Understanding society syllabus-1

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
1st
Sem. Prelim: Module 1`
Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, and Politics
Prepared by: Mark Stephen Pere-ira, MBA
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
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I will be able to:
 articulate observationson human cultural variation, socialdifferences, social change, and
political identities;
 demonstrate curiosity and an openness to explore the origins and dynamics of culture
and society, and political identities;
 analyze social, political, and cultural change;
 recognize the common concerns or intersections of anthropology, sociology,and political
science with respect to the phenomenon of change;
 identify the subjects of inquiry and goals of Anthropology, Political Science, and
Sociology.
Your Topics to Learn!
Introduction
The Philippine society can be categorized into various socioeconomic classes. During the
prehistoric times, our ancestors have developed a society where people were assigned with different
social functions. However, as the society changes, differences in one’s function in the society became
wider and more diverse.
Cultural Variation. Refers to the differences in
social behavior that different culture exhibit
around the world. What we considered good
etiquette in one culture maybe considered bad
etiquette in another.
https://ferdywinata.wordpress.com/2017/06/15/cultural-variation-impact-on-product-packaging-and-advertisement/
Universalities Generalities Particularities
 Universal- are cultural traits that span across all cultures.
 Generalities- are cultural traits that occur in many societies but not all of them.

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 Particularities- are cultural traits that are not prevalent but are instead confined with single
place or culture.
Social Differences. The differences among individuals on the basis of social characteristics and
qualities. Social differences are the complex differences that includes: Class, role, culture, age, ability,
sex etc... Social differences can create discrimination among individuals on the basis of their social
characteristic.
A. Class. Socioeconomic classes changed when the Philippines gained independence from Spain. The
Americans introduced democracy and did not impose any form of socioeconomic classes. Today,
a person’s position in the society is based mainly on his or her family’s economic status. Social
stratification, or the division of society based on occupation and income, wealth or power; is
simpler at present than in the past.
1. The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) divided the population into high-income,
middle-income, and low-income classes.
A. High-income Class
 people earning an average of P200,000 a month, or approximately P2.4 million a year
 the “rich” class and accounts for merely one percent of the country’s total
population
B. Middle-income Class
 people earning an average of P36,000 per month
 consists of professionals and small-scale entrepreneurs
C. Low-income Class
 people earning less than P10,000 a month
 consists of laborers and minimum wage earners
D. Social Mobility
Unlike in other societies where one who is born into a specific class has no choice but to
die as part of the same class, people in the Philippines usually have the opportunity to
transfer from a lower socioeconomic class to a higher one. This is called social mobility,
the movement of people or families within or between different levels in the society
the opportunity to transfer from a lower socioeconomic class to a higher one
possible through education, or in some cases, through marriage.
B. Ethnicity and Race. Ethnicity refers to a group of people, also called ethnic group, who have a
common or shared culture, language, history, religion, and tradition.
Here, the people are divided into groups based on different social factors.
Examples: Filipinos, Malays, Anglo-Saxons, and Muslims.
Race on the other hand refers to a group of people who share the same physical attributes, such as
skin color, height, and facial features. People are grouped into different races based on their physical
appearance. Human beings are classified into three major races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.

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These classifications are based on the color of the skin, the shape of the face, texture of the hair, shape
of the eyes, and other prominent physical features.
Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines
There are more than 180 ethnic or ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines, which are based on the
language each group use.
There are eight major ethnolinguistic groups in the country:
1. Ilokano,
2. Kapampangan,
3. Pangasinense,
4. Tagalog,
5. Bikolano,
6. Ilonggo,
7. Cebuano, and
8. Waray-waray.
Other smaller ethnolinguistic groups are the Ibanag, Ivatan, Sambal, Subanon,
Maguindanaoan, and Zambuangueño.
There are also indigenous groups in the country that may belong to the same ethnolingguistic
groups, but have a different culture, tradition, or culture. Some of them are the Mangyans of
Mindoro, the Igorots of the Mountain Province, and the Moros of Mindanao.
Issues About Race and Ethnicity
Ethnicity and race are categories that divide people based on their social affinity or physical
similarity. However, differences in ethnicity and race made some people believe that one ethnic
group is better or superior than others. Thus, this belief creates discrimination and prejudice against
people from minor or perceived to be “inferior” ethnicity or race.
There are different types of discrimination against one’s ethnicity or race:
Racism
 Racism is discrimination or prejudice based on one’s race.

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 In the 1970s, white Americans (Caucasians) discriminated black Americans (Negroids), who
were descendants of immigrants from African countries.
Ethnocentricism
 Ethnocentrism is discrimination or prejudice based on one’s culture.
 Recently, Muslim extremists discriminate Christians and non-Muslims in Muslim countries
because of their religion.
 In the Philippines, Muslims experience prejudice and discrimination in Christian-dominated
regions like in Metro Manila. Because of the ongoing conflict in Mindanao between the
government and Islamic militants, Christians tend to think that all Muslims are terrorists.
 On the other hand, some Christians and ethnic groups are discriminated and prejudiced in
Muslim-dominated areas.
C. Religion
We live in a world with varying and diverse cultures. Cultural variation or differences take
many forms within and among societies. One of which is religion. Religion can be defined as a set of
practices and behaviors that relate to a group of people's belief in a God or a group of gods.
Sociologists studying religion consider it a part of society's culture. In most cases, religion not only
affects a person's belief, but one's way of life.
There are many religions around the world. Among the major religions in the world are;
1. Christianity - is an Abrahamic
monotheistic religion based on the life and
teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Its adherents,
known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the
Christ, whose coming as the messiah was
prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, called the Old
Testament in Christianity, and chronicled in the
New Testament.
YouTube: ''Painting The Impossible'' by Akiane Kramarik

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2. Islam - The word “Islam” means “submission
to the will of God.” Followers of Islam are called
Muslims. Muslims are monotheistic and worship
one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as
Allah. Followers of Islam aim to live a life of
complete submission to Allah.
3. Hinduism –is an Indian religion and
dharma, or way of life. It is the world's
third-largest religion with over 1.25 billion
followers, or 15–16% of the global
population, known as Hindus.
4. Taoism (also known as Daoism) is a
Chinese philosophy attributed to Lao Tzu (c.
500 BCE) which contributed to the folk religion
of the people primarily in the rural areas of
China and became the official religion of the
country under the Tang Dynasty. Taoism is
therefore both a philosophy and a religion
5. Buddhism. Buddhism is a faith that was
founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“the
Buddha”) more than 2,500 years ago in
India. With about 470 million followers,
scholars consider Buddhism one of the
major world religions. Its practice has
historically been most prominent in East
and Southeast Asia, but its influence is
growing in the West. Many Buddhist ideas
and philosophies overlap with those of
other faiths.

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Each of these religions has its own set of beliefs and practices that must be followed by
its believers. In a society, several religions may exist and since religion affects an individual’s way of
life, we can observe the cultural variation in the form of different religions.
Philippines and its Religion
The Philippines is a secular country, which means that the government does not prescribe a
specific set of activities or laws based on religion. A citizen's right to choose his or her own religion is
protected by the Philippine Constitution. In the Philippines, the majority of the population are
Christians, with a certain portion of the population practicing Islam, particularly in the southern part
of the country. Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism are also practiced by a small number of inhabitants
in the archipelago. Different religions are being practiced in the Philippine society today. This
variation in religion is a product of the evolution of Philippine society across time.
Understanding Cultural Variation in the Form of Religion
Cultural variations do exist as exemplified through different religions in the world, more so in
our Philippine society. For example, Christians and Muslims believe in one God, yet Hindus believe
in many gods, while Buddhists do not. The sets of practices and beliefs of a particular religion
influence the behavior of its followers and their interaction with other members of the society.
Issues Surrounding Differences in Religion
Because the people have different religions, issues and conflicts between religious groups or
denominations cannot be prevented.
Problems/Conflicts
1. Since a difference in religion does not only mean worshipping a different god, conflicts
sometimes arise between their believers.
2. Some believers of a particular religion feel like they are being marginalized, while some feel
like those following other religions are taking advantage of their number.
3. It may come easy to be swayed by religious differences and start a conflict. A believer or
follower of a particular religion may offend a follower of another religion if he or she imposes
his or her beliefs or practices of his or her religion.
4. In history, bloody wars happened because of religious differences, and unfortunately, conflicts
continue until now due to varying religions.
Solutions/Actions
1. To prevent conflicts, the Philippine government, for example, has started recognizing some of
the special days in different religions.
2. Employees are not required to work during Holy Week; wherein Catholics commemorate the
suffering and death of Jesus Christ.
3. The start and the end of the Ramadan are also considered holidays, just like when the Chinese
celebrate the start of their new year.
4. This way, the government allows followers of different religions to attend to their religious
obligations without their work getting in the way.

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5. To those conflicts brought about by differences in religion, the key word here is respect. And
respect entails a conscious effort of acquiring cultural knowledge and understanding which
this course is mainly about.
Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Exceptionality/Non-Exceptionality)
Exceptionality and the Exceptional People
People has different characteristics, needs, desires, lifestyles, and challenges. However, there
are people who, from one reason or another, are described or categorized by the society as
exceptional.
What do the words "gifted," "disabled," "challenged," or "different" mean to you? How does
society influence your knowledge and attitudes toward people with labels and differences?
Exceptionality
 a quality or a characteristic of a person that makes him or her different from an established
norm in a society
 various physical and mental interference or problems that affect a person and which makes
it difficult for him/her to function properly in society
Exceptional people
 who differ from societal and community standard of normalcy
 with learning or behavioral problems and with physical and sensory disabilities
 who are intellectually gifted
The characteristics which make a person exceptional may have been acquired from birth, through a
medical condition, or through an accident.
Exceptional People: Challenges and Problems
Exceptional people, disabled or intellectually gifted, encounter challenges and issues in
dealing with other members of the society.
Here are some of the common problems and challenges that exceptional people experience.
Overcoming Challenges and Problems
In the Philippines, despite the passage of Republic Act 7277 or the Magna Carta for People
with Disabilities (PWDs) in 1991, there are still significant barriers that keep them from fully
participating in the society---including the stigma surrounding disability and the society’s poor

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understanding of the abilities and aspirations of exceptional people. However, the government,
private sectors, media, and some concerned groups have been working together to solve these
existing problems.
Here are some ways on how both private and public sectors have been helping them.
This symbol is the International Symbol of Access (ISA). It can be found at places that are designated
for all persons with disabilities. The location or spot is intended for them.
Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Nationality)
Nation, Nationality, and Citizenship
The line of distinction between the terms "nation" and "nationality" is quite thin. Most of the
time, "nationality" and "citizenship" are used interchangeably. However, it is important to note that
these words do not mean the same and pertain to different concepts. They differ in many aspects.
Nation
It is a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, language, and
economic life inhabiting a particular country or territory
Example:
The United Kingdom is a country inhabited mainly by people of four nations: English, Irish, Scott,
and Welsh.
Whereas the term nation emphasizes a particular group of people, country emphasizes the physical
dimensions and boundaries of a geographical area, while state is a self-governing legal and political
entity.
Nationality
It is a person’s instinctive membership to a specific nation or country that can be acquired by
an individual from the country where he/she was born (jus soli). It can also be acquired by an
individual through his/her parents (jus sanguinis). An individual is national of a particular country
by birth. Nationality is acquired through inheritance from his or her parents. People with the same
nationality often share the same language, culture, territory, and in some cases, ancestry. They share
the same rights and are protected by the same laws.

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Citizenship
On the other hand, citizenship is a person’s legal and political status in a city or state, which means
that an individual has been registered with the government in some country. An individual becomes
a citizen of a country only when he is accepted into that country’s political framework through legal
terms.
Examples:
 An individual born in the Philippines has a Filipino nationality. Chances are, he may have a
Brazilian or Colombian citizenship once he has registered with that country.
 People of the European Union (maybe French, Germans, English, and others) may have
European Union citizenship, but that person’s nationality does not change.
 No one will be able to change his nationality, but one can have different citizenships.
Filipino Nationality
The Philippine nationality law is based on the principles of jus sanguinis or "right of blood."
Therefore, anyone with a parent who is a citizen or national of the Republic of the Philippines can
acquire Philippine citizenship. This is the primary method of acquiring citizenship. For those born in
the Philippines to non-Filipino parents, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000 (R.A. 9139)
provides a trail for administrative naturalization for those who qualify.
Issues Regarding Nationality and Statelessness
What are some issues concerning nationality and statelessness?
Right to a Nationality
 Every person has a right to a nationality.
 The right to a nationality is a fundamental human right. It is an individual’s right to acquire,
change, or retain his or her nationality. Thus, a country’s law cannot deprive a person the right
to gain a nationality, in case he or she loses it.
Statelessness
 People who does not have a nationality of any country are considered as stateless people.
 According to Article 1 of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons of
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), "a stateless person is
someone who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law."
 Most stateless people are considered "refugees" while others lose their nationality due to war,
conflict, or if their country is annexed by another country and loses its sovereignty.
Case Study: Statelessness in Sabah
Most Filipinos living in Sabah, Malaysia are considered "stateless." Thus, they are not
recognized as people with a nationality; they don't belong to any country or nation.

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Since Sabah is a contested territory between Malaysia and the Philippines, the people in Sabah
experience problems in securing their nationality. Filipinos from nearby Sulu and Tawi-tawi, even
those who were born in Sabah, were not recognized by the Malaysian government as Malaysians.
Worse, they are also denied of their Filipino nationality since they are not properly registered
in the Philippines. As a result, they do not enjoy the rights and privileges that citizens of both
countries enjoy.
This concern is also true in areas and territories under war and conflict.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) handles all issues regarding
refugees and stateless people. The role of UNHCR is to identify stateless people and protect their
rights, as well as to prevent statelessness from happening all over the world. They also aid stateless
people in acquiring new citizenship in other countries
Social, Political, and CulturalBehaviorand Phenomena
Social behavior and phenomena are broad and complicated sociological concepts. These
involve every event between at least two individuals and include all knowledge and experiences a
person acquires in the entirety of his lifetime.
Social phenomena are the individual, external, and social constructions that influence a
person’s life and development.
Political Behavior and Phenomena
In sociology, political behavior and phenomena include events through which authority,
governance, and public opinion are put into practice.
A political behavior of a person or a group may be influenced by their political views,
ideology, and levels of political participation. An obvious example of an act of political behavior is
the act of voting.
Political phenomena are not only limited to public office as this also include how institutions
like school, a church, or companies are running and governed.

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Cultural Behavior and Phenomena
Also known as bandwagon effect, a cultural behavior is that event when certain individuals
behave a certain way merely because other persons do as well.
Cultural phenomena happen when something or someone gains widespread popularity.
However, it is noteworthy that it is not the subject that is the cultural phenomena but rather a process
of becoming famous.
Interactions within Society
The social, political, and cultural behavior and phenomena in the society are results of the
interaction within society. People talk and share stories. People share ways of living among other
things. People do things together and work for the attainment of the common good and social order.
These behaviors, be they usual or not, are but a natural response to changes, and ideologies
developing within society as a result of constant interactions between members of society.
Social, Political, and CulturalChange
Social and Cultural Changes
Social change is the transformation of social institutions over time. Cultural change, on the
other hand, is the transformation of culture or the way people live.
Communication
 Communication is a vital human process. Through communication, people exchange
information and thoughts.
 Unlike in the older times, communication is made easier.

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 Nowadays, people can share information in just a click. New media – social networking,
texting (text messaging), through e-mail, and the likes – have defied time and distance.
 While it makes the world as if borderless, this form of communication may produce
individuals who lack the basic understanding of direct and personal connection.
Transnational Families
 A transnational family is where one parent, or in some cases both parents, lives and works in
another country while the children remain in their country of origin.
 While these families remain secured financially, its members are also exposed to its setbacks.
 Children who become overly unsupervised find themselves meeting up with peer pressure,
over independence, and lack of family orientation. These may result in alcohol or drug abuse,
unwanted pregnancy, mood swings, or early marriage.
Political Changes
Political change happens when the rulers of a country lose power or when the type of
governance in the country changes. Governance is the kind of system or ideology used to express
authority in a country. It may be a democracy, monarchy, oligarchy, and others.
Local Public Services
Local public services are provided by the government to people living within its jurisdiction,
either directly (through the public sector) or by financing provision of services.
Youth Volunteerism
Volunteerism is the use or involvement of a volunteer or free labor in community services.
Mechanisms of Changes
There are different mechanisms or tools of social and cultural changes.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the process through which the cultural traits of one society are borrowed,
transmitted, and adopted by another one and considered as its own.
Examples:
 Migration
 Globalization
Invention
Invention is the process whereby new cultural elements are created to solve social and
cultural problems.
Example: Internet
Discovery
Discovery is the process whereby we recognize or gain a better understanding of already
existing elements present in the environment.
Example: Scientific Research

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Changes within Society
Change is said to be constant. It is inevitable. It is expected to happen. No one can stop it. But
the big question is what makes it happen. Of course, there are many factors—social, political, or
cultural.
Along with time, people, environment, and ideologies change. People move in and move out.
People live and die. People's stories and experiences change. People make discoveries and
innovations.
Environment change as well—nature, water, earth, minerals, climate, seasons, sources of raw
materials, and energy.
New knowledge replaces the old ones. Slavery has been banned. Civil rights are granted to
those who were once deprived of it. Same-sex marriage is in its worldwide recognition. Everything
changes. Nothing is permanent but change, so they say.
And all these contribute significantly to changes people experience socially, politically, and
culturally.
The Study of Culture, Society, and Politics
Culture is the subject of Anthropology, society is for sociology, while politics is for political
science. These are disciplines of the social sciences.
The very goal of these disciplines is to prepare people for active and responsible civic engagement
through the development of critical thought. Exposure to these areas of discipline necessarily expose
its learners to the following:
 social diversity and inequality,
 self-reflective knowledge and practice,
 appreciation of complexity, and
 advocacy for social change and order.
Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans and their society in the past and present. Dealing with
what makes us human, anthropology delves in objects and materials we have created, our
interconnectedness and adaptability with environment, our lifestyle, our modes of communication,
and our understanding of the world around us.
Goals of Anthropology
 describe and analyze the biological evolution of mankind
 describe and assess the cultural development of our species
 describe, explain, and analyze the present-day human cultural similarities and differences
 describe and explain human biological diversity today
Political Science
Political science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government, and the
analysis of political activities and political behavior. Primarily, it helps people gain an understanding
on “who gets what, when they get it, and how they get it.”

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Political science helps us understand politics, political institutions and behavior, public policy, and
philosophical concepts, such as justice, equality, fairness, and liberty; and on how the said subject
matters affect economy, public and private life, law, and public services.
Goals of Political Science
 be immersed in current affairs
 build an understanding on the local, national, and international politics
 learn how political activities are organized in and out of our country
 provide substantially critical and scientific contribution to government and society
Sociology
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. This social sciences
discipline mainly focuses on society—its functions, its members, and its diversity.
Specifically, sociology tackles the basic unit of the society—the family; the functionality and relevance
of state as an important human institution; social issues on religion, crime, race, social class; and the
stability and instability of societies.
Goals of Sociology
 understand ourselves better
 build a better understanding of mankind
 help with decision-making, both our own and that of larger organizations
 gather systematic information from which to make a decision, provide insights into what is
going on in a situation, and present alternatives
Key Points

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 Cultural Variation. Refers to the differences in social behavior that different culture exhibit
around the world. What we considered good etiquette in one culture maybe considered bad
etiquette in another
 Social Differences. The differences among individuals on the basis of social characteristics and
qualities. Social differences are the complex differences that includes: Class, role, culture, age,
ability, sex etc... Social differences can create discrimination among individuals on the basis of
their social characteristic.
 Class
 Ethnicity and Race
 Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines
 Religion
 Philippines and its Religion
 Understanding Cultural Variation in the Form of Religion
 Issues Surrounding Differences in Religion
 Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Exceptionality/Non-Exceptionality)
 Exceptionality and the Exceptional People
 Cultural Variations and Social Differences (Nationality)
 Nation, Nationality, and Citizenship
 Social, Political, and Cultural Behavior and Phenomena
 Political Behavior and Phenomena
 Cultural Behavior and Phenomena
 Social, Political, and Cultural Change
 Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans and their society in the past and present.
 Political Science
 Political science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government, and the
analysis of political activities and political behavior. Primarily, it helps people gain an
understanding on “who gets what, when they get it, and how they get it.”
 Sociology
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. This social sciences
discipline mainly focuses on society—its functions, its members, and its diversity.
References
https://ucspsite.wordpress.com/page/
https://www.academia.edu/35873701/Cultural_Variations_and_Social_Differences_Socioeconomic_Class
Your Tests and Tasks!
UCSP module 1 Worksheet

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Name: Grade Level & Section:
Date: Score: Parent/Guardian’s Signature:
A. Modified True or False
Write TRUE on the blank if the underlined word in the sentence is true and write the correct answer
on the blank if it is false.
1. Cultural Differences refers to the differences in social behavior that different culture exhibit
around the world. __________
2. The differences among individuals on the basis of social characteristics and qualities is called
social capacity. __________
3. Ethnicity refers to a group of people, also called ethnic group, who have a common or shared
culture, language, history, religion, and tradition.
4. A group of people who share the same physical attributes, such as skin color, height, and facial
features is called gender. __________
5. Religion can be defined as a set of practices and behaviors that relate to a group of people's
belief in a God or a group of gods. Sociologists studying religion consider it a part of society's
culture. __________
6. A person’s instinctive membership to a specific nation or country that can be acquired by an
individual from the country where he/she was born (jus soli) is called citizenship. __________
7. Nationality is a person’s legal and political status in a city or state, which means that an
individual has been registered with the government in some country. __________
8. Social change and political change are broad and complicated sociological concepts.
__________
9. Political behavior of a person or a group may be influenced by their political views, ideology,
and levels of political participation. __________
10. Social behavior is the transformation of social institutions over time. __________
11. Political dynasty happens when the rulers of a country lose power or when the type of
governance in the country changes. __________
12. Heroism is the use or involvement of a volunteer or free labor in community services.
__________
13. Change is said to be constant. It is inevitable. It is expected to happen. No one can stop it. But
the big question is what makes it happen. __________
14. Philosophy is the study of humans and their society in the past and present. __________
15. Geology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. __________
B. Define the following words.
1. Ethnocentricism

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2. Nation
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3. Political Behavior
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4. Cultural Phenomena
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5. Transnational Family
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C. Reflection.
If you want to see change in your community, what do you think are the necessary steps that
you need to do in order to start or create change?

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