages.
The document provides an overview of history from prehistory through the Middle Ages in 3 parts:
1) Prehistory discusses the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Metal Ages, including the transition to farming and use of metals.
2) Ancient History summarizes ancient civilizations like Greece and Rome, including the rise of democracy and conquest of territories by Rome.
3) The Middle Ages describes this period in Western Europe and Spain, covering the spread of Christianity, rise of feudalism, and Muslim and Christian rule in Spain.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, presence of urban centers and hierarchical societies. Specific details are then given on the Mesopotamian civilizations of Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as the unifying role of the Nile River in Egyptian civilization. Architecture, art, literature and the importance of religion are also summarized for Mesopotamia and Egypt.
During prehistory, which lasted from around 2.5 million years ago until the invention of writing around 3500 BC, humans evolved from early hominids to hunter-gatherers who lived in tribes. The Palaeolithic period saw the first humans and use of tools like spears and axes made of stone. During the Neolithic period, around 9000 BC, humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, settling in permanent villages and domesticating plants and animals. Various metal ages then followed, where cultures developed bronze and iron tools, enabling trade and the growth of cities.
1. The document discusses the origins and development of ancient Greek civilization from its beginnings around 800 BC to the Hellenistic period ending around 30 BC. It describes the terrain and political structure of poleis that influenced Greek society and the early Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations that preceded it.
2. The three main periods covered are the Archaic period marked by colonization, the Classical period defined by the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta, and the Hellenistic period following the conquests of Alexander the Great and the breakup of his empire.
3. Key aspects highlighted include the acropolis and democracy in Athens versus the oligarchy in Sparta, Alexander's
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical societies, use of irrigation, and the invention of writing. The document then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more depth, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Important figures and developments are highlighted for each group. Early Egyptian civilization is also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of prehistory from 2.5 million years ago until the invention of writing around 3500 BC. It discusses key periods of prehistory including the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. The Paleolithic period saw the earliest humans who lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers, using stone tools and creating cave paintings. During the Neolithic period, around 9000 BC, humans transitioned to living in permanent settlements and began farming, leading to the development of the first villages. New tools were developed for agriculture and crafts like pottery and weaving emerged. The document also notes the Metal Ages between 7000-3500 BC when humans started using metals like copper and bronze to make
This document provides an overview of world history from 8000 BCE to 600 CE. It outlines the major periods, including the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the rise of early civilizations. Eight key elements that define civilizations are identified, including writing systems, organized belief systems, cities, and specialized jobs. Major early civilizations discussed include those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and the Mediterranean. The document also summarizes major belief systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Judaism that emerged during this time period.
The document provides an overview of the study of history and prehistory. It discusses how historians use observations, readings, and studies of physical remains, written documents, and oral histories to understand past societies. Prehistory is divided into the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic began over 4 million years ago and saw the development of tools made of carved stone and bone. The Neolithic started around 10,000 BC and featured polished stone tools as well as early pottery, baskets, and textiles. The Metal Age between 4,000-3,000 BC comprised the Copper, Bronze, and Iron Ages defined by advances in metalworking.
Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages were the main periods of Prehistory. During Paleolithic, nomadic hunter-gatherers lived in caves and used stone tools. In Neolithic, the development of agriculture led to permanent settlements like villages and new tools. The Metal Ages brought new technologies like copper, bronze and iron tools as well as the first cities with specialized labor and social hierarchy.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then describes some key aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature including the Epic of Gilgamesh.
3) Details are also given about ancient Egyptian society centered around the pharaoh, their polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, reliance on the Nile River, and
This document provides an overview of ancient Mesopotamian civilization and its art. It discusses how Mesopotamian culture emerged from small agricultural villages along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 5000 BCE. The Sumerians were the first civilization in Mesopotamia and made important advances in writing, mathematics, science, and architecture. The document examines Sumerian art forms like pottery, sculpture, and pictographs as well as religious practices and the rise of cities across Mesopotamia.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. It begins by introducing the topic of early civilizations that will be covered in Unit 2. It then discusses some key characteristics of early civilizations in general, including their origins along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, use of irrigation, development of urban centers, and invention of writing systems. The document goes on to provide more specific details about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, including their social structures, religious beliefs, and some of their major empires and accomplishments in architecture, art, literature, science and other areas.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key similarities between the two civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, use of irrigation for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the invention of writing. The document then goes into more detail about the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians) and their achievements, as well as details about Egyptian society, religion, and dependence on the Nile River. Students are assigned investigation activities to further their understanding.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. Their architecture, art, and early works of literature are also summarized.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys and developed irrigation for agriculture. It also describes their hierarchical societies, use of slave labor, early legal codes, polytheistic religions, and the development of writing. Specific details are given about the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations in Mesopotamia, including important figures like Hammurabi and important sites like Ur and Babylon. Architecture such as ziggurats and art such as sculpture and reliefs are also summarized.
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for millions of years before settling into agricultural villages during the Neolithic Revolution around 8000 BC. This led to the rise of civilization, with specialized jobs, social classes, governments, religions, and art. The first major civilizations emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt along major rivers from 3000 BC. They developed writing, legal codes, empires, and major architectural achievements like the pyramids. Other important early peoples included the Phoenicians, Israelites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that were common to both civilizations, including their development along major river valleys, hierarchical social structures, the invention of writing, and polytheistic religious beliefs. Specific details are then given about the history, society, architecture, art, and literature of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. Early civilizations in these regions are considered the origin of complex societies in human history.
This document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses key characteristics that Mesopotamia and Egypt shared, including developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, polytheistic religions, and the early development of writing. Specific details are given about the civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture, art, literature and other cultural aspects of Mesopotamian civilizations are summarized. The document also briefly outlines the major time periods of ancient Egyptian history.
The document provides information on ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses how the Nile River shaped ancient Egypt through fertile soil, yearly floods, and acting as a trade route. It then outlines the three main periods of Egyptian history and influences like the Hyksos invasion and trade with Nubia. Key figures in Egypt like Tutankhamen, Akhenaten, and Hatshepsut are identified. The document also summarizes the development of Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia, including their inventions of writing, the wheel, plow, and walled cities. The Code of Hammurabi and Epic of Gilgamesh are also mentioned.
This document contains a quiz about Mesopotamian civilization. It discusses the two major rivers of Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), how they contributed to the development of agriculture and settlements. It mentions the Code of Hammurabi as the first system of written law and describes some of its provisions. Finally, it lists several major contributions of Mesopotamian civilizations like cuneiform writing, architecture, and advances in mathematics and astronomy.
The document provides an overview of the first civilizations including their political organization, society, and emergence of writing. It then summarizes Mesopotamian and ancient Egyptian civilizations. Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and was influenced by Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian peoples. Ancient Egyptian civilization arose in the Nile River valley and was led by pharaohs over its 3000 year history divided into dynastic periods. Key aspects of these civilizations included their religion, art, and architectural monuments like temples, tombs, and pyramids.
The document discusses several ancient empires of the Middle East and Mediterranean regions that practiced slavery, including Mesopotamia, Babylonia, the Persian Empire, Byzantine Empire, China, Greece, and Rome. Slavery was an important part of the economies and labor forces of these civilizations. Slaves were typically acquired through war, piracy, debt, or heredity and worked in agriculture, mining, households, and other industries. The empires rose and fell over time, influencing the development of civilization.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was one of the earliest places where agriculture and civilization developed, around 6000 BCE. Regular flooding of the rivers created fertile soil and reliable irrigation. Sumerians established the first cities and developed one of the earliest writing systems, cuneiform writing. Mesopotamian civilization was characterized by independent city-states ruled by priests and later kings. Kings administered complex bureaucracies and legal systems to govern populations and ensure agriculture was maintained through irrigation systems. Warfare was common as cities disputed territory and resources. Religion was polytheistic and the purpose of humans was to serve the many gods through economic activities centered around temples.
Catal Huyuk and Jericho were two of the earliest Neolithic cities in the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Catal Huyuk, dating back to 8,000 BCE, was the oldest and largest city found from that period. Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization as it was home to some of the earliest cities and civilizations, including the Sumerians who developed innovations in writing, mathematics, architecture, and more. Over thousands of years, different groups including the Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians rose to power in Mesopotamia before falling to subsequent foreign invaders.
Four to five thousand years after the Neolithic Revolution, the first civilizations arose in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. Mesopotamian civilization began in city-states like Ur and Uruk in southern Mesopotamia. Sumerian culture featured centralized rule by priest-kings and a social hierarchy topped by kings and priests. Egypt developed a highly centralized society ruled by divine pharaohs. The Indus Valley civilization spanned over 900 miles along the Indus River and featured planned cities built on grids with advanced sanitation systems. All three civilizations exhibited early advances in areas like writing, mathematics, metalworking, and social organization.
Southwest Asia was home to some of the earliest civilizations including the Assyrians, Aztecs, Egyptians, Greeks, Indians, and Indus Valley Civilization who all made major contributions to mathematics, astronomy, architecture, medicine, philosophy, and political/social structures. Key leaders that helped build empires in the region included Sargon the Great of Akkad, Hammurabi of Babylon, and Cyrus the Great and Darius I of Persia. Societies in the area had social stratifications ranging from upper to lower classes. The major religions that originated in Southwest Asia were Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. Several ancient civilizations flourished there between 5000 BCE and 600 BCE, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The region had a desert climate but the rivers provided fertile land for agriculture. City-states dominated the political structures, each ruled by a king, and empires like Babylon and Assyria later united the region through conquest. The Mesopotamian economy was based on agriculture and trade of crops and resources. Religion, science, and the arts also developed significantly.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerian civilization was the first to emerge around 3500 BCE, developing cities like Uruk and establishing innovations like writing, irrigation, and the wheel. Sumerian culture influenced later Mesopotamian empires like the Babylonians and Assyrians. Major figures like Hammurabi established legal codes and expanded control over the region, though empires rose and fell with invading forces until Persia's conquest in the 6th century BCE.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerian civilization was the first to emerge around 3500 BCE, developing cities like Uruk and establishing innovations like writing, irrigation, and the wheel. Sumerian culture influenced later Mesopotamian empires like the Babylonians and Assyrians. Major figures like Hammurabi established legal codes and expanded control over the region, though empires rose and fell with invading forces until Persia's conquest in the 6th century BCE.
Mesopotamia was the first civilization in history located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq, Syria, and surrounding areas. It began as independent Sumerian city-states like Ur and Uruk before being unified under empires like the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Neo-Babylonian. Mesopotamian society was hierarchical with kings and priests at the top. Their economy was based on irrigated agriculture and they developed writing, mathematics, astronomy, law codes, and architectural achievements like ziggurats and arches. Their polytheistic religion influenced later civilizations.
The document summarizes four ancient river valley civilizations:
1) Mesopotamian civilization along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians.
2) Egyptian civilization along the Nile river, known for pharaohs, pyramids, and hieroglyphic writing.
3) Harappan civilization in the Indus river valley, known for urban planning and undeciphered writing.
4) Yellow River (Chinese) civilization, including the Shang dynasty known for bronze casting, and later Zhou dynasty known for iron production and silk trade.
Mesopotamia was the first civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq and Syria. It was the site of several influential empires over thousands of years. People were initially drawn to settle in Mesopotamia due to its fertile flood plains for agriculture from the surrounding rivers. Major early civilizations included the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia around 3500-2000 BCE, made up of independent city-states, and the Akkadian Empire of 2330-2130 BCE, which unified the region under one ruler for the first time. Later the Babylonian Empire arose around 1800 BCE under King Hammurabi, famous for his legal code,
Mesopotamia and Egypt were early civilizations that developed around 6000 BC along major river valleys, adopting irrigation for abundant harvests. They created hierarchical societies with kings, priests, and social classes, and writing emerged around 3500 BC for administration. Mesopotamia's civilization arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in a fertile region with shifting empires like Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria over time, developing systems of laws, trade, and cuneiform writing on clay tablets.
This document provides an overview of the rise of early civilizations and states in Southwest Asia and the Nile Valley between 3200-500 BCE. It discusses the development of writing in Mesopotamia to meet the needs of growing cities and states, the formation of the world's first states in Mesopotamia, and the influence of geography and religion on Egyptian society. Key civilizations discussed include the Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Hebrews, Assyrians, and Persians. The document also briefly outlines religious traditions like Zoroastrianism that emerged during this time period and influenced later belief systems.
Mesopotamia - History of Human CivilizationVishnu Raju
The earliest civilization in Mesopotamia was the Sumerian civilization in southern Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. The Sumerians established cities like Ur and developed irrigation systems to farm the fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. One of the earliest empires was established by Sargon I of Akkad around 2300 BC when he conquered the Sumerian city-states. Another important Mesopotamian ruler was Hammurabi of Babylon in the 18th century BC, who created one of the earliest codes of law and expanded his empire. Mesopotamian civilizations made significant contributions to math, science, and law that influenced other ancient cultures.
This lecture provides an overview of early Mesopotamian civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It discusses the geography and climate of the region, known as the Fertile Crescent, which allowed for the development of irrigation-based agriculture and urban settlements. Sumerians were the first to settle the region around 5000 BC, developing dams, canals and cities like Uruk and Ur. Writing and other innovations emerged as cities grew in size and complexity between 3500-3000 BC. Social classes and kingship developed, with temples becoming important religious and administrative centers marked by ziggurats.
Este documento explica los conceptos de conjugación verbal, verbos regulares e irregulares. Define la conjugación como la acción de conjugar un verbo en sus diferentes formas según modo, tiempo, persona y número. Explica que existen tres modelos de conjugación y da ejemplos de verbos regulares e irregulares. Finalmente, insta a los estudiantes a estudiar los verbos modelo para un próximo control.
El documento contiene los horarios semanales de la asignatura de Geografía e Historia para el curso 1o ESO durante tres semanas consecutivas. La profesora Anabel presenta diferentes temas cada día a las clases 1oA y 1oB, como la introducción al tema 7, el proceso de hominización, el Paleolítico, el Neolítico y la Edad de los Metales. Los estudiantes ven las presentaciones, subrayan lo más importante y realizan actividades para enviar a la profesora.
El documento resume la era Paleolítica, que abarcó desde hace 2.5 millones de años hasta hace 10,000 años. Durante este período, los humanos vivían una vida nómada de caza y recolección, usando principalmente herramientas de piedra. Hace unos 100,000 años, comenzaron a producir las primeras manifestaciones artísticas como pinturas rupestres en cuevas. La sociedad paleolítica estaba formada por grupos pequeños unidos por lazos familiares.
La Prehistoria es el período desde la aparición de los primeros humanos hace 2.5 millones de años hasta la aparición de la escritura hace unos 5,500 años. Durante este tiempo, los homínidos evolucionaron desde seres similares a los simios con cerebros pequeños como los Australopithecus hasta convertirse en Homo sapiens a través de un proceso llamado hominización que incluyó caminar erguidos, manos con pulgares separados y aumento del tamaño cerebral. La arqueología estudia los restos materiales dejados
A biome is defined as an area with a specific climate and characteristic plants and animals. There are different types of biomes categorized by climate, including polar, alpine, equatorial, tropical, desert, and temperate biomes. Students will create an ebook using BookCreator about biomes on Earth and in Spain, including information on specific biomes and some risks they face. They will have class time over several sessions to work on their ebooks with photos and videos to represent each biome without writing too much text.
Este documento define y describe varios géneros literarios narrativos como el cuento tradicional, la fábula y la leyenda. Explica que el cuento tradicional suele transmitirse oralmente de generación en generación y distingue entre cuentos maravillosos, de animales y de fórmulas. También define la fábula como una historia con animales que actúan como personas y termina con una moraleja, mientras que la leyenda narra hechos imaginarios en un contexto histórico real con personajes reconocidos.
El documento presenta dos actividades sobre la dignidad humana. La primera instruye analizar la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, incluyendo una breve descripción, identificar el artículo que refleja la dignidad y seleccionar un artículo notable con ejemplos de vulneraciones. La segunda actividad pide leer el Artículo 10 de la Constitución española sobre la dignidad, responder preguntas sobre su definición y encontrar ejemplos de vulneraciones en el informe anual de Amnistía Internacional.
El documento resume diferentes géneros literarios narrativos como el cuento tradicional, la fábula y la leyenda. Explica que el cuento tradicional suele transmitirse oralmente de generación en generación y distingue entre cuentos maravillosos, de animales y de fórmulas. Además, describe la estructura típica de un cuento con introducción, nudo y desenlace y proporciona ejemplos como La Bella Durmiente. Por otro lado, define la fábula como una historia con animales y plantas que actúan como
This document discusses economic activities and sectors of the economy. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The three main sectors of the economy are described as the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. The primary sector involves obtaining natural resources and includes agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing. Different types of agriculture and livestock farming techniques are outlined. The secondary sector involves industry and manufacturing raw materials into finished goods. The tertiary sector produces intangible goods and services.
The document discusses economic concepts and sectors. It defines economic activity as the process through which human needs are satisfied through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The economy is divided into three sectors - the primary sector involves obtaining natural resources, the secondary sector converts raw materials into finished goods through manufacturing and industry, and the tertiary sector provides intangible services. Key economic systems are also outlined, including traditional, capitalist, centrally planned, and mixed economies.
This document provides an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It discusses the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It describes properties of air like composition, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity. It explains concepts of weather and climate, factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation. It also outlines the Earth's climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate, and identifies nine climate types based on temperature and precipitation patterns. Climographs are introduced as a way to graphically represent annual temperature and precipitation data to identify a location's climate.
Students are assigned a project to learn about their city of Ciudad Real. The project has two parts: first, creating a poster with a short history of the city, photos of important buildings and streets, and a map marking the locations. Second, students will interview 3 citizens, asking their opinions on living in the city and possible disadvantages and solutions. Students will turn in their posters between specific dates in January and conduct interviews on January 30th. The completed project is due on February 6th.
Este documento describe diferentes recursos literarios como la comparación, metáfora, personificación, lenguaje figurado, hipérbole y juego de palabras. Proporciona ejemplos de cada recurso y ejercicios para practicar su identificación y uso.
The document summarizes the major river systems of Europe. It divides the rivers into four watersheds: 1) Arctic Ocean, which includes the Pechora and Northern Dvina rivers; 2) Atlantic Ocean, such as the Elbe, Rhine, and Seine rivers; 3) Mediterranean, including the short and irregular Rhône and Po rivers; 4) Black Sea and Caspian Sea, home to Europe's longest rivers like the Volga, Ural, Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, and Don rivers that run through Central Europe's plains.
The document summarizes the major rivers in Spain. It divides the rivers into three watersheds: the Cantabrian watershed in the north which consists of short rivers with large flows that empty into the Cantabrian Ocean, the Atlantic watershed along the western coast whose rivers mostly empty into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean watershed in the east whose rivers are also short except the Ebro and empty into the Mediterranean Sea. It also lists some of the major rivers within each watershed and provides some additional details on notable lakes within Spain.
The document summarizes the hydrosphere, or Earth's water system. It describes the three states water can be in - solid, liquid, and gas. Most water is found as liquid in oceans and seas, which covers about three quarters of the planet's surface. Water also exists as solid ice in glaciers and polar ice caps, and as a gas in the form of water vapor in the atmosphere. The water cycle describes how water is continuously circulated and recycled between these states through evaporation, transportation by wind and air currents, precipitation, and collection in rivers, lakes, oceans, and underground. Fresh water makes up a small percentage and is found in rivers, lakes, wetlands, and underground aquifers and glac
This document discusses the concepts of cities and urban settlements. It defines rural and urban settlements based on factors like population size, building structure, and economic activities. Cities are characterized by large populations, tall buildings close together, and economies focused on secondary and tertiary industries. The document also examines the functions, morphology, and structure of cities. It explores concepts like grid plans, central areas, and outskirts. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of what defines and characterizes urban areas compared to rural settlements.
This document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Asia, including major mountain ranges like the Himalayas, peninsulas such as the Arabian Peninsula, deserts such as the Gobi Desert, plains like the North China Plain, plateaus including the Tibetan Plateau, island groups such as the Indonesian Archipelago, seas and oceans bordering Asia, and various gulfs, bays, and capes. It provides an overview of the diverse topographical elements found across the continent of Asia.
The document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Oceania, including mountain ranges, peninsulas, deserts, islands and archipelagos, capes and gulfs, rivers, lakes, and seas and oceans. Some of the key features mentioned are the Great Dividing Range, Bismarck Archipelago, Great Sandy Desert, Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, Gulf of Carpentaria, Murray River, Lake Eyre, Coral Sea, and Pacific Ocean.
The document lists various physical features to locate on a map of Africa, including mountain ranges like the Atlas Mountains and Kilimanjaro, deserts such as the Sahara and Kalahari, the Somali Peninsula, the Rift Valley, island groups including Madagascar and the Seychelles, capes and gulfs like Cape Verde and the Gulf of Guinea, straits such as the Strait of Gibraltar, and surrounding seas and oceans.
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. WELCOME TO A NEW CLASS OF HISTORY
• Today, we are going to start with the study of history.
• We don´t forget the previous period of time: prehistory
PREHISTORY HISTORY
Before the
invention of
writing
After the
invention of
writing
3. Remember the timeline with all the
periods of history
This term we are going to study
ANCIENT HISTORY
5. BEFORE STARTING WITH THE STUDY OF EARLY CIVILISATION…
• You have to do the cover of unit 2 using the ancient Egyptian system of
writing: hieroglyphs, based on elaborate drawings.
8. What is a civilisation?
• Is an advanced state of human society in
which there is:
– A stable food supply.
– A division of labour.
– A hierarchical society.
– Systems of laws and government.
– A developed culture.
RAE: Conjunto de costumbres, saberes y artes propio de una sociedad humana.
9. MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT.
Common characteristics
1. These early civilisations began along the banks of very long rivers, such
as the Nile in Egypt, and the Tigris and the Euphrates in Mesopotamia.
People used their water to make the lands around them fertile for agriculture.
They developed irrigation systems, such as canals, to channel water to more distant
areas.
2. There was a lot of craftwork and trade in
the areas around these large rivers. In fact,
so much trade took place that people began
to use money.
Nectanebo II (361-350 AC)
10. 3. These early civilisations were urban civilisations, because the main
economic activities were concentrated in cities.
4. Society in these early civilisations was very hierarchical (look at the population
pyramid above). A minority, made up of kings and priests, controlled the
majority of the wealth and governed the people. Under their command were
the army and civil servants, who managed the kingdom. Traders were below
these groups in the social hierarchy. Then came artisans, peasants and
finally slaves.
5. In ancient civilisations, the majority of labour was done by slaves. They
were the basis of the economy. Slaves did not have rights and were
considered to be the property of their masters (amo).
6. The first codes, or sets of laws, were written during this period. These
codes regulated day-to-day life. For example, Code of Hamurabi (king of
Babilonia).
Memphis
Code of Hamurabi
11. 7. People of these civilisations were polytheistic (relating to believe in many gods).
This means they worshipped various gods. For this reason, temples were
built in honour of the gods (for example, Amun-Ra-God of the Sun; Osiris-God of death;
Isis-Queen of the gods…).
8. One of the most important developments of these early civilisations was
the appearance of writing. The earliest known example was cuneiform
writing, dating from 3500 BC in Mesopotamia. Writing first came into
existence as a way of keeping record of offerings made and taxes paid to
temples. Therefore, the origin of writing is associated with religion and
economic activities.
12. ACTIVITIES
Check if you have learnt about the common characteristics of Egypt
and Mesopotamia doing the following activities:
– Page 28: activities 1, 2, 3.
– Page 29: activities 5, 7.
– DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS:
• Civilisation:
• Polytheism:
• Urban civilisation.
• Ancient History.
PLEASE, REMEMBER:
You have to write the statement with red pen.
You have to write the answers whit blue pen.
It is forbidden the use of pencil.
14. MESOPOTAMIA
• The name Mesopotamia comes from
the Greek: means ‘between two rivers’.
Mesopotamia is a desert
region crossed by the
Tigris and the Euphrates
and the place where
history’s first civilisations
appeared some 5500
years ago (3500 BC).
15. Today, the territory of Mesopotamia corresponds
to the countries Iraq, Kuwait and north-eastern Syria.
16. Remember the characteristics: Mesopotamia
• This civilisation began along the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
• There were a lot of trade.
• They were polytheistic because they
believed in many Gods. For example,
Shamash, the God of the sun, was
also the god of justice; Sin, the God
of the Moon; Ishtar, the goddess of
love and war; and Ninhursag, the
mother goddess.
• Hierarchical society (different social
classes): kings, priest, army and civil
servant, artisans, traders, peasants
and, finally, slaves.
• Urban civilisation. Important cities-
states developed during this period
of time. The main economic activities
took place in cities, governed by the
kings. Shamash
17. THE HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIA
• Mesopotamia was home to four important civilisations:
Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians.
18. 1. SUMERIANS
• The Sumerians inhabited southern
Mesopotamia around 3500 BC.
• They invented cuneiform
writing and developed the first
known civilisation.
• They developed irrigation system.
• The Sumerians lived in city-states:
independent cities with their own
governments.
• The most important city-states
were Ur, Uruk and Lagash.
• At first, cities were governed by
priests. Later, they were ruled by
kings with the help of priests.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xi5wTojwTvI
19. 2. AKKADIANS
• The Akkadians lived to the
north of the Sumerians.
• They had a policy of expanding
their territory to the south,
into the territory of the
Sumerians, which they
eventually conquered.
• The conquest of Sumerian
territory allowed Sargon, king
of Akkad, to create the first
empire in History.
• Important kings: Rimush
(Sargon´s son), Manishtusu
(Sargon´s son), Naram-Sin
(grand-son of Sargon)
• The Akkadians controlled the
region from 2340–2150 BC.
Sargon
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
20. 3. Babylonians
• Around 1950 BC, in the city
of Babylon in the centre of
Mesopotamia, there was a great
royal dynasty.
• One of the most powerful kings
of this
dynasty was Hammurabi 1792–
1750 BC).
• He held great power over
Mesopotamia and introduced an
important set of laws, the Code
of Hammurabi, which was
written in 1756 BC. This code of
laws was used throughout his
empire.
• One of the most important
cities: Babylon
Code of Hammurabi
21. 4. Assyrians
• The Assyrians lived in northern
Mesopotamia. Their empire
reached its peak between the
9th and 7th centuries BC.
• The Assyrians were fearsome
(aterrador/imponente) warriors
who developed advanced
military techniques and were,
therefore, able to create a great
empire.
• Their most important cities
were Assur and Nineveh, where
the remains of a great library,
the Royal Library of
Ashurbanipal, have been found.
• There were also important
palaces such as the palace of
King Ashurbanipal.
Relief of Ashurbanipal palace
22.
23. ACTIVITIES ABOUT CODE OF HAMMURABI
• PAGE 31: ACTIVITIES 11 AND 13.
To do the previous activities, you have to use the information
you have in your book, on page 30, and also look for more
information using other sources, such as internet.
24. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
• What materials did the Mesopotamians use for building?
The terrain of Mesopotamia is not very rocky, so the main
building material used was bricks made of mud (barro) or
mudbricks (barro cocido) or bricks made of adobe (mixture of sand, mud,
clay) sun-dried. Because of this, very little architecture has survived the test
of time, as mudbricks are less resistant than stone.
ZIGGURATS
• Are temples built for Mesopotamian civilizations (Sumerians, Akkadians,
Babylonians and Assyrians) to honour their gods.
For these civilizations, ziggurats were a ladder (escalera) that allowed them
to communicate with the world of the gods.
• These were one of the most important buildings in Mesopotamia.
• They were immense structures in the form of stepped towers (torres
empinadas) located, usually, in the city-centre.
• Priests lived and performed religious ceremonies in them.
27. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
STATUES
• Sumerian kings were
intermediaries between the
people and the gods.
• This is why Sumerian
sculpture usually depicts
them praying.
• Characteristics:
– Sumerian sculpture depicted
people disproportionately,
giving them large heads and
small bodies.
– The figures are usually seated
and have large eyes, in the
shape of almond (ojos con forma
de almendra-almendrados), and
inexpressive faces.
Statue of Gudea, ruler of the city-state of
Lagash, from the Sumerian period.
29. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
• Relief sculpture (I)
• Relief sculptures from
Mesopotamian civilisations
were sculpted on
stone plaques, or on
upright slabs (losas verticales) of
stone, called steles.
• Steles were placed in cities or
temples to commemorate
important events, such as a
military victory.
• They depicted the gods and
kings, often hunting or in
battle.
Wounded lioness (Assurbanipal palace)
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Stele of the Hammurabi Code
30. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
• Relief sculpture (II)
• The warrior spirit of the
Assyrians is reflected in their
art.
• The walls of their palaces were
decorated with large friezes
(frisos) of battle and
hunting scenes in relief.
• In Assyrian reliefs, the figures
are very stiff (rígida) and
solemn. Figures were
sometimes superimposed to
give the scenes depth.
• Details, such as animal fur and
horse harnesses (arneses),
were sculpted very accurately:
realism
Asurbanipal palace
31. MESOPOTAMIAN SCULPTURE
• Relief sculpture (III)
• For a period following
Hammurabi’s reign, the
city of Babylon was
famous for decorating
the bricks used in its
structures, such as the
Ishtar Gate.
• It has more than 12
metres tall and was
decorated with bricks
reliefs representing
young bulls, lions and
dragons.
Ishtar Gate: the main entrance of the city of
Babylonian
34. MESOPOTAMIAN LITERATURE
• As you know, writing developed in Mesopotamia as a way of
recording payments, offerings and taxes brought to temples.
• But did you know that the first great work of literature was
written by the Sumerians?
• The Epic of Gilgamesh was an epic POEM about
Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state
Uruk. The poem is written on 12 tablets. We know
about the poem today as some tablets have survived.
– “Ea habló al valiente Enlil, diciendo: «Tú, el más sabio de los
dioses, tú, héroe, ¿cómo pudiste, sin respeto alguno, causar el
diluvio? ¡Castiga al pecador por sus pecados, castiga al ofensor
por su ofensa! ¡(Sin embargo), sé benévolo para que [la
humanidad] no sea cercenada!”.
More information about Gilgamesh epic poem:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-epopeya-de-gilgamesh_6746
35. Enheduana: akkadian princess
(daughter of Sargon I)
• The earliest author and poet that we know by name.
IMPORTANT
• If you have time and you want to improve your
mark, write a short description about Enheduana
and one of her poems.
37. EGYPT
• The civilisation of Ancient
Egypt developed over
a period of 3000 years.
• Its history is divided
into three periods,
or kingdoms, and two
intermediate periods when
they were invaded. After
the last empire, Ancient
Egypt went into decline.
38. Society
• The pharaoh was the most powerful person in Ancient Egypt. He
was the political and religious leader of the Egyptians, and
was considered to be the incarnation
• of the god Horus. As political leader, he also owned all the land,
made laws, collected taxes and was the head of the military.
As religious leader, he performed rituals and built temples to
honour the gods. The pharaoh had a court of priests and scribes,
who were civil servants with a knowledge of hieroglyphic writing.
The priests supervised the worshipping of the gods at the temples,
which were also economic centres that collected offerings and taxes
from the common people.
39. Religion
• Egyptian religion was polytheistic. Their many gods
varied in their relationships to one another, depending
on the period and area.
The Egyptians were very interested in death. They
believed that the souls of the dead travelled to the
afterlife to be judged by Osiris, the god of death and
resurrection. Therefore, their bodies had to be kept in
good condition. This led to the development
of mummification. They also buried the dead with The
Book of the Dead, which contained prayers that would
allow them to pass the judgement of Osiris.
40. The Nile River and ancient Egypt
• The Ancient Egyptians considered the Nile River to be
the father of their kingdom. The river overflowed every
year and the fields along its banks flooded, leaving
behind mud that was very good fertiliser for crops.
Harvests were plentiful and agriculture was the basis
of the economy. This agricultural wealth allowed cities,
craft and trade to develop, as Egypt needed to obtain
wood and metals in exchange for its crops.
The flooding forced Egyptians to develop certain areas
of knowledge, such
as astronomy, geometry, arithmetic and engineering.
41. Egyptian architecture and art
• Tombs
• The tombs built by Ancient Egyptians
reflected how important death was to them. The
tombs in which pharaohs were buried were
complex structures, intended to preserve the
body and surround it with wealth for its journey
to the afterlife. There were burial
chambers inside the tombs, which
were decorated with paintings and inscriptions.
There were various types of tombs, such as
mastabas, pyramids and hypogea.
42.
43. Temples
• Egyptian temples were very large structures,
built to honour the gods.
Only priests, scribes and servants worked in
temples, as these buildings were not intended
for public use. Ceremonies were performed
outside the temple, so
their exterior was spectacular, with obelisks
and long avenues of sphinxes. Two of the
most important temples are
in Luxor and Karnak.
44.
45. Sculpture
• Egyptian sculpture evolved
very little over thousands of
years because its purpose
did not change. Its purpose
was to represent the gods
and pharaohs, and to
communicate distance and
solemnity.
46. • ART DURING THE REIGN OF
AKHENATEN
• Pharaoh Akhenaten ruled
Egypt from 1372 to 1354 BC.
During his reign he
implemented many political
and religious reforms. There
were also changes in artistic
expression and the repetitive
figure of the pharaoh
disappeared. Instead, royalty
were depicted much more
realistically, as you can see in
this sculpture of Akhenaten’s
wife, Nefertiti.
47. Painting
• Egyptian painting depicted
a wide variety of subjects.
In addition to religious and
royal subjects, there were
scenes of daily life, such
as dancing, farming and
bread-making.
• Human figures were
represented according to a
certain rules: the head and
extremities were seen in
profile and the torso was
shown face on.