The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
Radial Nerve is very important topic for first year MBBS Students and as well as for day today clinical practice. This slide gives you full course & relations with clear diagrams as well as applied anatomy with clinical Co-relation.
This lecture give us an understanding about the pathway of the peripheral nerves that emerges from the brachial and cervical plexus. I also discuss about the motor and cutaneous innervation from these nerves and also some condition relate to peripheral nerve injury.
The sciatic nerve is the longest and largest nerve in the human body. It runs from the lower back through the back of the leg, and down to the toes. Any type of pain and/or neurological symptoms that are felt along the sciatic nerve is referred to as sciatica.
Radial Nerve is very important topic for first year MBBS Students and as well as for day today clinical practice. This slide gives you full course & relations with clear diagrams as well as applied anatomy with clinical Co-relation.
This lecture give us an understanding about the pathway of the peripheral nerves that emerges from the brachial and cervical plexus. I also discuss about the motor and cutaneous innervation from these nerves and also some condition relate to peripheral nerve injury.
1.Anatomy
a.Course
b.Motor distribution
c.Sensory distribution
2.Common sites affected
3.Level of median nerve injury
4.Clinical feature with various test performed
5.Various syndromes related to median nerve
6.Treatment
7.Summary
Enucleation and evisceration. ophthalmology
contains the two methods of eye ball removal, with indications, surgery, complications, treatment, etc
its has animated clips and picture
wonderful slide i have prepaired
can be used for clinical as well as educational purpose
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. Anatomy
• Ulnar Nerve is one of the terminal branches of brachial
plexus.
• It is the continuation of medial cord of brachial plexus which
arises from the anterior division of the lower trunk.
• The fibers of ulnar nerve arise from the eight cervical and first
thoracic nerve, so the root value of ulnar nerve is C8 andT1.
These (C8,T1) coordinate to form the lower trunk of brachial
plexus.
4. Origin of the Ulnar Nerve
• The ulnar nerve originates from the C8-T1 nerve roots
(and occasionally carries C7 fibres) which form part of the
medial cord of the brachial plexus.
6. In the Axilla
• It descends on the medial side of the 3rd part of axillary
artery between it and axillary vein.
7. In the Arm
• It descends on the medial
side of brachial artery down
to the insertion of
coracobrachialis muscle,
Pierces the medial
intermuscular septum at the
arcade of Struthers ~ 8cm
from medial epicondyle and
lies with triceps.Travels on
back of medial epicondyle.
8.
9. At the Elbow
• It reaches the back of
med.epicondyle to enter the
forearm between 2 heads of
flexor carpi ulnaris and here it is
accompanied by branch of ulnar
collateral arteries.
10. In the Forearm
• After passing between 2 heads of flexor
carpi ulnaris, it descends vertically
infront of med. side of flexor digitorm
profunds covered by the flexor carpi
ulnaris.
11.
12. In the Hand
• It enters the palm of the hand by passing in front of med.
part of flexor retinaculum between pisiform(medially)
and the ulnar artery(laterally)& finally ends by dividing
into superficial and deep branches.
15. At the Elbow
• The nerve gives branches to the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and
the medial half of the Flexor digitorum profundus.
16. In the Forearm
• The Ulnar Nerve divides into Dorsal and palmar
cutaneous branches.
17. • The Palmar cutaneous branch of
the Ulnar Nerve provides
sensation to the palm of the
hand.
• The Finger sensation is provided
by the superficial branch.
18. • The Dorsal cutaneous branch of
the Ulnar Nerve gives innervation
to the medial dorsal aspect of the
hand and the one and a Half
Fingers.
19. In the hand
• The Nerve further divides into superficial and deep
branches.
20. • The superficial branch of the Ulnar nerve divides into
Palmer digital nerves after it passes under and supplies
the Palmaris brevis muscle.
21. • The Deep branch of the Ulnar nerve innervates the three
hypothenar muscles , the medial two lumbricals , the
seven interossei , the adductor pollicis and the deep head
of flexor pollicis brevis.
23. • The ulnar nerve is responsible for the pain, or 'funny bone', sensation
that occurs if the elbow bone is suddenly struck.
• Continual pressure on the elbow or inner forearm may cause
damage. Injury can also occur from elbow fractures or dislocations.
• Damage to the ulnar nerve causes problems with sensation and
mobility in the wrist and the hand.
• In a patient with ulnar nerve damage, some of the fingers may
become locked into a flexed position.This is sometimes nicknamed
"claw hand.
• "Wrist movement is also often observed to be weaker with damaged
ulnar nerves.
24. Ulnar Nerve Entrapment
• The Ulnar Nerve can
become pinched in
different locations .
• 1-Thoracic outlet syndrome
.
• 2-cubital tunnel syndrome .
• 3-UlnarTunnel syndrome .
25. Common sites of ulnar nerve injury
The ulnar nerve is most commonly injured
• At the elbow, where it lies behind the medial epicondyle.
The injuries at the elbow are usually associated with
fractures of the medial epicondyle.
• At the wrist, where it lies with the ulnar artery in front of
the flexor retinaculum.The superficial position of the
nerve at the wrist makes it vulnerable to damage from
cuts and stab wounds.
26. Ulnar Nerve injuries at elbow
CubitalTunnel Syndrome
• Causes of Ulnar Nerve entrapment around the cubital tunnel :
1.CubitusValgus :
Deformity in which the elbow is turned outward
2.Spur :
A spur on the Medial Epicondyle
27. Clinical Features
Motor:
• The flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor
digitorum profundus muscles are paralyzed.
• The paralysis of the flexor carpi ulnaris can be observed by
asking the patient to make a tightly clenched fist.
• Normally, the synergistic action of the flexor carpi ulnaris
tendon can be observed as it passes to the pisiform bone; the
tightening of the tendon will be absent if the muscle is
paralyzed.
28. • The profundus tendons to the ring and little fingers will
be functionless,
• Flexion of the wrist joint will result in abduction, owing to
paralysis of the flexor carpi ulnaris.
• The medial border of the front of the forearm will show
flattening owing to the wasting of the underlying ulnaris
and profundus muscles.
• The small muscles of the hand will be paralyzed, except
the muscles of the thenar eminence and the first two
lumbricals, which are supplied by the median nerve.
29. • The patient is unable to adduct and abduct the fingers
and consequently is unable to grip a piece of paper placed
between the fingers.
• It is impossible to adduct the thumb because the
adductor pollicis muscle is paralyzed.
• If the patient is asked to grip a piece of paper between
the thumb and the index finger, he or she does so by
strongly contracting the flexor pollicis longus and flexing
the terminal phalanx (Froment's sign).
31. • The metacarpophalangeal joints become hyperextended
because of the paralysis of the lumbrical and interosseous
muscles, which normally flex these joints.
• The interphalangeal joints are flexed, owing again to the
paralysis of the lumbrical and interosseous muscles,
which normally extend these joints through the extensor
expansion.
32. • The flexion deformity at the interphalangeal joints of the
fourth and fifth fingers is obvious because the first and second
lumbrical muscles of the index and middle fingers are not
paralyzed.
• In long-standing cases the hand assumes the characteristic
claw deformity
• Wasting of the paralyzed muscles results in flattening of the
hypothenar eminence and loss of the convex curve to the
medial border of the hand.
• Examination of the dorsum of the hand will show hollowing
between the metacarpal bones caused by wasting of the dorsal
interosseous muscles.
33. Sensory:
• Loss of skin sensation will be observed
over the anterior and posterior surfaces
of the medial third of the hand and the
medial one and a half fingers.
34. Vasomotor Changes:
• The skin areas involved in sensory loss are warmer and
drier than normal because of the arteriolar dilatation and
absence of sweating resulting from loss of sympathetic
control
35. Ulnar Nerve injuries at wrist
Guyon’s Canal Syndrome
• Sometimes called Guyon's
tunnel syndrome
• Is a common nerve compression
affecting the ulnar nerve as it
passes through a tunnel in the
wrist called Guyon's canal.
36. • Flexor carpi ulnaris:
• Abductor digiti minimi:
• Egawa'sTest (a)
• CardTest (b)
• Adductor pollicis: book test