energy

1. Lecture by
Prof Jaya Goyal
Department of Mechanical Engineering
A. P. Shah Institute of Technology
Module -1
Introduction to Energy Sources
Renewable Energy sources
medlo 8043 (CBCGS)

2. Course Code Course / Subject Name Credit
MEDLO 8043 Renewable Energy Systems 4
Course Outcomes
(CO)
Description Blooms Level
MEDLO8043.1 Demonstrate need of different renewable
energy sources and their importance 2
MEDLO8043.2 Calculate and analyze utilization of solar and wind
energy 3
MEDLO8043.3 Illustrate design of biogas plant and basics of hydrogen
energy 3
MEDLO8043.4 Discuss other alternate energy sources in India such as
ocean and geothermal energy. 2
No. Course Objectives
1 To study working principles of various renewable energy sources and their utilities
2 To study methods of harnessing energy from renewable energy sources

4. Module Content
1 Introduction to Energy Sources
2 Solar Energy, Solar Energy collection devices and Classification
3 Wind Energy
4 Energy from Biomass
5 Geothermal Energy and Energy from the ocean
6 Hydrogen Energy

5. 1. Non-conventional energy sources by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers
2. Renewable Energy:Power for a Sustainable Future, Edited by Godfrey Boyle, 3rd
Edition, Oxford University Press
3. Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage by SP Sukhatme and J K
Nayak, TMH
4. Wind Power Technology, Joshua Earnest, PHI Learning, 2014
5. Renewable Energy Sources, J W Twidell& Anthony D. Weir. ELBS Pub.
6. Energy Conversion Systems, R D Begamudre, New Age International (P) Ltd.,
Publishers, New Delhi ,2000.
7. Biomass Regenerable Energy, D. D. Hall and R. P. Grover, John

6. • Human has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his
sustenance and wellbeing ever since he came on the earth, a few
million years ago.
• Primitive man required energy primarily in the form of food. He
derived this by eating plants or animals which he hunted.
Subsequently he discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he
started to make use of wood and other biomass to supply the energy
needs for cooking as well as for keeping himself warm.
• With the passage of time man started to cultivate land for agriculture.
He added a new dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and
training animals to work for him. With further demand for energy,
man began to harness the wind for sailing ships and for driving
windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels.
• Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was
supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly
and that man was using only renewable sources of energy.

7.  Chemical energy
 Nuclear energy
 Mechanical energy
 Electrical energy
 Bio-energy in vegetables and animal bodies
 Thermal energy etc.
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8. 1. Classification Based on Usability
a) Primary Sources: These sources are obtained from environment. Example: fossil
fuels, solar energy, hydro energy and tidal energy.
b) Secondary Sources: These resources do not occur in nature but are derived from
primary energy resources.
2. Classification Based on Tradition
a) Conventional: The sources of energy which have been in use for a long time,
e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power.
b) Non-conventional: The resources which are yet in the process of development
over the past few years. It includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass,
geothermal.
3. Classification Based on Long Term Availability
a) Renewable: These sources are being continuously produced in nature and are
inexhaustible. Examples: Wood, wind energy, biomass, biogas, solar energy etc.
b) Non Renewable: These are finite and exhaustible. Examples: Coal, petroleum
etc.

9. 4. Classification Based on Commercial Application
a) Commercial Sources: The commercial energy has great economic value. They
pollute the environment badly. These types of energy sources are limited in
nature. High capital investment is required in their purification. It is used in
urban as well as rural areas. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy.
b) Non Commercial Sources: The non-commercial energy is cheaper. This is
pure and keeps the environment clean. Abundant in nature. It can be used in
raw form. It is dominantly used in rural areas. Cow dung, charcoal, firewood
and agricultural waste.

10.  Coal
• Coal has many important uses worldwide. The most significant uses of coal are in
electricity generation, steel production, cement manufacturing and as a liquid fuel.
• It has been estimated that there are over 847 billion tons of proven coal reserve
worldwide. This means that there is enough coal to last us around 118 years at rate of
production (2011). In contrast, proven oil and gas reserves are equivalent to around 46
and 59 years at current production levels respectively.
• Coal reserves are available in almost every country worldwide, with recoverable
reserves in around 70 countries. The biggest reserves are in the USA, Russia, China,
and India.
• Coal provides 27% of global primary energy needs and generates 38% of the world's
electricity.
India’s scenario
• The coal reserves in India up to depth of 1200 meters have been estimated by the
geological survey of India is 285.86 billion tones as on 1st April, 2011,
• Coal deposits are chiefly located in Jharkhand, Odessa, Chhattisgarh, west Bengal,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
• The coal production all over India during the year 2018 was 716 million tones ~ 10%
of world’s production.

11.  Oil
• World's proven oil reserves in 2012 were estimated to be about 1324 billion
barrels. The most of the world's oil reserves (56%) are in the Middle East.
• Oil began to be used in significant quantities around 1900 and that there was an
almost steady increase in its production all through and even during the world
wars. The production increased at the average rate of over 7% per year from
1945 to 1973 and reached a value of 19.96 billion barrels in 1973. Thereafter
with the beginning of the oil crisis, the annual production fluctuated up and
down for 12 years from 1973 to 1985 before starting to increase more or less
steadily from 1985 onwards.
India’s scenario
• India is the third largest consumer of crude oil (4.44 million barrels per day),
accountable for 5% share in the total world oil consumption in the year 2016.
• Crude oil production during 2017-18 was 1.08 million barrels per day.

12.  Natural Gas
• Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily
of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and
sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide,
or helium.
• It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to
intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The
energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of
chemical bonds in the gas.
• In 2018 global natural gas production was 3937 billion cubic metres. US contributes
around 20% in the total production of natural gas.

13.  Hydro-Electric Power
• Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator. Hydroelectricity accounted for 16.6% of
global electricity consumption in the year 2015.
• Hydroelectric power is produced in 150 countries with the Asia-Pacific region
generated 32% of global hydropower in 2010.
• Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Australia, Switzerland, and
Venezuela have a majority of the internal electric energy production from
hydroelectric power. Paraguay produces 100% of its electricity from
hydroelectric dams, and exports 90% of its production to Brazil and to Argentina.
Norway produces 98-99% of its electricity from hydroelectric sources.
• Out of the total power generation installed capacity in India of 356 GW(March,
2019), hydro power contributes about 12.6%, i.e. 44 GW.
• National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC), Northeast Electric Power
company (NEEPCO), Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam ltd.(SJVNL), Tehri Hydro
Development Corporation, NTPC-Hydro are a few public sector companies
engaged in development of Hydro electric power in India

14.  Nuclear Power
• Nuclear power is developed by fission reactions of nuclear fuel in nuclear
reactor. Common nuclear fuel used is uranium.
• Nuclear energy now provides about 10% of the world's electricity from about
450 power reactors. The world's resources of uranium are estimated to be 8.8 Mt.
• As on March 2019, India had 5.7 GW of installed electricity generation capacity
using nuclear fuels. Nuclear power plants generated 2.75% of the total electricity
produced in India.
• India’s nuclear power plant development began in 1964. India signed an
agreement with general electric of the United States for the construction and
commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur. In 1967, this effort was
placed under India's Department of atomic energy. In, 1971, India set up its first
pressurized heavy water reactors with Canadian collaboration in Rajasthan. In
1987, India created Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) to
commercialize nuclear power.
• India’s resources of uranium are not extensive. It is estimated that reserves
available are about 61,000 t. It is easy to show that the reserves would only be
adequate for providing the requirements of an installed capacity of 10,000 MW
for about 30 years.

15.  Solar Energy
 Wind Energy
 Biomass Energy
 Fuel cell
 Wave Energy
 Tidal Energy
 Geothermal Energy

16.  Solar Energy
Solar energy can be used through two different routes:
a) Solar Thermal Energy: Uses the sun’s heat and convert it into heat energy
b) Solar Electric (Photovoltaic) Energy : Use’s sun’s heat to produce electricity
Application of Solar Thermal Energy Application of Solar Electric Energy

17.  Wind Energy
• Wind energy has been used for thousand of years for applications such as water
pumping, milling grains, sailing etc and called wind mills.
• Modern windmills are normally called as wind turbines as their functions
similar to gas and steam turbines. They are also called wind energy conversion
system (WECS) and those used to generate electricity are described as wind
generators.
Generator converts the turning motion of wind turbines blades into electricity

18.  Biomass Energy
• Biomass is basically organic matter such as wood, straw, crops, sewage sludge,
animal waste and other biological waste.
• Bioenergy is the energy derived from biomass. The sun’s energy is captured
and stored in the biomass material. The carbon dioxide released during the
burning of biomass when used as a fuel is largely balanced by the capture of
carbon dioxide during its growth. Hence, it is considered “Carbon Neutral”.
• Different methods used to generate energy from biomass are:
• Direct combustion of biomass : Energy released in direct combustion is used to
provide steam or hot water for process heating and/or for providing electricity.
• Gasification of biomass: Combustion under controlled condition produce
combustible gases like CO, H2, CH4 (they are also called producer gases). They
can be used for combustion in a reciprocating engine like DG set.
• Biomethanation of biomass : Conversion of biomass into bio-methane gas which
is mainly CH4 and CO2 (Also called biogas, Example: Gobas gas). This process is
based on biological digestion of biomass.
• Biofuels from biomass: Biomass can be converted into liquid fuels such as ethanol
and biodiesel, to partially replace the conventional petroleum fuels.

19.  Fuel Cell
• Input to a fuel cell is hydrogen. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce
electricity through an electro chemical process with water and heat as by-
products.
• All types of fuel cells have same configuration: an electrolyte and two catalyst
coated electrodes (one cathode and one anode).
• Process begins when hydrogen molecules enter the anode. Catalyst coating
separates Hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons from the positively charged
protons. The electrolyte allows the protons to pass through cathode and
electrons are directed through an external circuit which creates electrical
current.

20.  Wave Energy
• Sea waves originate from wind and storms far out to sea and can travel long
distances without significant energy loss.
• Wave energy contains 1000 times the kinetic energy of wind. Hence it allows
smaller devices to produce power.
• Kinetic energy of waves can be used to power a turbine.
• As shown in the figure wave rises into a chamber. The rising water forces the
air out of the chamber. The moving air spins a turbine
which can turn a generator. When the wave
goes down, air flows through the turbine
and back into the chamber, thus genera-
ting the power even when wave is receding.

21.  Tidal Energy
• Tidal is another form of ocean energy. Cycles of low and high tides occur twice
a day.
• When tides come into shore, they can be trapped in reservoirs behind dams.
When the tide drops, the water behind the dam can be let out just like in a
regular hydroelectric power plant.

22.  Geothermal Energy
• The top most part of the earth is the crust. Below the crust of the earth is a layer called
mantle. The top layer of the mantle is a hot liquid rock called magma. The crust of the earth
floats on this liquid magma mantle.
• For every 100 meters down the ground, rock temperature increases about 3˚C. Deep under
the surface, water sometimes makes its way close to hot rock and turned into boiling hot
water or into steam.
• Holes are drilled into the ground and pipes lowered into the hot water and hot steam or hot
water comes up through these pipes.
• A geothermal powerplant is like a regular
power plant except no fuel is burned to heat
water into steam.

23.  Energy requirement in India is expected to increase by 200% from the year
2015 to 2030.
 Industrial sector is the most electricity consuming sector with the accountability
as 40% in the total electricity consumption. The domestic sector is the second
leading electricity consuming sector which has shown an increased proportion
from 9.36% (423 GWh) to 24.20% (273550 GWh) in the total electricity
consumption from the year 1947 to 2018.
 Per capita CO2 emission was 1.2 tons in 2012, and expected to be 2.7 to 3.5
tons by the year 2040.
 A scenario analysis estimates that India could easily experience an increase in
building energy consumption and CO2 emissions of around 700% by 2050,
compared to 2005 levels.
 According to the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA)
department, by the year 2035 energy consumption growth in India will be far
more than countries like China, United States, and Russia.
23

24. TYPE INDIA WORLD %
OIL(MT) 800 138300 0.58
GAS(MTOE) 1100 139700 0.8
COAL(MT) 98000 1031610 9.00
HYDRO(MTOE) 30 218 13.76
NUCLEAR 2 596 0.34
MT - MILLION TONS
MTOE – MILLION TONS OIL EQUIVALENT
 India is importing 80% of oil, 15 to 20% of coal and Gas. This dependence on FOSSIL
FUELS will only increase in foreseeable future.
 Such heavy dependence on imported energy, poses serious questions about energy
security and balance of payment.

25. Resource wise installed power plants capacity in India
 Total installed power plant capacity as on March 2019 is 356 GW.
 Coal/lignite based power plants are 200 GW. Other major resources are renewables
(77 GW), hydro (45 GW), and gas (24.9 GW).
 According to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India might require
importing 45% coal and 90% of oil of their respective demands seeking stagnation
phase in their domestic production. 25
Present Status and Current Installation

26. Continue..
Electricity source wise gross electricity generation in India
 The gross electricity generation was reported as 1371817 GWh.
 The contribution of coal based plants in total electricity generation was 74.5%
(1022265 GWh)
 Renewables contributed to 9.2% (126800 GWh) electricity generation.
26

27. Representative - Input, output for 1000MW Thermal Power Plant

28. Continue..
 Indian coal based power plants are among the least efficient power plants
across the world.
 Inefficient subcritical power plants, poor grade of domestic coal and
dependency on coal has pushed up carbon intensity to 0.82 kg of CO2 per
kWh of electricity generation in India.
 On an average 26% of total produced electricity power is lost in
transmission and distribution, whereas in some of the states the loss is as
much as 62%.
 Being the second largest country in the population at 1.3 billion and
anticipated to be 1.6 billion by the year 2040, the total power
requirement is expected to surpass the country like China.
 Per capita electricity demand of India in the year 2018-19 is 1181 kWh
per annum, however, it is one-third of the world average. National energy
policy has also estimated that by the year 2040 per capita electricity
consumption will be between 2911- 2924 kWh.
28

29. Continue..
 The National Energy Policy (NEP), India is aiming at 100%
electrification by 2022 and reduction of fossil fuel based electricity
generation capacity below 60% by 2030.
 As per NATCOM in 2010, India has a commitment to reduce the
emission by 20% to 25% by the year 2020 compared with the 2005 level.
 Targeted Renewable Energy contribution is 40% of the entire power
consumption in India in 2022.
Table 1. Renewable Energy Resources: Status and Targets
29
Source
Installed Capacity in
MW (March 20015)
Target Capacity
in MW (till 2022)
Solar Power 3383 1,00,000
Wind Power 22645 60,000
Biomass Power 4183 10,000
Small Hydro 4025 5,000
Total 34351 1,75,000

30. • Energy is an important input in all sectors of any country’s economy.
As the economy of a developing nation improves, the global energy
consumption increases.
• The largest energy-consuming nations tend to be those whose
economies are also the largest, such as the United States, Japan,
and Western Europe.
• The standard of living of a given country can be directly related to per
capita energy consumption. If per capita annual income is plotted
against per head energy consumption, it will appear that the per capita
energy consumption is a measure of the per capita income OR the per
capita energy consumption is a measure of the prosperity of the nation.
• Energy consumption is highest among developed countries. In fact,
Americans make up less than 5% of the world's population and yet
consume as much as 25% of its energy. Because of America's
extravagant use of energy, the United States often gets singled out in
discussions on global energy consumption.

31. • It is thought that an increasing share of renewable energy in the
energy mix of a country can help meet the growing future demand
for energy while influencing economic development.
• Additionally, reducing the environmental impact associated with
fossil fuels, renewable energy sources can increase diversity of
energy sources and, potentially contribute to energy security and to
the long-term availability of energy supply.
• Renewable energy sources can also promote regional development
as they can be used in less developed areas without conventional
energy sources, and could reduce costs associated with climate
change.
• Therefore, Renewables have seen to play a significant role in the
economic growth.

32.  India is well placed to harness its enormous solar potential with
sunshine hours ranging between 2300 and 3200 per year, depending
upon geographical locations.
 Ministry of new and renewable energy in India has reported 900GW
potential in renewable resources which includes solar power (750
GW); Wind power (102GW); Bio-energy (25GW); Small hydro
(20GW)
 Despite the availability and potential in other renewable energy
resources such as hydro and wind power, they have some social,
political and environmental constraints. Therefore, more emphasis is
given to solar photovoltaic (SPV) technology in India.
 Renewable energy sources can be built near to the site where the
energy is required, this minimizes the transmission and distribution
losses.

33.  Due to limited oil reserves India might depend on substantial
imports for meeting its future requirements. The bulk of the demand
for oil is from transport sector, therefore to reduce the pressure from
this sector it is necessary to explore possibilities of developing
substitute fuels like bio-mass and producer gas.
 Out of total non-commercial fuels the share of the firewood is nearly
65%. The availability of animal dung and agricultural waste is likely
to increase in the future due to increased agricultural production and
animal population. With the popularity of biogas plants there might
be an increase in the consumption of agricultural waste used as a
fuel.

34. • Hybrid energy systems are defined as the integration of several types of
energy equipments such as conventional electrical energy generators,
electrical energy storage systems, and renewable energy sources to
provide increased system efficiency and reliability.
• Hybrid energy systems may be utilized in grid-connected mode or
isolated from grid.
• Uncertainties associated with renewable power production and load
demands are considered in recent studies in the area of scheduling of
hybrid energy systems.
• Hybrid energy systems can offer a valuable means of supplying
electricity to remote areas.
• In most cases there is a range of different combinations of components
that may be considered for a specific area, each combination exhibiting
different technical and economic characteristics, i.e. the configuration
of a hybrid energy system is itself an optimization problem.

35. • Some Examples of Hybrid Energy Systems:
– Solar Photovolatic (SPV) + Battery (Or No Battery) + Grid ( Or Off Grid)
– Wind Turbine + Battery + Grid ( Or Off Grid)
– SPV + Wind + Battery (Or No Battery) + Grid ( Or Off Grid)
– Biomass + wind
– Wind + Hydro system
– Wind + Diesel Generator
– And SO ON……