Quoting paraphrasing and summarising

1. Reviewquoting, paraphrasing and
summarizing and using reporting verbs
Discussidentifying different ‘voices’

2. All information from other sources used
whether in the form of quotes, paraphrases or
summary points must be acknowledged.
In-text citation + reference list

3.  What is the difference?
 Can you spot the difference in the writing of
others?

4.  • Why do we use quotes?
 Effective if used selectively but do not use it
too often.
 • Is it necessary to use the actual words?
 YES
 • How do I add a quote?

5.  Since 2003, the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air
New Zealand have faced competition on most of
the trans-Tasman routes from one or both of the
new entrants. In September of that year the large
international airline Emirates took up what are
called ‘fifth freedom rights’ to operate on four
routes; three between Auckland and the major
Eastern seaboard Australian cities, and one
between Christchurch and Melbourne (later
Changed to Christchurch – Sydney).

 Source text:
 Hazledine, T 2008, 'Competition and competition
policy in the trans-Tasman Air Travel Market',
Australian Economic Review, vol. 41, no. 4, pp.
337-348. (Harvard referencing style)

6.  Hazeldine (2008) states that “Since 2003, the
‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air New Zealand
have faced competition on most of the trans-
Tasman routes from one or both of the new
entrants” (p. 337).
 (A short quote can be a sentence or a
segment of a sentence.)

7.  The research investigated the effects of recent
changes to the international airline industry as an
example of completion policy. In noting recent major
changes Hazeldine (2003) stated that:
◦ Since 2003, the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air New
Zealand have faced competition on most of the trans-
Tasman routes from one or both of the new entrants. In
September of that year the large international airline
Emirates took up what are called ‘fifth freedom rights’ to
operate on four routes; three between Auckland and the
major Eastern seaboard Australian cities, and one between
Christchurch and Melbourne (later Changed to Christchurch
– Sydney) (p.337).
 Discussion: Is it appropriate to present this
information as a short or long quote?

8.  Let’s look back and see how it was done

9. Smith (2004, p45) states that critical thinking
is “the most important skill that students
develop in tertiary study”.
The exact words of the source
Should be used for emphasis

10. Keeping core terminology but changing every day words
 (use synonyms e.g., concept → idea
 change verbs to nouns, e.g., develop → development
 change nouns to adjectives, e.g., motivation → motivated
 Change the order of information
 Change the sentence structure
Paraphrases are used for short sections e.g., 2-3
sentences.

11.  Since 2003, the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and Air
New Zealand have faced competition on most of
the trans-Tasman routes from one or both of the
new entrants. In September of that year the large
international airline Emirates took up what are
called ‘fifth freedom rights’ to operate on four
routes; three between Auckland and the major
Eastern seaboard Australian cities, and one
between Christchurch and Melbourne (later
changed to Christchurch – Sydney) (Hazeldine,
2003, p. 337).

12.  Hazeldine (2003) claims that Qantas and Air New
Zealand, known as the ‘legacy carriers’ have
faced competition on the majority of the trans-
Tasman routes from some of the more recently
established airlines ever since 2003. For
example, Emirates, who are one of the bigger
global companies exercised ‘fifth freedom rights’
to offer flights on four routes in September 2003.
These included one linking Melbourne and
Christchurch which was later changed to
Christchurch – Sydney and also three routes
between all the important East coast Australian
cities and Auckland (p. 337).

13. Smith (2004) believes that the development
of critical thinking skills is of central
importance to all university students
Author prominence
Most common
Written in your style

14.  Summarising can be done by:
 • Identifying all the main ideas but
eliminating details.
 • Restructuring the passage to highlight the
main points in your own words.
 • Clarifying any links or relationships
needed.
 • Establishing a link between your argument
or claim, and the summary given.

15. Since 2003, the ‘legacy carriers’ Qantas and
Air New Zealand have faced competition on most
of the trans-Tasman routes from one or both of
the new entrants. In September of that year the
large international airline Emirates took up what
are called ‘fifth freedom rights’ to operate on four
routes; three between Auckland and the major
Eastern seaboard Australian cities, and one
between Christchurch and Melbourne (later
changed to Christchurch – Sydney) (Hazeldine,
2003, p. 337).

16.  Since 2003 the ‘legacy carriers’ have faced
local competition from newer airlines. For
example, Emirates, fly Melbourne to Sydney
and three routes between the Australian East
coast and Auckland (Hazeldine, 2003).

17. Many researchers have concluded that critical
thinking skills are extremely important for all
university students (Smith 2004; Jones 2005).
Information/research prominence
Written in your style

18.  1. Direct voice direct quotation
 2. Indirect voice author-‐prominent
paraphrase or summary
 3. External voice information-‐prominent
paraphrase or summary
 4. Own voice your own ideas (not from
outside sources, no in-‐text
citation needed)

19.  Text A: A significant increase in the number
of people losing their homes since the great
financial crisis (GFC) has alarmed leading
community support agencies who have called
on the government to prioritise spending
initiatives and implement action as a matter
of urgency (Costello, 2010; Red Cross, 2010;
Langton & Dodson, 2011).

20.  making a general point / setting out
established information from an authority.
 For example, data from an institutions such
as the ABS / CSIRO.
demonstrating the information (either fact or
opinion) is widely known or established by
citing one or several sources.

21.  Text B: We can gain access to different kinds
of information in today’s world. However, not
all the information is reliable for academic
writing. Brick (2012) suggested five reliability
tests to evaluate academic sources. They
include an assessment of the authority,
audience, transparency, objectivity and
currency of the text.

22.  • acknowledging that ideas and information
have been taken from a source and it is
presented in the form of a paraphrase or as a
summary
 • the source is significant such as a recognized
authority e.g., influential researchers in a
discipline such as Halliday on grammar, Flannary
on climate change, an agency or institution
(UNESCO, WHO, OECD, Macquarie University).

23.  Text C: Kieseker and Marchant (1999) defined
workplace bullying as ‘an abuse of coercive
power by either individuals in the internal
workplace or external clients’ (p. 63). As no
clear definition of this term has been
provided elsewhere in the literature, their
definition will be used in this essay.

24.  • It is essential to express your own
thinking based on the reading and research
you have conducted.
 • The sources you incorporate into your text
are used to support your argument and
claims made in response to the assigned
task.

26.  investigate, study, observe, find, examine
 e.g., Smith (1999) investigated the causes of
water pollution.
 e.g., Jones (2010) studied the effects of cyber
bullying on the emotional development of
teenagers.

27.  conclude, point out, suggest, argue, show,
state, propose, describe
 Eg; Brown (2009) points out that there are
four stages in the process of adaptation to a
new culture.
 Eg; Preston (1999) argues that the effects of
cultural shock can be minimised by adequate
support provided to expatriates during the
settling-in period.

28.  contend, assume, assert
 Eg; The author assumes that tax refunds will
lead to an increase in consumer spending.
 Eg; Brown (2011) contends that privatisation
of water supplies will improve the
management of water resources.

29.  1. Describe
 2. Claim
 3. Argue
 4. Reject
 5. Outline
 6. Assume
 7. Discuss

30.  .
 a. The World Bank states that privatisation of water
supplies will reduce corruption and mismanagement.



 b. The World Bank assumes that privatisation
of water supplies will reduce corruption and
mismanagement.



 c. The World Bank argues that privatisation of water
supplies will reduce corruption and mismanagement.

31.  Compare the use of tenses in these sentences.
Discuss how you can indicate your attitude by
using tenses.
 a. Traditional behaviourists believe that language
learning is the result of imitation, practice,
feedback on success, and habit formation.
 b. Traditional behaviourists believed that
language learning is the result of imitation,
practice, feedback on success, and habit
formation.

32. Academic writing requires you to use
authoritative sources. Your role is to use
sources to support your ideas - but you must
make clear what is your voice and what is the
voice of others
Doing this well enhances your writing and
helps you to avoid plagiarism

33. professions.learningcentre@adelaide.edu.au

 Brick, J. (2012). Academic culture: A student’s
guide to studying
 at university. Sydney: National Centre for
English Language
 Teaching and Research, Macquarie University.