As the demand is going to increase the generations have to be increased. So as the time is going to pass the conventional energy sources are going to be decreased and it might happen that after some years these sources are going to be exhausted. The best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional energy sources, which are never going to become exhausted because they are the natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The challenges required for the conventional energy for increasing population demand with the use of renewable energy the future of India get good opportunities to full fill it. Among the various non-conventional energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, Hydro energy, tidal energy, wave energy, Ocean Thermal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass energy, fuel cell energy, Hydrogen etc. are never going to become exhausted because they are natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The sharp increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several decades has raised fears of exhausting the globe's reserves of fossil fuels in the near future. Approximately, 90% of our energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. Energy and development are inter-related. Energy sector is the backbone of any country's growth and economy. India is one of the largest growing economies in the world and today not just India, but the whole world is looking for alternate sources of energy like wind, solar, hydro, biomass, biofuel etc. known as renewable energy sources for Sustainable energy development.
Resources of Renewable Energy in IndiaIJERA Editor
Renewable energy resources sector growth in India has been significant, even for electricity generation from
renewable sources. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). Even for the decentralized systems, the
growth for solar home lighting systems has been 300%, solar lanterns 99% and solar photovoltaic water pumps
196%. This is a phenomenal growth in the renewable energy sector mainly for applications that were considered
to be supplied only through major electricity utilities. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000
km2 area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 giga
watts. Renewable energy systems are also being looked upon as a major application for electrification of 20,000
remote and unelectrified villages and hamlets by 2007 and all households in such villages and hamlets by 2018.
Challenges & opportunities for renewable energy in indiaSoumyadeep Bhunia
This is a Report describes the overview of the renewable energy sources in India and potentiality of power generation and also includes the rules and regulations for the non conventional energy.
The presentation describes the complete energy scenario of World and India as of 2020. It also describes the prime energy sources that the entire world depends on.
Resources of Renewable Energy in IndiaIJERA Editor
Renewable energy resources sector growth in India has been significant, even for electricity generation from
renewable sources. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). Even for the decentralized systems, the
growth for solar home lighting systems has been 300%, solar lanterns 99% and solar photovoltaic water pumps
196%. This is a phenomenal growth in the renewable energy sector mainly for applications that were considered
to be supplied only through major electricity utilities. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000
km2 area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 giga
watts. Renewable energy systems are also being looked upon as a major application for electrification of 20,000
remote and unelectrified villages and hamlets by 2007 and all households in such villages and hamlets by 2018.
Challenges & opportunities for renewable energy in indiaSoumyadeep Bhunia
This is a Report describes the overview of the renewable energy sources in India and potentiality of power generation and also includes the rules and regulations for the non conventional energy.
The presentation describes the complete energy scenario of World and India as of 2020. It also describes the prime energy sources that the entire world depends on.
Study of Renewable Energy Sources in India - A ReviewIRJEETJournal
Energy is at the heart of most critical economic, environmental and developmental issues facing the world today. Clean, efficient, affordable and reliable energy services are indispensable for global prosperity. India with a population of 1.2 billion people, is one of the largest and fastest growing economies in the world. There is always a very strong demand for energy, which currently comes mainly from coal, oil and other sources which are non-renewable. Also, the consumption of these energies is harmful for the environment.
This means that “India has to switch from non-renewable energy (oil and coal) to renewable energy or find some alternative options for energy sources”. The Indian government has already taken several steps and launched various agencies and platforms to achieve its goal of becoming one of the world's leading producers of clean energy. Renewable energy is the energy of a resource that can be replaced by existing energy sources such as solar, wind, water, biological processes and geothermal heat fluxes. These energy resources can be used directly or indirectly as forms of energy. In this paper we will discuss the potential areas and technological opportunities in this direction in the context of India.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy. Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel installation. In this study, Google Earth images were used to digitize the rooftop that is potential for solar PVC panel and derive the areas using ArcGIS software.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy.
Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar
energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly
benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation
using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel
installation.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy.
Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel installation. In this study, Google Earth images were used to digitize the rooftop that is potential for solar PVC panel and derive the areas using ArcGIS software.
A REVIEW ON GREEN ENERGY -A SUSTAINABLE APPROACHIJSIT Editor
The current systems of energy supply and use are clearly not sustainable in terms of economic
environment and society .So there is an urgent need for us to increase energy efficiency, reduce energy
consumption, reduce harmful effects by using fossil fuels, mitigating greenhouse emissions. So it is better to
adopt green energy technology/sustainable energy/clean energy to attain sustainable development. .
Present paper focuses on the green energy/renewable energy technology that can be adopted in
order to achieveSustainable development. Some innovative are also mentioned in this paper
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Growing Renewable Energy in the Future of India: Opportunities over Challenges
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 07, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 26
Growing Renewable Energy in the Future of India Opportunities over
Challenges
Chetan Namdeo Patil 1 Siddharth Tatyabhau Kedare 2 Anil Dayaram Chavan 3
1,2,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1,2,3
Assistant Professor
1,2,3
SSGBCOET, Bhusawal, India
Abstract— As the demand is going to increase the
generations have to be increased. So as the time is going to
pass the conventional energy sources are going to be
decreased and it might happen that after some years these
sources are going to be exhausted. The best alternative of
conventional energy sources are the non-conventional
energy sources, which are never going to become exhausted
because they are the natural sources and they are
permanently available for use. The challenges required for
the conventional energy for increasing population demand
with the use of renewable energy the future of India get
good opportunities to full fill it. Among the various non-
conventional energy sources such as solar energy, wind
energy, Hydro energy, tidal energy, wave energy, Ocean
Thermal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass energy, fuel
cell energy, Hydrogen etc. are never going to become
exhausted because they are natural sources and they are
permanently available for use. The sharp increase in
energy consumption particularly in the past several
decades has raised fears of exhausting the globe’s
reserves of fossil fuels in the near future.
Approximately, 90% of our energy consumption comes
from fossil fuels. Energy and development are inter-related.
Energy sector is the backbone of any country’s growth and
economy. India is one of the largest growing economies
in the world and today not just India, but the whole
world is looking for alternate sources of energy like wind,
solar, hydro, biomass, biofuel etc. known as renewable
energy sources for Sustainable energy development.
Keywords: Biomass gasification, Energy scenario,
Renewable energy, Sustainable energy
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, India is the sixth largest energy consumer in the
world and the country’s energy consumption is expected to
increase in the near future. In the past, India has derived
most of its energy from coal, but recently the country has
been making efforts to extract energy form other sources.
However, fossil fuels still remain the largest energy sources.
About 76 % of India’s electricity is produced in power
plants using coal or petroleum products. Of the remainder
22% is hydroelectric and 2% is nuclear. According to data
from India’s Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, the nation’s total energy consumption has
increased approximately fourfold over the last three
decades.
The energy sources which are available can be
divided into three types According to its availability:
(a) Conventional: The energy from fossil fuels and wood is
considered as the conventional sources of energy.
(b) Non-Conventional: This includes energy from solar
radiations (Solar Energy), wind (Wind Energy), energy from
biomass such as domestic and agriculture wastes (biogas)
energy from sea (Tidal Energy) and geothermal energy.
They are also known as sustainable energy sources.
(c) According to replenishment: Fossil fuels are formed
from organic resources which after million years have been
transformed into coal, petroleum and natural gas. As this
formation takes a very long time, these sources are
considered as non-renewable.
Total percentage use of various energy sources for
the total energy consumption in the world is given in the
table-1 below, which will show that we use the commercial
energy sources more then non-commercial energy sources.
Solid waste generated at domestic level is the single largest
component of all wastes generated in our country. A number
of research studies have shown that somewhere 300 to 600
gms of solid waste is generated per person per day in our
country.
Sr.
No.
Type of
Source
Percentage
(Individual)
Type of
Energy
Percentage
1 Coal 32.5 Commercial
or
Conventional
Energy
Sources
92
2 Oil 38.3
3 Gas 19.0
4 Uranium 0.13
5 Hydro 2.0
6 Wood 6.6 Non-
Commercial
Energy
Sources
8
7 Dung 1.2
8 Waste 0.3
Table. 1: Energy consumption in the world
Eventually, Municipalities everywhere face the
problems of waste collection, processing and disposal or
treatment of voluminous solid waste produced by the cities.
Moreover, the rains and humidity on the garbage promotes
the bacterial multiplication and enhances the spread of
infectious diseases. Due to their rich organic contents, the
solid waste can be a good resource to produce manure &
energy. It has been estimated that about 70 MW equivalent
power could be generated from urban & municipal waste
alone. This potential is likely to increase further with our
economic growth. India is a fast developing country and
have huge gap in demand & supply of electricity generated
by conventional sources. To reduce the gap partly non-
conventional energy sources should be taped. India has
17% of the world’s population growing at a rate of
1.5%. The average energy consumption growth is 9%
per annum and the demand will get doubled by 2020.
All India generating installed capacity as on date is
1,23,668 MW.
II. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY CHOICES “THE FUTURE”
The energy problem in our country can be described in
simple terms as a dilemma between the need to make
available increased quantities of energy for development and
the need to reduce the expenditure on import of oil,
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expenditure on infrastructure for coal and electricity and the
impending need to put a brake on deforestation. The
problem is further compounded by the variety of needs and
the multifarious energy requirements of rural and urban
levels. Since renewable energy technologies make use of
resources available locally, they are better adaptable to small
scale production, can be designed for decentralized usage
patterns, have minimal fuel costs and can be assembled with
local lab our, and hence they are ideally suited to Indian
conditions and rural needs. The decentralized renewable
energy concept has been recognized as a major answer to
energy needs both in the household as well as agro-
industrial sector, particularly in rural areas. In view of the
continued demand pressure on conventional sources of
energy and its limitations to serve growing energy needs it is
now generally accepted that renewable Energy Sources have
to play a major role.
India has the world’s largest programme for
renewable energy. Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE) is the nodal ministry of Govt. of India
for all matters relating to the development of Renewable
Energy. Table 2 below shows the total potential vs.
achievement of RE in various sectors: micro, mini and small
hydro power plants. India has a huge potential in renewable
sources. A decentralized energy system with focus on rural
electrification is the core of energy planning in India. The
national goal is “Energy for All” by 2012 in which, 10% of
grid capacity has to come from Renewable Energy.
Sr.No. Sources Potential(MW) Achievement(MW)
1 Wind 45,000 2,980
2 Hydro 15,000 1,700
3 Biomass 19,500 750
4 Solar Panel 20MW/sq.km 2MW/sq.km
5
Waste to
energy
1,700 50
Table. 2: Potential vs. achievement in MW of different fuel
A. Solar energy
India has strong potential for harness solar energy. Solar
energy has the greatest potential of all the sources of
renewable energy and if only a small amount of this form of
energy could be used, it will be one of the most important
supplies of energy especially when other sources in the
country have depleted. India is one of the few countries with
long days and plenty of sunshine, especially in the Thar
Desert region. This zone, having abundant solar energy
available, is suitable for harnessing solar energy for a
number of applications. In areas with similar intensity of
solar radiation, solar energy could be easily harnessed. Solar
thermal energy is being used in India for heating water for
both industrial and domestic purposes. A 140 MW
integrated solar power plant is to be set up in Jodhpur but
the initial expense incurred is still very high.
The basic research in solar energy is being carried
in universities and educational and research institutions,
public sector institution, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
and Central Electronic Limited are carrying out a co-
coordinated programmed of research in solar energy. The
application of solar energy which are enjoying most success
today are Heating and cooling of residential building, Solar
water heating, Solar drying of agricultural and animal
products, Solar distillation on a small community scale,
solar cookers, Solar engines for water pumping. Food
refrigeration, Solar Furnaces, Solar electric power
generation, etc.
B. Biomass energy
At present, biogas technology provides an alternative source
of energy in rural India for cooking. It is particularly useful
for village households that have their own cattle. Through a
simple process cattle dung is used to produce a gas, which
serves as fuel for cooking. The residual dung is used as
manure.
The demand for mobility and automobiles in India
has also been growing along with the economic progress
world carbon emission is expected to increase in the coming
years due to the rapid pace of urbanization, use of older and
more inefficient coal power plants. India also faces the
problem of poverty and under development. An alternative
to the natural resource of fossil fuel that could be produced
by mankind and that too on waste land or lands that cannot
be cultivated. In the field of Jatropha plantations and
production of Bio-diesel, as a search for an alternative
source of energy. The sample of Bio-diesel was taken from
one of the Jatropha plantation firm which was located at
Gorakhpur, UP.
C. Hydro energy
Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2001 reports that a total
of some 15 GW of hydro capacity is under construction and
a further 25 GW is planned. There are at least 17 plants of
over 300 MW capacity being built, of which the largest are
Nathpa Jhakri (1500 MW), Sardar Sarovar (1200 MW),
Tehri Stage I (1000 MW) and Narmada Sagar (1000 MW).
Over 1500 small-scale hydro plants are in operation, with an
aggregate installed capacity of about 400 MW; a further 365
MW of small-scale capacity is under construction in more
than 80 schemes. Over 1 000 schemes, totalling around 500
MW in capacity, are at the planning stage.
India’s gross theoretical hydropower potential
(2638 TWh/yr) and theoretically feasible potential (660
TWh/yr) are amongst the highest in the world. The public
utilities’ total installed hydro-electric capacity exceeded 22
000 MW by the end of 1999 and rose by 1 100 MW during
2000. Hydro output in 1999 was 82.2 TWh, equivalent to
17.5% of India’s public sector electricity generation.
According to the 1997 Energy Statistics Yearbook published
by the United Nations Statistics Division, non-utility (self-
producers) generation of hydro-electricity has so far been on
a very small scale; however, several IPP hydro plants are
now under construction.
D. Wind energy
Wind energy is contained in the force of the winds blowing
across the earths’s surface. It is created due to the pressure
difference that in turn is created due to the warming of
heated land and raising of warm air thereby creating a
vacuum in the space it occupied. Rushing of cool air to fill
the vacant space constitutes wind. They have three sources
of variation direction, velocity, and turbulence work output
of wind energy consists of pumping water, grinding grain,
milling lumber electrical conversion by connection rotor to a
generator.
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1) Components of Wind Farm: Tower, Rotor, Nacelle, and
Wind turbine size
Small Medium Large
Power(Kw) 50-60 50-1500 2000-3000
Rotor
dia.(m)
1-15 15-60 60-100
Features Remote
Areas
Commercial
Purpose
Less Reliable &
Economical
Table. 3: The Classification of wind farm
2) Economics of Wind Farm:
Apart from the non- conventional energy system such as
solar thermal, photovoltaic, bio-gas etc. the economics of
wind electric generators look to be most promising. A look
at the following figures would substantiate this statement:
Cost of Generation:
E. Ocean thermal energy
Conceptual studies on OTEC plants for Kavaratti
(Lakshadweep islands), in the Andaman-Nicobar Islands
and off the Tamil Nadu coast at Kulasekharapatnam were
initiated in 1980. In 1984 a preliminary design for a 1 MW
(gross) closed Rankine Cycle floating plant was prepared by
the Indian Institute of Technology in Madras at the request
of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Resources. The
National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) was formed
by the governmental Department of Ocean Development in
1993 and in 1997 the Government proposed the
establishment of the 1 MW plant of earlier studies. NIOT
signed a memorandum of understanding with Saga
University in Japan for the joint development of the plant
near the port of Tuticorin (TamilNadu).
F. Tidal energy
The Tidal phenomenon is the periodic motion of the ocean
water, caused by celestial bodies, principally the moon and
the sun, on the different parts of the rotating earth. Tidal
energy works from the power of changing tides. Tidal
changes in sea level can be used to generate electricity by
building a dam across a costal bay or estuary the large
defenses between low high tides. The high tides allow
immense amounts of water to flash into the bay. The gates
of the dam then shutter water level is at its maximum height.
Holes in the bottom of the dam let water to rush past
turbines. The flow of later generates enough power to turn
the turbines, which creates electric, the entire process
repeats with each high tide.
The main potential sites for tidal power generation
are the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat (Cambay),
both in the western state of Gujarat, and the Gangetic delta
in the Sunderbans area of West Bengal, in eastern India. The
tidal ranges of the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat
are 5 m and 7 m respectively, the theoretical capacities 900
MW and 7 000 MW respectively and the estimated annual
output approximately 1.6 TWh and 15.0 TWh respectively.
G. Wave energy
Waves are caused by the transfer of energy from wind to
sea. The rate of transfer depends on wind speed and the
distance over which it interacts with the water. The Indian
wave energy programme started in 1983 at the Institute of
Technology (IIT) under the sponsorship of the Department
of Ocean Development, Government of India. Initial
research was conducted on three types of device: double
float system, single float vertical system and the oscillating
water column (OWC) but it was found that the OWC was
the most suitable for Indian conditions: development
activities have thus since concentrated on this type.
150 kW pilot OWC was built onto the breakwater
of the Vizhinjam Fisheries Harbour, near Trivandrum
(Kerala), with commissioning in October 1991. The scheme
operated successfully, producing data that were used for the
design of a superior generator and turbine. An improved
power module was installed at Vizhinjam in April 1996 that
in turn led to the production of new designs for a breakwater
comprised of 10 caissons with a total capacity of 1.1 MWe.
The caissons are designed to be spaced at an optimum
distance apart, in order to increase their overall capture
efficiency to above that of a single caisson.
III. OPPORTUNITIES
Tamil Nadu ranks first in the country in Wind Power.
National goal of meeting 10% of grid capacity from
renewable energy by 2012 has been achieved by Tamil
Nadu (12.5%) even as on 31.03.02. India ranks 4th in the
world in Wind Power. India is predominantly an
agricultural country and a huge quantity of biomass is
available throughout the year. Approximately, 350
million tons of agricultural waste is produced every year
which has a potential of 17,000 MW of power and can
eventually save 20,000 crores of rupees every year.
India has 300 full sunny days and a huge potential
exists in the field of solar Energy. India has world’s two
largest solar cooking systems; one at Tirupati in Andhra
Pradesh that cooks for 15,000 persons daily. Another is
at Brahmkumari ashram in Mount Abu, set up with German
Govt. Aid that cooks for 10,000 people per day. Many
solar devices like solar cookers, solar water heaters,
solar stills, solar lanterns are hugely popular in rural,
semi-urban and urban areas of the country.
IV. CHALLENGES
Lack of adequate technology is the major challenge that
the country is Facing today. Though the potential is
huge, cost of setting up plants is very High. Geo-
thermal energy, another non-conventional source of energy
has not been tapped in India so far, although potential
sites have been identified in Central and northern regions
of the country. India has a huge coastline of 30,000 km
and the estimated energy density is 65 MW/mile of coast
line. But again, lack of infrastructure and huge capital
investments involved have not encouraged the Govt. To go
ahead for Ocean thermal and tidal energy yet. Biofuels is
another promising area and the field has gained
momentum in the country as well. A lot of R&D work
is going on, especially on Jatropha curcas, to produce
biodiesel. Already, Govt. of India has allowed the use of
5% ethanol blended petrol; ethanol being produced from
molasses/cane juice.
V. DISCUSSIONS
Over 70% of the population of India lives in villages
but it is these villages, which receive neither electricity
nor a steady supply of water- crucial to survival and
economic and social development and growth. Still, 63%
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of India’s villages are unelectrified. Decentralized energy
is the solution to this problem and is achievable
through renewable energy. Biomass exists in these
villages and needs to be tapped intelligently to provide
electricity and water. An added bonus is the availability of
biomass round the year and also, waste biomass from
gasifier plant is an excellent fertilizer.
VI. CONCLUSION
Prospects for renewable energy are steadily improving in
India. Large-scale implementation of renewable energy
resources need to have motivating govt policies and
well established standards. It would be only through
integration of energy conservation efforts with renewable
energy programs that India would be able to achieve a
smooth transition from fossil fuel economy to sustainable
renewable energy based economy. India is a fast
developing country and have huge gap in demand & supply
of electricity generated by conventional sources. To reduce
the gap partly non- conventional energy sources should be
taped. The Department of Energy has shown great
enthusiasm regarding renewable energy as s future energy
source. With the sincere efforts taken by the government,
there is increasing public interest in renewable energy for
domestic as well as industrial applications. Our philosophy
regarding energy will change drastically from the present
into the future, in a society with increasing energy demands
and decreasing conventional supplies, we must look to the
future and develop our best potential renewable energy.
REFERENCES
[1] Bartle Alison, 2002.Hydropower: potential and
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B.Venkataraman, D.Elango “Renewable Energy
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[2] G D Rai. ‘Non-Conventional Energy Sources’
Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 4th Edition, 12th Reprint
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[3] G.N.Khanduja and P.N..Kapil “Non-Conventional
Energy Sources: The Future” National Conference
on Recent Advances in Electrical Machines and
Energy Systems (REMES) 2008, Changa, Gujarat.
[4] G N Tiwari and M K Ghosal ‘Renewable Energy
Resources’ Narosa Publishers, Delhi, Reprint 2005.
[5] V.K.Bhansali “Energy conservation- challenges and
opportunities” Aug.2006.