bio crude and gasification

1. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
BIOCRUDE, BIODIESEL POWER
GENERATION GASIFIER

2. • Biomass origin - Resources – Biomass
estimation.
• Thermo chemical conversion – Biological
conversion, Chemical conversion
• Hydrolysis & hydrogenation, solvolysis,
biocrude, biodiesel power generation gasifier,
biogas, integrated gasification.
UNIT 4-BIOMASS ENERGY

3. BIOCRUDE
• Bio-crude, sometimes also known
as Pyrolysis oil or bio-oil, is a synthetic
fuel under investigation as substitute
for petroleum.
• It is obtained by heating
dried biomass without oxygen in
a reactor at a temperature of about 500 °C
with subsequent cooling.
• Pyrolysis oil is a kind of tar and normally
contains levels of oxygen too high to be
considered a pure hydrocarbon.

4. BIOCRUDE
• This high oxygen content results in non-
volatility, corrosiveness, immiscibility with
fossil fuels, thermal instability, and a tendency
to polymerize when exposed to air.
• As such, it is distinctly different from
petroleum products.
• Removing oxygen from bio-oil
or nitrogen from algal bio-oil is
known as upgrading.

5. BIOCRUDE
• Pyrolysis is a well established technique
for decomposition of organic material at
elevated temperatures in the absence
of oxygen into oil and other constituents.
In second-generation bio fuel applications
• Forest and agricultural residues, waste wood,
yard waste, and energy crops can be used as
feedstock.

6. WOOD PYROLYSIS
• When wood is heated above 270 °C it begins a
process of decomposition called carbonization.
• In the absence of oxygen, the final product is
charcoal. If sufficient oxygen is present, the wood
will burn when it reaches a temperature of about 400-
500 °C and the catch fire and fuel product is wood
ash.
• If wood is heated away from air, the moisture is first
driven off and until this is complete, the wood
temperature remains at about 100-110 °C.

7. WOOD PYROLYSIS
• When the wood is dry its temperature rises, and at
about 270 °C it begins to spontaneously decompose
and generate heat.
• This is the well known exothermic reaction which
takes place in the burning of charcoal.
• At this stage evolution of carbonization by-products
starts.
• These substances are given off gradually as the
temperature rises and at about 450 °C the evolution is
complete.

8. WOOD PYROLYSIS
• The solid residue, charcoal, is mainly carbon (about
70%), with the remainder being tar-like substances
• Which can be decomposed completely only by raising
the temperature to above about 600 °C to
produce Biochar, a high-carbon, fine-grained residue
that today is produced through modern process.
• Which is the direct thermal decomposition of biomass
in the absence of oxygen, which prevents combustion,
to obtain an array of solid (biochar), liquid—Pyrolysis
oil (bio-oil/pyrolysis-oil), and gas (syngas) products.

10. ALGAL PYROLYSIS
• Algae may be subjected to high temperatures
(500 °C) and normal atmospheric pressures.
• The resultant products include oil and nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
• The most common method, FAST
PYROLYSIS involves using a volume
specified container at a high temperature and
controlled pressure conditions.

12. ALGAL PYROLYSIS
• Absence of oxygen
• High heat and heat transfer rates
• Short vapor residence time (2-3 sec)
• Rapid cooling of vapor from pyrolysis
• Addition of organic carbon sources and decrease
in organic nitrogen source favors fast growth.
• Feed stock: Glucose(most common),pine wood
and cotton straw etc.

13. FAST PYROLYSIS

14. COMPONENTS
• The system comprises a mass flow controller, stainless
steel pyrolysis (FB), screw feeder, cyclone, and
condensers .
• Nitrogen gas is preheated in the air plenum to 450–600
°C before injecting to the reactor.
• A distributor is installed at the bottom of the reactor.
• Fluidized bed is heated by electric field.
• The condenser works with refrigerants which is
recirculated by a chiller system.
• The gas was sampled by a gas sampler.

15. Advantages
• Bio-based fuel with essentially carbon neutral
combustion
• Drop in replacement for petroleum-based liquid fuels
• Inherently renewable
• Absorbs carbon dioxide as it grows
• Both waste CO2 and wastewater can be used as
nutrients
• Higher energy per-acre than other bio-fuels
• Can be grown on land unsuitable for other types of
agriculture
• Investments are being made

16. Disadvantages
• Need to be grown under controlled temperature
conditions
• Requires a considerable amount of land and water
• Cold flow issues with algal bio-fuel
• Some researchers using genetic engineering to develop
optimal algae strains
• Requires phosphorus as a fertilizer which is becoming
scarce
• Relatively high upfront capital costs
• Not clear yet what the ultimate cost per gallon will be.
Presently too high.

17. Algal Hydrothermal Liquefaction
• Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is
a thermal depolymerization process used to
convert wet biomass into crude-like oil -
sometimes referred to as bio-oil or biocrude-
under moderate temperature and high pressure.
• The crude-like oil (or bio-oil) has high energy
density with a lower heating value of 33.8-36.9
MJ/kg and 5-20 wt% oxygen and renewable
chemicals

19. PROCESS VARIABLE
• Most applications of hydrothermal liquefaction operate
at temperatures between 250-550oC and high pressures
of 5-25 MPa as well as catalysts for 20–60 minutes
• Feedstock composition
• Temperature and heating rate
• Pressure
• Solvent
• Residence time
• Catalysts-Water, Salts, including KOH and Na2CO3
• The HTL process differs from pyrolysis as it can
process wet biomass and produce a bio-oil that contains
approximately twice the energy density of pyrolysis oil.

20. Flow diagram