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Unit 1 - Inside the Earth and Plate Tectonics (2017/2018)
- 1. Inside Earth and Plate Tectonics Unit 1
- 2. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet A Unique Planet • Only planet in our solar system with… • liquid water. • a large amount of oxygen in atmosphere. • Only planet in any solar system (that is known) that supports life.
- 3. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Earth Basics • Formed 4.6 billion years ago. • Made mostly of rock. • 71% of Earth is a global ocean. • 5 major oceans that connect. • Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern
- 4. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Oblate Spheroid – slightly flattened sphere with a fatter equator. • Pole to Pole circumference = 40,007 km • Equator circumference = 40,074 km • Average diameter = 12,756 km
- 5. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet Earth's Interior •Discovered by studying seismic waves. •Three Compositional Zones 1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core
- 6. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Crust – the thin, brittle, solid, outermost layer of the Earth. • 1% of Earth's mass. • Oceanic crust = 5-10 km thick • Continental crust = 15-80 km thick
- 7. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Moho – the boundary between the lower crust and upper mantle.
- 8. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Mantle – the layer of rock between Earth’s crust and core. • 66% of Earth's mass. • 2,900 km thick • Twice as dense as the crust.
- 9. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Core – Center part of the Earth, below the mantle. • 3500 km radius sphere. • Made up mostly of iron and nickel.
- 10. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Five structural zones of Earth 1. Lithosphere 2. Asthenosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Outer Core 5. Inner Core
- 11. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Five structural zones of Earth • As Depth Increases… • Pressure Increases. • Density Increases. • Temperature Increases.
- 12. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Five structural zones of Earth • As Depth Increases… • Pressure Increases. • Density Increases. • Temperature Increases.
- 13. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Lithosphere – rigid upper mantle and crust. • 15-300 km thick • Least dense layer.
- 14. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Asthenosphere – solid, plastic layer below the lithosphere, that flows very slowly due to heat and pressure. • “play-doh” • 200 km thick
- 15. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Mesosphere – solid rock layer below asthenosphere. • 2400 km thick
- 16. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Outer Core – very dense, liquid iron and nickel. • 2250 km thick
- 17. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Inner Core – dense, rigid, solid iron and nickel. • Most dense layer.
- 18. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet
- 19. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet • Earth as a Magnet • Magnetosphere protects Earth's surface from dangerous solar winds from the Sun. • North and South geomagnetic poles • Magnetic field reversal happens from time to time. • May be caused by iron in the core and the rotation of the Earth.
- 20. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Earth's Gravity •Gravity – the force of attraction between any two objects. • depends on… • masses of the objects • larger mass = stronger force • distance between objects. • closer distance = stronger force
- 21. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Weight vs Mass •Weight – the gravitational pull on an object. • WILL change as gravity changes. • Unit = Newtons (N)
- 22. 2.1 Earth: A Unique Planet •Weight vs Mass •Mass – the amount of matter in an object. • WILL NOT change as gravity changes. • Unit = grams (g)
- 23. 10.1 Continental Drift •Continental Drift – Hypothesis that states the continents once formed a single land mass, broke up, and drifted to their present location. • Alfred Wegener, 1912 • Wegener could not explain how the continents moved.
- 25. 10.1 Continental Drift Evidence for Continental Drift •Mesosaurus (lizard) fossil found in South America and Africa. • Mesosaurus was a coastal reptile that was not capable of swimming across the entire Atlantic.
- 26. 10.1 Continental Drift Evidence for Continental Drift •Glossopteris (fern) fossil found in Antarctica. • Tropical Plant
- 27. 10.1 Continental Drift Evidence for Continental Drift •Glacial evidence near equator. Glacial Scarring and Till
- 28. 10.1 Continental Drift Evidence for Continental Drift • Similar rocks (age and type)/mountain ranges on separate continents. • Appalachian Mountains and the mountains of Greenland, Scotland and Northern Europe are all of similar age and structure.
- 30. 10.1 Continental Drift Breakup of Pangaea (All Lands) • Fully formed 245 million years ago • Broke up 180 million years ago. • Laurasia • North America and Eurasia • Gondwana • South America, Africa, India, Australia, Antarctica • Broke into modern continents 65 million years ago.
- 32. 10.1 Continental Drift •Sea-Floor Spreading – the process by which new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) forms, as magma rises toward the surface and solidifies at a mid-ocean ridge. • Harry Hess, late 1950’s • This explained Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis.
- 33. 10.1 Continental Drift Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading • Rocks are… • younger the closer they are to a mid-ocean ridge. • older the further they are from a mid-ocean ridge. • The oldest ocean floor is about 180 million years old.
- 35. 10.1 Continental Drift Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading •Paleomagnetism – the study of the magnetic properties of rock.
- 36. 10.1 Continental Drift Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading • Magnetic Reversal – the Earth's polarity changes causing the magnetic orientation in rocks to change. • Normal Polarity – magnetic fields point north • Reverse Polarity – magnetic fields point south
- 40. 10.1 Continental Drift •Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale – a scale created from patterns of magnetism in the ocean floor, that can be used to date rock layers.
- 44. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Plate Tectonics – the theory that explains how large pieces of lithospheric plates move and change shape.
- 45. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics •Tectonic Plates – a rigid section of the lithosphere that moves as one unit over the asthenosphere. • Plates move very slowly (~5 cm per year).
- 46. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 47. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics •A plate is made up of… • continental crust (low density, high in silica) • oceanic crust (high density, rich in iron and magnesium) • 15 major plates
- 48. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics •Plate boundaries are identified primarily by earthquake data.
- 49. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 50. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics •The presence of volcanoes can also help show plate boundaries. • Example: “Pacific Ring of Fire" around the perimeter of the Pacific Plate. Pacific Ring of Fire – zone of active volcanoes bordering the Pacific Ocean.
- 51. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 52. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Types of Boundaries • Divergent Plate Boundary • Convergent Plate Boundary • Transform Plate Boundaries
- 53. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Divergent Boundary – tectonic plates are moving away from each other. • Lithosphere (rock) is created (constructive). • Example: Mid-Ocean Ridges Ridge and Rifts
- 54. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 55. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 56. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 57. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Oceanic Ridge – an underwater mountain range created at a divergent boundary. • Mid-Atlantic Ridge
- 58. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 59. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Rift Valley – a narrow valley that forms where tectonic plates separate. • Red Sea = divergent boundary between the Arabian plate and the African plate. • Horn of Africa
- 60. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Convergent Boundary – tectonic plates are colliding with each other. • Lithosphere (rock) is destroyed (destructive). • 3 Types of Convergent Boundary • Ocean-Continental • Ocean-Ocean • Continental-Continental
- 61. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 62. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics • Ocean-Continent Convergent Plate Boundaries: plate with oceanic crust at the front collides with another plate with continental crust at the front. • The denser oceanic crust subducts beneath the lighter continental crust, creating a volcanic mountain range and an oceanic trench. • Example: The Cascades and Andes Mountains
- 63. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Subduction – the downward movement of a more dense plate beneath a less dense plate at a convergent plate boundary. • Only oceanic crust subducts.
- 64. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Subduction Zones – a destructive plate boundary where oceanic crust is being pushed down into the mantle beneath a second plate. • The plate that is more dense sinks. • Oceanic plates are more dense than continental plates. •Trench – a surface feature in the seafloor produced by the sinking plate during subduction.
- 65. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 66. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Continental Volcanic Mountain Range – mountains formed by volcanic activity caused by the subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate.
- 67. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 68. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Ocean-Ocean Convergent Plate Boundaries: plate with oceanic crust at the front collides with another plate with oceanic crust at the front. • The denser of the two crusts subducts beneath the other, creating an oceanic trench and dragging rock down, which melts and explodes back up in explosive island arc volcanoes. • Examples: Japan, Philippines, Aleutian Islands
- 69. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Volcanic Island Arc – a chain of volcanic islands located near a subduction zone of one oceanic plate beneath another. •A deep ocean trench will always be located near a volcanic island arc.
- 70. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 71. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Continent-Continent Convergent Plate Boundaries: plate with continental crust at the front collides with another plate with continental crust at the front. • Rather than subducting, both crusts buckle, folding mountains upward. • Example: the Himalayas and Appalachian Mountains
- 72. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 73. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 74. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 75. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics •Transform Plate Boundaries – two plates slide past each other resulting in a strike- slip fault. • Lithosphere (rock) is not created. • Lithosphere (rock) is not destroyed. • Earthquakes • Example: San Andreas Fault in California
- 76. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 77. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 78. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 79. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 80. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 81. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Causes of Plate Motion •Mantle Convection – movement of heated material due to differences in density that are caused by differences in temperatures. • Warm Materials = Less Dense = Near Core • Material is less dense and rises. • Cool Materials = More Dense = Near Surface • Material is more dense and sinks.
- 82. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 83. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Causes of Plate Motion •Convection Traction – convection currents in the mantle “grip” the bottom of the lithosphere, causing it to move.
- 84. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 85. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 86. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Causes of Plate Motion •Ridge Push – lithosphere (tectonic plates) slide down an oceanic ridge. • Caused by gravity. • Occurs at ridges.
- 87. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Lady = Plate
- 88. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Causes of Plate Motion •Slab Pull – cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. • Caused by gravity. • Occurs at subduction zones.
- 89. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 90. 10.2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 91. 10.3 The Changing Continents Effects of Continental Change •Effects on Climate • Location in relation to poles and equator • Near Poles = Colder • Near Equator = Warmer
- 92. 10.3 The Changing Continents Effects of Continental Change •Mountain Ranges • Windward/Leeward Effect – Air hits the side of a mountain, rises, cools, condenses, and precipitation occurs on windward side. By the time it reaches the leeward side it is dry, creating a desert. • Causes a rain shadow.
- 93. 10.3 The Changing Continents
- 94. 10.3 The Changing Continents
- 95. 10.3 The Changing Continents
- 96. 10.3 The Changing Continents
- 97. 10.3 The Changing Continents Location in Relation to an Ocean •Since water heats up and cools down slower than land, the presence of large body of water can keep temperatures moderate all year long. • Michigan • West Coast • Mediterranean
- 98. 10.3 The Changing Continents •Continents position changes the flow of air and ocean currents around the globe.
- 99. 10.3 The Changing Continents Effects on Life • Life is forced to adapt (by natural selection) when climates change due to plate movement. • This leads to evolution over time. • The more isolated a population is the more unique they become. • Madagascar • Galapagos Islands • Australia
- 100. 10.3 The Changing Continents The Supercontinent Cycle 1) Formation of Pangaea (All Lands) • Fully formed 245 million years ago
- 101. 10.3 The Changing Continents 2) Pangaea broke into Laurasia (North America and Eurasia) and Gondwana (South America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica 160 million years ago
- 102. 10.3 The Changing Continents 3) Laurasia and Gondwana broke into modern continents 65 million years ago.
- 103. 10.3 The Changing Continents 4) In 150 million years Africa and Australia will collide with Eurasia. *Prediction*
- 104. 10.3 The Changing Continents 5) In 250 million years the continents will come back together to form another supercontinent. *Prediction*
- 105. 11.2 How Mountains Form •Mountain Belts – two major mountain systems on Earth. • Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire) • Eurasian-Melanesian Belt
- 106. 11.2 How Mountains Form •Mountain System – group of mountain ranges that are next to each other. • Appalachians = Great Smokey, Blue Ridge, Cumberland, and Green ranges combined.
- 107. 11.2 How Mountains Form •Mountain Ranges – a group of mountains that are next to each other, that are related to each other in shape age, and structure. • Cascade Range, Himalaya Range
- 108. 11.2 How Mountains Form Plate Tectonics and Mountains •Collision of continental with oceanic crust • Denser oceanic crust subducts and melts causing magma to rise forming volcanic mountain ranges. • Cascade Range, Andes
- 109. 11.2 How Mountains Form Plate Tectonics and Mountains •Collision of oceanic with oceanic crust • Denser oceanic crust subducts and melts causing magma to rise forming volcanic island arcs. • Japan, Philippines
- 110. 11.2 How Mountains Form Plate Tectonics and Mountains •Collision of continental crust with continental crust • Crust is equally dense, so no subduction. • Folded mountains form when the rock layers are squeezed into accordion like folds. • Himalayas
- 111. 11.2 How Mountains Form •Plateaus – large, flat areas of rock high above sea level that form when horizontal rock layers slowly uplift, without folding. • Created when Magma piles up and cools, or by large scale erosion.
- 112. 11.2 How Mountains Form •Fault-Block Mountains – form when tension forces stretch and break the Earth's crust, forming blocks that tilt and drop relative to other rock/blocks. • Rugged mountains • Sierra Nevada in California
- 113. 11.2 How Mountains Form •Grabens – long, narrow valleys formed when blocks drops relative to other rocks/blocks. • Basin and Range Province of the western U.S.
- 114. 11.2 How Mountains Form •Dome Mountains – a circular structure made of rock layers that gently slope away from a central point. • Formed from magma rising and pushing up the rock layers above it. • Black Hills, SD and Adirondacks, NY
- 115. 11.2 How Mountains Form •Hot Spots – volcanically active areas that lie far away from plate boundaries. • Plate moves over a mantle/magma plume. • Young Volcanos = Close to Hotspot • Old Volcanos = Far from Hotspot • Hawaii and Yellowstone
- 116. 11.2 How Mountains Form
- 117. 11.2 How Mountains Form
- 118. 11.2 How Mountains Form