This document discusses conventional energy sources and thermal power plants. It defines conventional energy sources as non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy. It then describes the major conventional resources of coal, petroleum, natural gas and fuel wood. It explains the working of a thermal power plant, including the main components of the boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling tower. It also outlines the energy conversion process in a thermal power plant and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants.

1. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
UNIT II CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

2. UNIT II - CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
• Conventional energy resources,
• Thermal, hydel and nuclear reactors,
• Thermal, hydel and nuclear power plants,
efficiency, merits and demerits of the above
power plants,
• Combustion processes,
• Fluidized bed combustion.

3. CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES
• When we cannot reuse a source of energy after
using it once we call them “conventional sources
of energy” or “non-renewable energy
resources”.
• These include coal, petroleum, natural gas
and nuclear energy. Oil is the most widely used
source of energy.
• Coal, petroleum and natural gas account for about
90% of world’s production of commercial energy
and hydroelectric and nuclear power account for
about 10%.

4. Petroleum export countries

6. Types of Conventional Sources of
Energy:
• Coal
• Petroleum and Natural Gas
• Fuel Woods
• Thermal Power Plant
• Nuclear energy
• Hydel energy

7. COAL
• Coal is the most abundant
conventional source of
energy.
• Formation of coal occurs
when the remains of plants
convert into lignite and then
into anthracite.
• This involves a long process
that takes place over a long
period of time.

8. COAL
• Coal helps for various
proposes such as
heating of the house
• As fuel for boilers and
steam engines and for
generation of electricity
by thermal plants.
• It constitutes about 70%
of total commercial
energy consumption in
the country.

9. Petroleum and Natural Gas
• Petroleum is the mixture of
hydrocarbons like alkenes and
cycloalkanes.
• In crude form black liquid is
known as petroleum and the
formation of a natural gas occurs
when the gas comes in contact
with petroleum layer.
• Natural gas is a mixture of 50-
90% of Methane, Ethane,
Propane, Butane, and Hydrogen
sulphide.

10. Petroleum and Natural Gas
• After refining and purifying
crude petroleum, it is
available as petrol, diesel,
lubricating oil, plastic etc.
• Natural gas is also making a
significant contribution to
the household sector. It
causes less air pollution as
compared to other fossil
fuel.

11. Alkenes Cycloalkanes

13. Fuel Woods
• Rural people use the fuel wood
for their day to day cooking
which comes from natural forests
and plantations.
• The availability of fuel wood has
become difficult due to rapid
deforestation.
• We can avoid this problem by
planting more trees on degraded
forest land.

14. Thermal Power Plant
• Power stations burn a large number of fossil
fuels to heat up water, to produce steam, which
further runs the turbine to generate electricity.
• Transmission of electricity is more efficient
than, transporting coal or petroleum over the
same distance.
• It is called as the thermal plant because fuel is
burnt to produce heat energy which is
converted into electrical energy.
• 200 MW required 2000 to 3000 tonnes, Ash
400 to 500 tonnes.

15. Thermal Power Plant

16. BLOCK DIAGRAM

17. MAIN COMPONENTS
• Boiler
• Turbine
• Condenser
• Alternator
• Cooling tower
• Feed water pump
• Feed water storage
• Coal hopper
• Pulverizer
• Ash hopper
• Pre-heater
• Chimney

18. LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
• Coal and ash circuit
• Air and Gas circuit
• Feed water and steam flow circuit
• Cooling water circuit

19. Coal and ash circuit
• The coal is sized in the coal mill by crashers and
it is stored in the coal storage coal hopper
• Coal enter the boiler through bulverizer
• Ash is produced due to combustion of coal in the
furnace of the boiler, 20% ash falls in the bottom
of boiler
• Remaining ash is separated by Ash Precipitators
and mechanical removed
• The Space need to storage ash is a big problem

20. Air and Gas circuit
• Air is taken from the atmosphere by the action of FD fan.
• It is passed through an air pre heater
• The air is preheated by the flue gases in the pre heater.
• This preheated air is supplied to the furnace to aid the
combustion of fuel.
• Due to the combustion of fuel the flue gases are formed.
• The flue gases from the furnace pass over the boiler tubes
and super heater tubes.
• Then the flue gases pass through economizer to heat the
feed water.
• After that it passes through a dust collector.

21. Feed water and steam flow circuit
• The water is preheated by the flue gases in the
economizer.
• This preheated water is then supplied to the boiler
drum.
• Heat is transferred to the water by the burning of
the coal.
• Due to this, water is converted into the steam.
• The steam raised in boiler is passed through a
super heater.

22. Feed water and steam flow circuit
• It is superheated by the flue gases.
• The turbine drives generator to produce
electric power.
• The expanded steam is then passed through the
condenser.
• In the condenser, steam is condensed into
water the re circulated.

23. Cooling water circuit
• The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed in the
condenser.
• In the condenser, the cold water is circulated to
condense the steam into water.
• The steam is condensed by loosing its latent heat to the
circulating the cold water.
• Hence the cold water gets heated.
• This hot water is then taken to a cooling tower.
• In cooling tower the water is sprayed in the form of
droplets through nozzles.

24. Cooling water circuit
• The atmospheric air enters the cooling tower
from the openings provided at the bottom of
the tower.
• This cold water again circulated through
pump, condenser and cooling fan
• Some water is possible to loss during water
circulation

25. Energy conversion process
• Chemical energy (Fuel/Coal)
• Heat energy (Boiler)
• Mechanical energy (Turbine)
• Electrical energy ( Generator)

26. Working Principle
• Thermal power plant is also known as steam
power plant
• Main components are boiler, turbine,
condenser and boiler feed pump
• Coal is burnt in the furnace of the boiler
where hot flue gases flow over the boiler
tubes and water is converted super heated
stem in the boiler

27. Working Principle
• The pressure and temperature of boiler increase
• The high pressure super heated stem passing
through turbine, then the thermal energy
converted by mechanical energy
• Generator convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy
• The steam coming out of the turbine passes
through condenser,

28. Working Principle
• It is converted steam to water with help of
cooling water circulation from cooling tower
• The water again fed to the boiler with help of
boiler feed pump.
• Once the cycle completed, again repeated

29. Advantages
• Life time is more as compare diesel power plant
• Initial cost less as compare nuclear power plant
• Suitable for varying load conditions.
• No radio active harmful wastes are produced
• Unskilled operators can operate the plant.
• The power generation does not depend on the
water storage.
• There are no transmission losses, as they are
located near load centers.

30. Disadvantages
• Less efficient than diesel plants.
• Starting up and bringing into service takes more time.
• Cooling water required is more.
• Space required is more.
• Storage required for the fuel is more.
• Ash handling is a big problem
• Not economical in areas which are remote from coal
fields.
• Manpower required is more.
• For large units, the capital cost is more.

31. Factors to be considered for selection of site
• Availability of coal
• Ash disposal facilities
• Water availability
• Transport availability
• Public problem
• Nature of land

32. Part A-Question
• List out conventional energy sources.
• What do you mean conventional energy?
• How to form coal and write list of purpose of
coal?
• What do you by alkenes and cycloalkanes?
• Write energy conversion in thermal power plant.
• Write advantages and disadvantages of thermal
power plant.
• Write any one components working function in
thermal power plant.

33. Part B
• Explain clear how to energy technology
principle of thermal power plant.
• Explain the working principle of thermal
power plant with suitable sketch
• Explain briefly Conventional energy resources