This document discusses different units used to measure gas concentration and the importance of understanding how to convert between units. It explains that gas concentration is expressed in volume fraction, parts per million by volume (ppm), or mass per unit volume depending on whether measuring flammability, toxicity, or oxygen levels. The key units discussed are parts per million by volume (ppm), volume fraction, mole fraction, and mass per cubic meter. Tables provide examples of conversion factors and exposure limits for several gases. Being able to convert between units is important for comparing toxicity and flammability limits on a common scale.
Hoofdstuk 4 - Factoren die de oplosbaarheid beïnvloeden Tom Mortier
Deze presentatie wordt gebruikt tijdens het hoorcollege Niet Instrumentele Analytische Chemie zoals dit wordt gedoceerd aan het departement Gezondheidszorg en Technologie van de UC Leuven-Limburg.
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482Student
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482
Ash contents is defined as the inorganic residue that remains after combustion of the oil in air at specific high temperature. Ash ranges from 0.1% to 0.2%. The ash content of a fuel is a measure of the amount of inorganic noncombustible material it contains. Some of the ash forming constituents occur naturally in crude oil: others are present as a result of refining or contamination during storage or distribution. For instance, it could be due to the presence of compounds of the following elements: vanadium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, nickel. Or it could be picked up by the crude oil during storage and handling. Metals content above 200 ppm are considered to be significant but the variations are very large. The higher the ash content the higher is the tendency of the crude oil to form sludge or sediment. Oils containing more than 0.05% ash are considered high ash oils; those containing less than 0.02% ash are considered low ash oils.
Prepared By Yasir Albeatiy
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
INTRODUCTION OF FUEL
Coal
Oil Gas
Power Plant
Energy
Fuel
Fuel Analysis
B.Tech., Engineering, final year project, ppt presentation templates, college of engineering Roorkee, Varun Pratap Singh, mechanical engineering, coer, utu, Uttarakhand technical university, Dehradun, Course work, Syllabus
Hoofdstuk 4 - Factoren die de oplosbaarheid beïnvloeden Tom Mortier
Deze presentatie wordt gebruikt tijdens het hoorcollege Niet Instrumentele Analytische Chemie zoals dit wordt gedoceerd aan het departement Gezondheidszorg en Technologie van de UC Leuven-Limburg.
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482Student
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482
Ash contents is defined as the inorganic residue that remains after combustion of the oil in air at specific high temperature. Ash ranges from 0.1% to 0.2%. The ash content of a fuel is a measure of the amount of inorganic noncombustible material it contains. Some of the ash forming constituents occur naturally in crude oil: others are present as a result of refining or contamination during storage or distribution. For instance, it could be due to the presence of compounds of the following elements: vanadium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, nickel. Or it could be picked up by the crude oil during storage and handling. Metals content above 200 ppm are considered to be significant but the variations are very large. The higher the ash content the higher is the tendency of the crude oil to form sludge or sediment. Oils containing more than 0.05% ash are considered high ash oils; those containing less than 0.02% ash are considered low ash oils.
Prepared By Yasir Albeatiy
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
INTRODUCTION OF FUEL
Coal
Oil Gas
Power Plant
Energy
Fuel
Fuel Analysis
B.Tech., Engineering, final year project, ppt presentation templates, college of engineering Roorkee, Varun Pratap Singh, mechanical engineering, coer, utu, Uttarakhand technical university, Dehradun, Course work, Syllabus
List of Detectable Gasses and Vapors by CAS-Number 2015Flow-Tech, Inc.
The CAS-number is a worldwide used code to identify a chemical substance non-ambiguously. This number is issued by the Chemical Abstracts Service and is the easiest way to characterize a chemical substance. Knowing the CAS-No. means to be able to get comprehensive information and links from internet and search engines.
Righi et al_climate_impact_of_biofuels_in_shipping-global_model_studies_og_th...www.thiiink.com
ABSTRACT: Aerosol emissions from international shipping
are recognized to have a large impact on the Earth’s radiation
budget, directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and
indirectly by altering cloud properties. New regulations have
recently been approved by the International Maritime Organi-
zation (IMO) aiming at progressive reductions of the maximum
sulfur content allowed in marine fuels from current 4.5% by
mass down to 0.5% in 2020, with more restrictive limits already
applied in some coastal regions. In this context, we use a global
bottom-up algorithm to calculate geographically resolved emis-
sion inventories of gaseous (NOx, CO, SO2) and aerosol (black
carbon, organic matter, sulfate) species for different kinds of
low-sulfur fuels in shipping. We apply these inventories to study the resulting changes in radiative forcing, attributed to particles from shipping, with the global aerosol-climate model EMAC-MADE. The emission factors for the different fuels are based on measurements at a test bed of a large diesel engine. We consider both fossil fuel (marine gas oil) and biofuels (palm and soy bean oil) as a substitute for heavy fuel oil in the current (2006) fleet and compare their climate impact to that resulting from heavy fuel oil use. Our simulations suggest that ship-induced surface level concentrations of sulfate aerosol are strongly reduced, up to about 40-60% in the high-traffic regions. This clearly has positive consequences for pollution reduction in the vicinity of major harbors. Additionally, such reductions in the aerosol loading lead to a decrease of a factor of 3-4 in the indirect global aerosol effect induced by emissions from international shipping.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. October 21, 2015
Understanding Units of Gas Concentration
analyticexpert.com/2015/10/understanding-units-of-gas-concentration/
By Edward Naranjo, Marketing Director, Emerson
Gas concentration is one of the most important determinants of a substance’s hazard
potential. Flammability, toxicity, and oxygen deficiency are often determined by
concentration. For combustible gas detectors, gas concentration is expressed as a volume
fraction of combustible gas or vapor in air known as the lower explosive limit (LEL), while
for toxic gas detectors, the signal output is read as a percent by volume (% vol.), parts per
million by volume (ppm (vol.)), or mass per unit volume. Countries and jurisdictions use
different units of measurement to define maximum permissible combustible and toxic gas
concentrations in the workplace. The choice of the units to use depends on the chemical
and its abundance under ambient conditions. As a result, it is necessary to become familiar
with the units used and methods for converting between units of measurement.
Volume and Mole Fractions
Units of volume fraction and mole fractions are frequently used for gas concentration. The
most common value fraction is ppm (vol.), defined as the ratio between the volume of a
constituent V and the total volume V :
As an example, 10,000 ppm = 1% (v/v) or a volume
fraction of 0.01. The volume fraction of a constituent φ is
defined as the volume of constituent V divided by the
volume of all constituents of the mixture V :
Similarly, the mole fraction of constituentX is the moles of a target
substance n divided by the total number of moles in a mixturen :
The values of volume fraction and mole fraction are identical under
the ideal gas law:
The advantage of volume/volume or mol/mol units is that gas
concentrations reported in these units do not change over temperature and pressure. By
contrast, atmospheric concentrations like mass per unit volume (ex. mg/m ) decrease as
gas is expanded since the component’s mass remains constant as the volume increases.
Mass Concentration Units
Concentration units based on mass include mass fraction (ex. mass chemical per total
mass) and mass per unit volume. Like ppm (vol.), mass/mass concentrations are
commonly expressed as parts per million, where m is the mass of constituent i and m is
the total mass:
i total
i
i
total
i
total
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i total
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2. Note: Where a gas concentration is expressed simply
as ppm, it is unclear whether a volume or mass basis
is intended.
In the atmosphere, it is common to express
concentrations of mass/volume air like milligrams per meter cubed (mg/m ). Thus, the
United States’ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pocket Guide
for Chemical Hazards reports worker exposure limits in ppm (vol.) and mg/m . To convert
from ppm (vol.) to mg/m , it is assumed the ideal gas law applies under standard
temperature and pressure where MW equals molecular weight:
Note that at standard conditions (p = 760 mmHg, T = 273°K), one mole of any pure gas
occupies a volume of 22.4 L.
Another useful formula is one that converts from units of ppm (vol.) to ppm (m) at 760
mmHg and 25°C:
For convenience, NIOSH recommended exposure limits (REL’s) for several toxic gases are
shown in Table 1 below.
3
3
3
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3. Table 2 shows the LEL’s of several combustible gases in ppm (vol.), ppm(m), and volume
fraction.
Last, conversion units for common industrial gases are illustrated in Table 3.
Situations Where Unit Conversions May Be Useful
It is tempting to think that converting units of measurement is hardly necessary. After all, in
most countries, combustible gas concentrations are measured either in volume fractions or
its derivatives, while toxic gas exposure limits are established in ppm (vol.) or mass volume
units. Yet one cannot gauge a gas’ hazard potential without comparing attributes in a
common plane. Consider that several toxic gases like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are
combustible. The graph in Figure 1 below showing gas concentration in ppm (vol.) gives a
sense of toxic and combustible limits in relationship to one another.
Similarly, most hydrocarbons are harmful long before they are at combustible
concentrations. As shown in Figure 2 below, the IDLH is often at approximately 10% LEL.
Based on those results, an analysis of hydrocarbon toxicity recommended that alarm levels
be set at 10% LEL to protect workers from hydrocarbon narcosis (Gardner 2012).
References
ISO 10156, Determination of Fire Potential and Oxidizing Ability for the Selection of
Cylinder Valve Outlets. 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO.
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4. Gardner, R. 2012. Use of Reciprocal Calculation Procedures for Setting Workplace
Emergency Action Levels for Hydrocarbon Mixtures and their Relationship to Lower
Explosive Limits. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 56 (3): 326–339.
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