The document discusses wireless body area networks (WBANs) for healthcare applications and the need for forensic readiness in such networks. It covers the history and development of WBANs, how they work, common applications like healthcare monitoring, and the architecture for a forensic readiness network that can securely capture and store sensor data for analysis. The presentation also examines challenges with WBANs and outlines the phases required to develop a forensic readiness system, including practical impact assessment, determining an additive value function, and establishing a security impact level.

1. Forensic Readiness and
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for
Pervasive Healthcare
for
Online Faculty Development Program
on
Disruptive Technologies in Engineering and Research
by
Dr. Piyush Charan
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engg.
Integral University, Lucknow
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

2. Flow of Presentation
 Introduction of BAN
 What is WBAN?
 History & Development
 BAN Architecture
 Taxonomy and Requirements
 Positioning of WBAN
 Patient Monitoring through BAN
 Applications
 Forensic Readiness N/w Architecture
 Challenges
 Future Scope
 Conclusion
26 April 2021 2
Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow

3. Introduction
• Increasing population and the rising costs of health care
have triggered the introduction of novel technology-driven
enhancements to current health care practices.
• Recent advances in electronics have enabled the
development of small and intelligent (bio-) medical
sensors which can be worn on or implanted in the human
body.
• Thus introduced Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN).
26 April 2021 3
Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow

4. What is WBAN?
 Definition by IEEE: “A communication standard
optimized for low power devices for their operation
on, in or around the human body (but not limited to
humans) to serve a variety of applications including
medical, consumer electronics or personal
entertainment and other.”
 Broad range of possible devices
 Connect everything you carry on you and with you
 Offer “Connected User” experience
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 4

5. Wireless Body Area Network
 It allows the integration of intelligent, miniaturized, low
power sensor node in, on or around a human body to
monitoring body function.
 WBAN is a network around the human body.
 It senses–biological, physical, chemical changes of our
body and alarms the person who wears it.
 It helps in auto medication in case of emergency
 It sends the information through out the world through
internet.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 5

6. History & Development
• Professor Guang Zhong Yang was the first person to
formally define the phrase "Body Sensor Network"
(BSN) with publication of his book Body Sensor
Networks in 2006.
• Some of the common use cases for BAN technology are:
– Body Sensor Networks (BSN)
– Sports and Fitness Monitoring
– Wireless Audio
– Mobile Device Integration
– Personal Video Devices
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 6
Prof Guang Zhong
Yang, Director, The
Hamlyn Centre
Imperial College
London.UK.

7. BAN Architecture
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 7
 Sensor
• measuring Temperature,
Heartbeat, ECG etc.
 Actuator
• delivering Medication,
Electric signals etc.
 PDA
• processing and transmitting
data

8. Characteristics of W-BAN
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 8
 Any WBAN must be:
 Open
 Accurate, and
 efficient

9. Figure: A Wireless Body Area Network
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 9

10. Pervasive Healthcare Architecture
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 10

11. Positioning in WBAN
• The communication in WBAN is divided into:
1. Intra-body Communication
2. Extra-body Communication
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 11

12. Patient Monitoring through WBANs
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 12
• A WBAN allows
continuous
monitoring of
the physiological
parameters.

13. IEEE 802 Wireless Space
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 13
 BAN technology
is still an emerging
technology.
• Pic Courtesy: Charan , P. et al.
(2020) Distributed Energy Aware
Routing (DEAR) protocol for
Wireless Sensor Networks using
Cooperative Caching
http://hdl.handle.net/10603/29725
4

14. BAN Draft Specifications
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 14
Specification Details
Distance 2 m std, 5 m special
Network density 2 - 4 nets /m2
Network Size 100 device/network
Net network throughput 100 Mbit/s max
Power consumption max. ~ 1mW / Mbps
(@ 1 m distance)
Startup time < 100 µs or,
< 10% of TX slot
Latency (end to end) 10 ms
Network setup time < 1 sec
(after initial setup, per device)

15. ’s Revolutionary Idea
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 15
 This revolutionary
product is “Abbott’s
Freestyle Libre Flash
Glucose Meter”
 It consists of two parts:
1. The Reader, and
2. The sensor

16. Features of FreeStyle Libre Glucose
Meter
1. The reader is a one-time purchase and can be used for life.
2. It is a 3 in one device
a) Continuous Glucose Monitor,
b) Blood Glucose Tester, and
c) Blood Ketone Tester.
3. Each scan of the reader shows the current glucose reading, the last 8 hours of data
and a trend arrow indicating if glucose is going up, down or staying steady.
4. The reader stores 90 days of glucose data, so you can see a complete picture of your
glucose levels over 3 months.
5. Get glucose readings with a painless one-second scan.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 16

17. Features of FreeStyle Libre Glucose
Meter contd…
6. The FreeStyle Libre reader can capture data from within 1cm to 4cm of the sensor,
even through clothing.
7. Using the supplied disposable applicator, the FreeStyle libre sensor can be easily
applied and stays on the back of your upper arm for upto 14 days.
8. The sensor automatically measures and continuously stores glucose readings day
and night.
9. The FreeStyle Libre system is designed to be water-resistant and can be worn while
bathing, showering, swimming and exercising.
10. The sensor is water resistant up to 1 meter (3feet).
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 17

18. Specifications of Libre Sensor
• The design is very
minimal:
– A battery,
– one chip,
– the sensor, and
– an antenna.
• There is a printed circuit
antenna on the PCB which
is probably used for the
NFC communication.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 18

19. Chip in the Freestyle Libre Sensor
• The chip is labeled
RF430FRL152H,
and a short
googling finds out it
is an “(ACTIVE)
NFC ISO15693
Sensor Transponder
With SPI/I2C
Interface and 14-Bit
Sigma-Delta ADC”.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 19

20. • The sensor itself is
where the magic
happens. It is located in
a white housing with
rubber contacts that
connects it to the pcb.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 20

21. Applications of BAN
Healthcare Assisted Living
Entertainment
& Sports
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 21

22. 1. Healthcare
• Current healthcare applications of
wireless sensor networks target heart
problems cancer, asthma, glucose level
monitoring, stress monitoring etc.
• Smart biosensors will open up new
opportunities for continuous monitoring
of patients.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 22

23. 2. Assisted Living
• It means to provide healthcare services for the
elderly at the comfort of their homes. This helps
in improving the quality of life. Assisted living
technologies enables elderly and disabled
people to be monitored at their individual
homes.
• This will lower the healthcare costs. Through
these devices and technologies, the condition of
the health of the people can be estimated
appropriately.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 23

24. 3. Entertainment & Sports
• Body Sensor Networks can be deployed
for playing games and can give the user a
lifelike experience through AR and VR.
• It can be use to shuffle songs on a device
according to the mood of the user.
• Smart Bands can offer variety of services
like on-demand healthcare.
• These bands endorse Sports mode and can
be used athletes to track their fitness and
health, simultaneously.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 24

25. Phases needed to develop Forensic
Readiness System
Phase 1: PIA
• Practical Impact
Assessment
Phase 2: AVF
• Additive Value Function
Phase 3: SIL
• Security Impact Level
Phase 4
• Forensic Readiness Secure
Network Architecture
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 25

26. First phase: Practical Impact
Assessment (PIA)
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 26
Distance
Time
Confidentiality
Availability
Integrity
PIA
Eavesdropping
Denial of Service(DoS)
Authentication Bypass
Role Bypass
WBAN
Base Station

27. PIA process
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 27

28. Second phase: Additive Value
Function (AVF)
• A function to transform all collected
qualitative data into quantitative data.
• V(x)=∑Wm×∑Vm (Xm)
• Quantitative data to determine security
impact level
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 28

29. Third phase: Security Impact Level
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 29
Vm (Xm) Level
1 Low impact level
2 Moderate Impact Level
3 High Impact Level

30. Fourth Phase: Forensic Readiness
Network Architecture
• At this phase the system will have:
– forensic readiness capabilities.
– preventive and detective mechanism
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 30
Traffic monitoring
Logging
Logs perseveration
Logs analysis
Produce a report
WBAN base station
Capture unit
Evidence storage
Report

31. 26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 31
5m
6m
Secure Space
113.14286 m2
Therefore, to this date,
based on the results of this
research, it saves to
recommend that a WBAN
system installation to have
a minimum distance of 6
meters radius from other
wireless system and
devices.

32. Summary for Forensic Readiness
1. Abdul Fuad Abdul Rahman, Rabiah Ahmad and Madihah Zulfa Mohamad” Developing Forensic Readiness
Secure Network Architecture for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)”
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 32
• The proposed forensic readiness system by AFA Rahman et.al
(2014) [1] for WBAN will prevent security attacks to WBAN and as
well helps identify the attackers.

33. Issues and Challenges in WBAN
1. Security – Security is the main challenge for
WBAN. Efforts are being made to make data
transmissions in WBAN more secure and
accurate.
– An individual patient’s data should not mix with
other patient’s data. The data generated in the
network should be secure so that there is no
unauthorized access to the data.
– Confidentiality, integrity, and authentication (CIA)
are the main security requirements of WBAN.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 33

34. Issues and Challenges in WBAN
contd…
2. Interoperability – The data transfer should be
smooth across various technology standards like
Bluetooth, ZigBee. The WBAN system should also
be scalable such that the network connectivity is not
interrupted when the network is widened.
3. Privacy – People are afraid that their private
information may get leaked while using the WBAN
network. Therefore WBAN must ensure the privacy
and security of the individual information.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 34

35. Issues and Challenges in WBAN
contd…
4. System Devices – The devices used in the
network must have low complexity, lightweight,
low power consumption, and energy efficient.
5. Sensor Validation – The data collected by the
sensors need to be validated. This will help in
identifying issues in the hardware and software
designs. False readings can cause wrong data
being sent to the end user.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 35

36. Issues and Challenges in WBAN
contd…
6. Data Consistency – The consistency of data should
be maintained. In the wireless body area network, the
data is fragmented and transferred at various nodes.
This can cause inconsistency of data. Therefore
consistency of data should be maintained.
7. Interference – For the large-scale implementation of
WBAN system, interference should be less. This will
increase the coexistence between the sensor nodes
with other devices in the network.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 36

37. Advantages of BAN
 Used for detection of chronic diseases.
 Used in military for security purposes.
 Assists seamless communication between
individual and peoples.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 37

38. Future Scope
 The future market of WBAN is growing rapidly in the
field of medical as well as in the entertainment industry.
 We believe that WBAN systems will allow a dramatic
shift in the way people think about and manage their
health.
 This provide more proactive preventive healthcare that
will not only improve the quality of life, but will also
reduce healthcare costs.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 38

39. Conclusion
 A WBAN is expected to be a very useful technology with
potential to offer a wide range of benefits to patients,
medical personnel and society through continuous
monitoring and early detection of possible problems.
 The current technological evolutions will bring us closer
to a fully operational WBAN that acts as an enabler for
improving the Quality of Life.
26 April 2021 Dr. Piyush Charan, Dept. of ECE, Integral University, Lucknow 39

40. Dr. Piyush Charan
Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE,
Integral University, Lucknow
Email: er.piyush.charan@gmail.com, piyush@iul.ac.in