This document discusses various ways that humans vary, including: - Cultural variations that arise from differing environmental and historical experiences. - Social differences in nationality, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic class, political identity, and religion. - The concepts of ethnocentrism and xenocentrism, and how cultural relativism can promote tolerance of differences. - How the concept of race has been used to classify humans but is problematic due to blurred categories and associations with discrimination. - Humans exhibit biological and cultural differences as products of their knowledge systems and environments, so a cultural relativist approach is important.

1. Human Variation

2. What makes us Unique?

3. Environment History

4. History
• Through constant practice, these sets of behavior form human
tradition, this traditions are passed from one generation to the other.

5. Environment
• as each human groups experience differing environmental conditions,
cultural variations are established.
• Example: Alaskan Eskimos have different clothing and culture
compared to the Maasais people of Kenya.
• Igorot from the highlands have different clothes from people in
lowlands

6. Quick Activity.
Form a group by row. For 10 minutes, share with one another the
following information.
1. Your parents cultural backgrund. (Ilokano, Visayan, Kapampangan)
2. The language and dialects you speak (house and going outside)
3. Your Nationality.
After the discussion, summarize your similarities and differences.

7. Cultural Differences

8. Nationality
• Nationality is a legal
identification of a person in
international law, establishing
the person as a subject, a
national, of a sovereign state.
• It affords the state jurisdiction
over the person and affords
the person the protection of
the state against other states.

9. How to be a Peenoise?
3 Steps to become a Pinoy.

10. Jus Soli/by Land

11. Jus Sanguinis/by Blood

12. Naturalization

13. Ethnicity
• Within a nation are smaller cultural groups that
share specific environments, traditions, and
histories.
• The fact or state of belonging to a social group
that has a common national or cultural
tradition.
• An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of
people who identify with each other on the
basis of shared attributes that distinguish them
from other groups such as a common set of
traditions, ancestry, language, history, society,
culture, nation, religion, or social treatment
within their residing area.

14. Social Differences
Apart from varying cultural backgrounds and ethnicity, human
population also experience social differences, which include:
1. Gender
2. Socioeconomic class
3. Political Identity and
4. Religion

15. Gender and Sex
What is the diffrence between Gender
and Sex?

16. Gender
• According to the World Health Organization, gender “refers to the
socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a
given society considers appropriate for men and women.”
• Sex refers to the biological characteristic of humans such as male or
female.
• In some societies, gender becomes a basis of one’s identity as social
norms allow for their acceptance or neglect by the majority of
population.
• In cases of neglect, they create their own communities where they
can articulate their thoughts and aspirations.

17. There are several types of gender based
on person’s orientation.

18. Heterosexual
Attracted to a
Person of the
opposite Sex.

19. Homosexual
Attracted
to the
same Sex

20. LGBTQ
• Lesbian – woman who is romantically attracted to another woman
• Gay – men attracted to men
• Bisexual – attracted to two gender
• Transgender – psychological self differs from the social expectation
for the physical self
• Queer – attracted to multiple genders
Nowadays, many people are raising awareness for equal rights,
especially amongst the LGBTQ community.

21. • What are the most common misconception that people have
regarding people they consider as sexually different?

22. Socio Economic Status

23. Socio Economic Status
• The Concept of socioeconomic class varies between societies as the
ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the collective
experience of individuals.
• Filipinos who are from a developing countries would perceive poverty
differently from countries that are developed/industrialized.
• People falling from social class are bound to experience life differently
in their daily lives. the typical determinants of one’s social status
include income, value of assets and savings, cultural interest and
hobbies, and the economic status of parents.

24. Social Class around the World
• The British have their 3 class system: Upper, Middle, and Working
classes.
• Indian have their Caste System: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas,
Shudras, and Dalits.
• The world uses the 7 class system: Elite, Established middle class,
Technical middle class, New affluent workers, traditional working
class, emergent service workers, and the precariat.
• Filipinos describe their class system as: Mahirap, medyo mayaman,
sakto lang, and mayaman.

25. Saan ang bahay ng Kano at Pinoy?

27. Top 5 richest in Japan
1. Tadashi Yanai – US$24.9 billion
2. Masayoshi Son – $24 billion
3. Takemitsu Takizaki – $18.6 billion
4. Nobutada Saji – $10.8 billion
5. Hiroshi Mikitani – $6 billion

28. Richest in the World

29. • As Filipinos, do people from the city have more comfortable
lifestyle than people from the province?

30. Political Identity
• refers to the set of attitudes and
practices that an individual
adheres to in relation to the
political system and actors within
his/her society.

31. Political Identity
• Political parties in the Philippines such as
ang Ladlad negotiates for the welfare of
the LGBTQ. The Kabataan partylist
promotes youth empowerment. This
political parties are just some of the
examples of how sectors in our society
use their identities as political vehicles to
negotiates their needs.
• Religion can also offer Political identity
to its followers. Some religion promote
black voting and some religion can alter
some bill like the RH bill

32. Political Identity
• In a more negative context, an individual
can acquire political identity by
subscribing to a political belief that can
affect his/her lifestyle.
• in a more positive outlook, he/she can
discover political ideology that can
change his perspective on certain things.

33. • Why do you think Filipinos still elect Politicians that have court cases?
• Are you contented with our current administration? what are your
“what ifs” during, and after the election?

34. Religion
• The belief in the supernatural has been
one of the universal preoccupations of
humans as nearly as 60,000 years ago.
The earliest form of religion revolved
around making sense of natural
occurences such as extreme weather
conditions, natural and man made
calamities, sickness and even death.

35. Religion today
• Religion today has evolved to promote far more complex forms of
understanding human nature, the afterlife, and natural events. Some
are monotheistic (believing in one God), and the other one is
polytheistic (believe in the existence of multiple Gods).
• Some religion have Gods arranged in hierarchy, while others are with
Gods that equally coexist. what must be noted is that religion is a
mirror of society that affiliates with it.

36. Monotheistic

37. Polytheism

39. • Why do you think people fight for their religion?
• What are your thoughts regarding the Jewish-Palestenian conflict?

40. Exceptionality

41. Exceptionality
• Some individuals do not conform to behavioral or cognitive norms,
not because they intend to deviate from such, but because they are
exceptional.
• The concept of this can be understood in a spectrum of capabilities,
wherein you have geniuses in one extreme and you have disabled and
challenged in other extreme.
• Issues like this can range from having fewer employment
opportunities due to physically disabled to not reaching one’s full
due to lack of advanced mechanism to support and exceptional
talent.

42. Cultural Variation
•Promotes diversity
that could
sometimes lead to
discrimination or
ostracism.

43. Ethnocentrism and Xenocentrism

44. Ethnocentrism

45. Xenocentrism

46. Ethnocentrism
• a perspective that promotes that promotes an individual’s culture as
the most efficient and superior; hence, theindividual who exhibits this
feels that his/her culture is the most appropriate as compared with
other cultures.

47. Xenocentrism
• the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and
societies, such as how they lived and what they eat, rather than of
one’s social way of life.

48. • When face with Ethnocentrism and Xenocentrism, you may adapt the
conceptual tool of cultural relativism.
• Cultural relativism - promotes the perspective that cultures
understood in the context of their locality. using this perspective
makes you tolerant of the differeng attitudes and practices of others.
• Ferraro and Andretta advocate that to build emotional resilience we
must understand that other culture or action do not necessarily mean
to offend, but that their actions are guided by their own cultural
norm.

49. Race
• Another problematic form of
classification for human groups
is race.
• From the 17th to the early 19th
century, the term race was used
as a form of human
classification that was based on
observable human traits and
characteristics.

50. Early categories of race
•Caucasoid
•Australoid
•Mongoloid
•Negroid

51. Category of Race
• These categories merely reflect the differences in skin, color, size of
skull, height, body frame, and other physical characteristics.
• The clear delineation among these categories is blurred by the
constant intermarriages among people of various ethnic origins
producing offspring who possess mixed traits of the parents.
Examples are individual who have white parents and filipina mother
are sometimes called mestizo/mestiza.
• Due to social context associated with racial groups, discrimination
was further exacerbated. In countries that practice slavery of African
populations, racial discrimination against individuals of african
descent by colonizers became a highly observable phenomenon.

52. All humans belong to the same species but exhibit differences in terms
of their behavior. these differences are a product of the knowledge
system that they subscribe to. These re affected by various factors such
as environment, technology, and global movements. As such, we must
adhere to a cultural relativist approach, which allows for a more
accepting predisposition of the biological and cultural differences of
humans. Doing so allows for a greater sense of emotional resilience as
you encounter cross-cultural miscues.

53. Group Assignment
One of the lasting issues that multicultural countries face is racism.
Choose one of the issue below and explain what cause the racism,
what are the measurement done by their government to lessen this
issue, why is it still a prevalent issue around their country, and how
does this affect you as a student?
1. Israel and Palestinian
2. African-American living in the USA
3. Mexicans and the Americans
4. China and the Uygurs
5. Japanese and Foreigners