This document provides an introduction to data compression techniques. It discusses lossless and lossy compression methods. Lossless compression removes statistical redundancy without any loss of information, while lossy compression removes unnecessary or less important information, providing higher compression but allowing the reconstructed data to differ from the original. The document also covers measures of compression performance such as compression ratio, rate of compression, and distortion for lossy techniques. Overall, the document serves as an introduction and overview of key concepts in data compression.
Computer Science/ICT - Data Compression
This presentation covers all aspects of data compression you'll need to know such as definition, reasons, types of compression (lossy and lossless) and the types of compression within those sections (JPEG, MPEG, MP3, Run Length and Dictionary Based encoding)
This slide gives you the basic understanding of digital image compression.
Please Note: This is a class teaching PPT, more and detail topics were covered in the classroom.
Computer Science/ICT - Data Compression
This presentation covers all aspects of data compression you'll need to know such as definition, reasons, types of compression (lossy and lossless) and the types of compression within those sections (JPEG, MPEG, MP3, Run Length and Dictionary Based encoding)
This slide gives you the basic understanding of digital image compression.
Please Note: This is a class teaching PPT, more and detail topics were covered in the classroom.
WANT CODING just visit----------http://bit.ly/image_javaproject
Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images
are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in
images, there exists a large variety of stenographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points.
Types of Data compression, Lossy Compression, Lossless compression and many more. How data is compressed etc. A little extensive than CIE O level Syllabus
Image Compression: It is the Art & Science of reducing the amount of data required to represent an image
The number of images compressed and decompressed daily is innumerable
Comparison of various data compression techniques and it perfectly differentiates different techniques of data compression. Its likely to be precise and focused on techniques rather than the topic itself.
Survey of Hybrid Image Compression Techniques IJECEIAES
A compression process is to reduce or compress the size of data while maintaining the quality of information contained therein. This paper presents a survey of research papers discussing improvement of various hybrid compression techniques during the last decade. A hybrid compression technique is a technique combining excellent properties of each group of methods as is performed in JPEG compression method. This technique combines lossy and lossless compression method to obtain a highquality compression ratio while maintaining the quality of the reconstructed image. Lossy compression technique produces a relatively high compression ratio, whereas lossless compression brings about high-quality data reconstruction as the data can later be decompressed with the same results as before the compression. Discussions of the knowledge of and issues about the ongoing hybrid compression technique development indicate the possibility of conducting further researches to improve the performance of image compression method.
WANT CODING just visit----------http://bit.ly/image_javaproject
Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Many different carrier file formats can be used, but digital images
are the most popular because of their frequency on the Internet. For hiding secret information in
images, there exists a large variety of stenographic techniques some are more complex than others and all of them have respective strong and weak points.
Types of Data compression, Lossy Compression, Lossless compression and many more. How data is compressed etc. A little extensive than CIE O level Syllabus
Image Compression: It is the Art & Science of reducing the amount of data required to represent an image
The number of images compressed and decompressed daily is innumerable
Comparison of various data compression techniques and it perfectly differentiates different techniques of data compression. Its likely to be precise and focused on techniques rather than the topic itself.
Survey of Hybrid Image Compression Techniques IJECEIAES
A compression process is to reduce or compress the size of data while maintaining the quality of information contained therein. This paper presents a survey of research papers discussing improvement of various hybrid compression techniques during the last decade. A hybrid compression technique is a technique combining excellent properties of each group of methods as is performed in JPEG compression method. This technique combines lossy and lossless compression method to obtain a highquality compression ratio while maintaining the quality of the reconstructed image. Lossy compression technique produces a relatively high compression ratio, whereas lossless compression brings about high-quality data reconstruction as the data can later be decompressed with the same results as before the compression. Discussions of the knowledge of and issues about the ongoing hybrid compression technique development indicate the possibility of conducting further researches to improve the performance of image compression method.
BIG DATA-DRIVEN FAST REDUCING THE VISUAL BLOCK ARTIFACTS OF DCT COMPRESSED IM...IJDKP
The Urban Surveillance Systems generate huge amount of video and image data and impose high pressure
onto the recording disks. It is obvious that the research of video is a key point of big data research areas.
Since videos are composed of images, the degree and efficiency of image compression are of great
importance. Although the DCT based JPEG standard are widely used, it encounters insurmountable
problems. For instance, image encoding deficiencies such as block artifacts have to be removed frequently.
In this paper, we propose a new, simple but effective method to fast reduce the visual block artifacts of DCT
compressed images for urban surveillance systems. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed
method achieves better quality than widely used filters while consuming much less computer CPU
resources.
Novel hybrid framework for image compression for supportive hardware design o...IJECEIAES
Performing the image compression over the resource constrained hardware is quite a challenging task. Although, there has been various approaches being carried out towards image compression considering the hardware aspect of it, but still there are problems associated with the memory acceleration associated with the entire operation that downgrade the performance of the hardware device. Therefore, the proposed approach presents a cost effective image compression mechanism which offers lossless compression using a unique combination of the non-linear filtering, segmentation, contour detection, followed by the optimization. The compression mechanism adapts analytical approach for significant image compression. The execution of the compression mechanism yields faster response time, reduced mean square error, improved signal quality and significant compression ratio performance.
Enhanced Image Compression Using WaveletsIJRES Journal
Data compression which can be lossy or lossless is required to decrease the storage requirement and better data transfer rate. One of the best image compression techniques is using wavelet transform. It is comparatively new and has many advantages over others. Wavelet transform uses a large variety of wavelets for decomposition of images. The state of the art coding techniques like HAAR, SPIHT (set partitioning in hierarchical trees) and use the wavelet transform as basic and common step for their own further technical advantages. The wavelet transform results therefore have the importance which is dependent on the type of wavelet used .In our thesis we have used different wavelets to perform the transform of a test image and the results have been discussed and analyzed. Haar, Sphit wavelets have been applied to an image and results have been compared in the form of qualitative and quantitative analysis in terms of PSNR values and compression ratios. Elapsed times for compression of image for different wavelets have also been computed to get the fast image compression method. The analysis has been carried out in terms of PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) obtained and time taken for decomposition and reconstruction.
The level of data accuracy in everyday life is necessary because it is reflected in the ever-advancing development of information technology. Analysis of data processing in information that can provide knowledge with the help of data mining systems. Algorithms commonly used for prediction are Naive Bayes and Decision Trees. The purpose of this study is to compare the Nave-Bayes algorithm and the decision tree algorithm in terms of the accuracy of predicting the productivity of the Weckerle machine at PT XYZ. The method used is a literature study from various related sources and understanding of the data in the source related to the subject of the classification method of the Naive Bayes algorithm and the decision tree into the data mining system. The results of this study are a classification using the Nave-Bayes algorithm with a higher level of confidence than the decision tree algorithm.
Content adaptive single image interpolation based Super Resolution of compres...IJECEIAES
Image Super resolution is used to upscale the low resolution Images. It is also known as image upscaling. This paper focuses on upscaling of compressed images with interpolation based Single Image Super Resolution technique. A content adaptive interpolation method of image upscaling has been proposed. This interpolation based scheme is useful for single image based Super Resolution methods. The presented method works on horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions of an image separately and it is adaptive to the local content of an image. This method relies only on a single image and uses the content of the original image only; therefore, the proposed method is more practical and realistic. The simulation results have been compared to other standard methods with the help of various performance matrices like PSNR, MSE, MSSIM etc. which indicates the preeminence of the proposed method.
EMPIRICAL APPLICATION OF SIMULATED ANNEALING USING OBJECT-ORIENTED METRICS TO...ijcsa
The work is about using Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the effort estimation model parameter
optimization which can lead to the reduction in the difference in actual and estimated effort used in model
development.
The model has been tested using OOP’s dataset, obtained from NASA for research purpose.The data set
based model equation parameters have been found that consists of two independent variables, viz. Lines of
Code (LOC) along with one more attribute as a dependent variable related to software development effort
(DE). The results have been compared with the earlier work done by the author on Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and it has been observed that the
developed SA based model is more capable to provide better estimation of software development effort than
ANN and ANFIS
Super-Spatial Structure Prediction Compression of Medicalijeei-iaes
The demand to preserve raw image data for further processing has been increased with the hasty growth of digital technology. In medical industry the images are generally in the form of sequences which are much correlated. These images are very important and hence lossless compression Technique is required to reduce the number of bits to store these image sequences and take less time to transmit over the network The proposed compression method combines Super-Spatial Structure Prediction with inter-frame coding that includes Motion Estimation and Motion Compensation to achieve higher compression ratio. Motion Estimation and Motion Compensation is made with the fast block-matching process Inverse Diamond Search method. To enhance the compression ratio we propose a new scheme Bose, Chaudhuri and Hocquenghem (BCH). Results are compared in terms of compression ratio and Bits per pixel to the prior arts. Experimental results of our proposed algorithm for medical image sequences achieve 30% more reduction than the other state-of-the-art lossless image compression methods.
REGION OF INTEREST BASED COMPRESSION OF MEDICAL IMAGE USING DISCRETE WAVELET ...ijcsa
Image abbreviation is utilized for reducing the size of a file without demeaning the quality of the image to an objectionable level. The depletion in file size permits more images to be deposited in a given number of spaces. It also minimizes the time necessary for images to be transferred. There are different ways of abbreviating image files. For the use of Internet, the two most common abbreviated graphic image formats are the JPEG formulation and the GIF formulation. The JPEG procedure is more often utilized or
photographs, while the GIF method is commonly used for logos, symbols and icons but at the same time
they are not preferred as they use only 256 colors. Other procedures for image compression include the
utilization of fractals and wavelets. These procedures have not profited widespread acceptance for the
utilization on the Internet. Abbreviating an image is remarkably not similar than the compressing raw
binary data. General-purpose abbreviation techniques can be utilized to compress images, the obtained
result is less than the optimal. This is because of the images have certain analytical properties, which can
be exploited by encoders specifically designed only for them. Also, some of the finer details of the image
can be renounced for the sake of storing a little more bandwidth or deposition space. In the paper,
compression is done on medical image and the compression technique that is used to perform compression
is discrete wavelet transform and discrete cosine transform which compresses the data efficiently without
reducing the quality of an image
Image Processing Compression and Reconstruction by Using New Approach Artific...CSCJournals
In this paper a neural network based image compression method is presented. Neural networks offer the potential for providing a novel solution to the problem of data compression by its ability to generate an internal data representation. This network, which is an application of back propagation network, accepts a large amount of image data, compresses it for storage or transmission, and subsequently restores it when desired. A new approach for reducing training time by reconstructing representative vectors has also been proposed. Performance of the network has been evaluated using some standard real world images. It is shown that the development architecture and training algorithm provide high compression ratio and low distortion while maintaining the ability to generalize and is very robust as well.
Unit 1 Introduction to Non-Conventional Energy ResourcesDr Piyush Charan
This unit is part of the course EC228 Renewable Energy Engineering of program B.Tech. Electronics Engg. (Solar Photovoltaic Engineering). It gives an introduction to conventional and non-conventional energy resources.
Unit 5-Operational Amplifiers and Electronic Measurement DevicesDr Piyush Charan
Lecture Notes on Operational Amplifiers and Measuring Instruments. These notes cover unit 5 of the course Basic Electronics (EC101) taught at Integral University.
This presentation deals with the lecture notes of unit 4 of the course Basic Electronics EC101 which is a common course of B.Tech Curriculum having 4 credits.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
1. Lecture Notes on Introduction to
Data Compression
for
Open Educational Resource
on
Data Compression(CA209)
by
Dr. Piyush Charan
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engg.
Integral University, Lucknow
2. Content
• UNIT-I: Introduction to Compression Techniques: Loss less
compression, Lossy Compression, Measures of performance,
Modeling and coding, Mathematical Preliminaries for Lossless
compression.
• Introduction to Information Theory and Models: Physical
models, Probability models, Markov models.
2 February 2021 2
Dr. Piyush, Charan Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow
3. What is Data Compression?
• Data Compression = Modeling + Coding
• data compression consists of taking a stream of symbols and
transforming them into codes. If the compression is
effective, the resulting stream of codes will be smaller than
the original symbols.
• The decision to output a certain code for a certain symbol or
set of symbols is based on a model.
• The model is simply a collection of data and rules used to
process input symbols and determine which code(s) to
output.
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 3
4. Other Definitions
• Data compression is the process of converting an input data stream
(the source stream or the original raw data) into another data stream
(the output, the bitstream, or the compressed stream) that has a
smaller size. A stream is either a file or a buffer in memory.
• The field of data compression is often called source coding. We
imagine that the input symbols (such as bits, ASCII codes, bytes,
audio samples, or pixel values) are emitted by a certain information
source and have to be coded before being sent to their destination.
The source can be memoryless, or it can have memory.
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 4
5. Need of Compression
• Why Data Compression?
– There are two practical motivations for compression:
• Make optimal use of limited storage space (Reduction of storage
requirements)
• Save time and help to optimize resources
– If compression and decompression are done in I/O processor,
less time is required to move data to or from storage
subsystem, freeing I/O bus for other work
– In sending data over communication line: less time to transmit
and less storage to host
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 5
6. Data Compression
• Data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of
encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any
particular compression is either lossy or lossless.
• Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical
redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression.
• Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important
information.
• Typically, a device that performs data compression is referred to as an
encoder, and one that performs the reversal of the process (decompression)
as a decoder.
2 February 2021 6
Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow
7. Data Compression contd…
• In compression technique or compression algorithm,
we are actually referring to two algorithms.
• There is the compression algorithm that takes an input
and generates a representation that requires fewer
bits, and there is a reconstruction algorithm
(decompression algorithm) that operates on the
compressed representation to generate the
reconstruction .
2 February 2021 7
Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow
8. Data Compression contd…
Fig.1. Compression and Reconstruction
2 February 2021 8
Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow
9. Process of Data Compression
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 9
10. • Based on the requirements of reconstruction, data
compression schemes can be divided into two
broad classes:
• lossless compression schemes, in which is
identical to , and
• lossy compression schemes, which generally
provide much higher compression than lossless
compression but allow to be different from .
2 February 2021 10
Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow
11. Types of Data Compression
• Data compression is about storing and sending a smaller number of bits.
• There are two major categories for methods to compress data: lossless and lossy
methods.
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 11
12. Lossless Compression Methods
• In lossless methods, original data and the data
after compression and decompression are exactly
the same.
• Redundant data is removed in compression and
added during decompression.
• Lossless methods are used when we can’t afford
to lose any data: legal and medical documents,
computer programs.
2 February 2021 12
Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow
13. Lossy Compression Methods
• Used for compressing images and video files (our eyes
cannot distinguish subtle changes, so lossy data is
acceptable).
• These methods are cheaper, require less time and space.
• Several methods:
– JPEG: compress pictures and graphics
– MPEG: compress video
– MP3: compress audio
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 13
14. Measure of Performance
• A compression algorithm can be evaluated in a
number of different ways.
• We could measure-
– the relative complexity of the algorithm,
– the memory required to implement the algorithm,
– how fast the algorithm performs on a given machine,
– the amount of compression, and
– how closely the reconstruction resembles the original.
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 14
15. 1. Compression Ratio
• A very logical way of measuring how well a compression
algorithm compresses a given set of data is to look at the ratio
of the number of bits required to represent the data before
compression to the number of bits required to represent the
data after compression. This ratio is called the compression
ratio.
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 15
16. Example
• Suppose storing an image made up of a square array of
256×256 pixels requires 65,536 bytes. The image is
compressed and the compressed version requires 16,384 bytes.
• The compression Ratio for the above compression is given by-
Compression Ratio= Original Size
Compressed Size
Compression Ratio= 65536 = 4:1
16384
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 16
17. • We can also represent the compression ratio by expressing the
reduction in the amount of data required as a percentage of the size of
the original data.
• Total Compression in percentage = Original-Compressed ×100%
Original
= 65536-16384 ×100%
65536
= 75%
• In this particular example, the compression ratio calculated in this
manner would be 75%.
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 17
18. 2. Rate of Compression
• Compression performance can also be reported by providing
the average number of bits required to represent a single
sample.
• This is generally referred to as the rate.
• For example, in the case of the compressed image described
previously, if we assume 8 bits per byte (or pixel), the average
number of bits per pixel in the compressed representation is 2.
• Thus, we would say that the rate is 2 bits per pixel.
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 18
19. 3. Distortion
• In lossy compression, the reconstruction differs from the
original data.
• Therefore, in order to determine the efficiency of a
compression algorithm, we have to have some way of
quantifying the difference.
• The difference between the original and the reconstruction is
often called the distortion.
2 February 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 19