Unique Device Identification —aka UDI— is about more than barcodes and regulatory red tape. This global system for identifying medical devices is a chance to radically improve the quality of life for patients, providers, and producers of medical devices. However, implementing UDI into your product lifecycle means navigating differing requirements in both the United States and the European Union. If you’re looking to go global, we’ve brought together three industry leaders on the subject to make sure you know the difference.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Global MedTech Regulatory Trends Virtual Summit.
Implementing a Global Unique Device Identification (UDI) Solution: Regional U...Greenlight Guru
UDI data requirement experts Gary Saner and John Lorenc of Reed Tech will discuss best practices for UDI preparations and the future potential impacts to medical device manufacturers as global health authorities publish mandates.
This session will give suggested best practices concerning EU EUDAMED preparation, what we have learned via testing and a Q&A session. Bring your specific questions concerning medical device registration scenarios, data elements and requirements. The speakers will review and provide clarity on currently posted guidance and answer your questions concerning EUDAMED and other health authority timelines.
This presentation originally aired during the 2021 State of Medical Device Virtual Summit.
Implementing a Global Unique Device Identification (UDI) Solution: Regional U...Greenlight Guru
UDI data requirement experts Gary Saner and John Lorenc of Reed Tech will discuss best practices for UDI preparations and the future potential impacts to medical device manufacturers as global health authorities publish mandates.
This session will give suggested best practices concerning EU EUDAMED preparation, what we have learned via testing and a Q&A session. Bring your specific questions concerning medical device registration scenarios, data elements and requirements. The speakers will review and provide clarity on currently posted guidance and answer your questions concerning EUDAMED and other health authority timelines.
This presentation originally aired during the 2021 State of Medical Device Virtual Summit.
EU Medical Device Regulatory Framework_Dec, 2022Levi Shapiro
Overview of the EU medical technology and digital health regulatory framework by Ulf Grundmann and Elisabeth Kohoutek of King & Spalding LLP. Topics include regulatory scope and definitions, classification and conformity assessment, placing a device on the EU Market, UDI and EUDAMED, Supply Chain Obligations, PMS and Vigilance. MDR covers diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, prediction, prognosis, treatment, or alleviation of a disease. ‘Medical Devices’ means any instrument, apparatus, appliance, software, implant, reagent, material or other article intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in combination, for human beings. The Regulation covers all devices for cleaning, sterilizing or disinfecting other medical devices, reprocessed single-use medical devices, and certain devices with no intended medical purpose.
Presentation at the Center for Professional Advancement (CFPA) Course on Generic Drug Approval, August 2013. New Brunswick, NJ., with a focus on the patent provisions of the 1984 Hatch-Waxman Act
How to Prepare for the New EU Medical Device Regulations (MDR)Greenlight Guru
The new MDR is expected to be formally published in late 2016 or early 2017, and there will be a three-year transition period to be compliant.
Many forward thinking medical device companies are already developing their plans for compliance now to gain strategic advantages over their competitors.
In this presentation you will learn:
-Why the European regulations are changing
-An overview of the text being voted on
-What does the new regulation mean for manufactures
-Examine the risk based approach to classification
-Strategy for technical documentation preparation
-Changes to clinical evidence for devices
-Post market surveillance and vigilance for medical devices
-What you can do to start preparing now
-What are all the significant changes
You can watch the recording of this presentation here: https://www.greenlight.guru/webinar/eu-medical-device-regulations-mdr
Product lifecycle management: process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal.
Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) - IMDRF Definition and Categorisationpi
Following the growing importance of technology in healthcare, Medical Devices have begun to play an increasingly important role in the further development of the life sciences landscape.
One of its more remarkable and fastest growing segments goes under the name Software as a Medical Device. This presentation zooms in on the definition and categorisation, as used by the International Medical Device Regulators Forum.
What is a Variation…?
Variation regulations and guidelines
Types of variations
Type-IA
Type-IB
Type-II
Extension
Unforeseen variations (Z category)
Grouping of variations
Work sharing of variations
Fee
eAF
Renewals
Unique Device Identification: Manufacturer, Hospital and Global ImplicationsApril Bright
Unique device identification (UDI) is gaining global adoption. Now is the time for companies to take a step back and ask: Is my UDI framework scaleable? UDI experts answered questions on the U.S. regulation and provided perspective on ways that device manufacturers can implement a working system—including data management—that can scale with product development and UDI compliance needs. Attendees gained an understanding of new global regulations and practical, implementable advice for compliance.
Almost after a year-long delay EUDAMED is finally here and has launched its first of its six modules in December 2020. Recently, the EU Commission posted a guidance document explaining how to manage the registration of legacy devices in the released EUDAMED module...
EU Medical Device Regulatory Framework_Dec, 2022Levi Shapiro
Overview of the EU medical technology and digital health regulatory framework by Ulf Grundmann and Elisabeth Kohoutek of King & Spalding LLP. Topics include regulatory scope and definitions, classification and conformity assessment, placing a device on the EU Market, UDI and EUDAMED, Supply Chain Obligations, PMS and Vigilance. MDR covers diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, prediction, prognosis, treatment, or alleviation of a disease. ‘Medical Devices’ means any instrument, apparatus, appliance, software, implant, reagent, material or other article intended by the manufacturer to be used, alone or in combination, for human beings. The Regulation covers all devices for cleaning, sterilizing or disinfecting other medical devices, reprocessed single-use medical devices, and certain devices with no intended medical purpose.
Presentation at the Center for Professional Advancement (CFPA) Course on Generic Drug Approval, August 2013. New Brunswick, NJ., with a focus on the patent provisions of the 1984 Hatch-Waxman Act
How to Prepare for the New EU Medical Device Regulations (MDR)Greenlight Guru
The new MDR is expected to be formally published in late 2016 or early 2017, and there will be a three-year transition period to be compliant.
Many forward thinking medical device companies are already developing their plans for compliance now to gain strategic advantages over their competitors.
In this presentation you will learn:
-Why the European regulations are changing
-An overview of the text being voted on
-What does the new regulation mean for manufactures
-Examine the risk based approach to classification
-Strategy for technical documentation preparation
-Changes to clinical evidence for devices
-Post market surveillance and vigilance for medical devices
-What you can do to start preparing now
-What are all the significant changes
You can watch the recording of this presentation here: https://www.greenlight.guru/webinar/eu-medical-device-regulations-mdr
Product lifecycle management: process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal.
Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) - IMDRF Definition and Categorisationpi
Following the growing importance of technology in healthcare, Medical Devices have begun to play an increasingly important role in the further development of the life sciences landscape.
One of its more remarkable and fastest growing segments goes under the name Software as a Medical Device. This presentation zooms in on the definition and categorisation, as used by the International Medical Device Regulators Forum.
What is a Variation…?
Variation regulations and guidelines
Types of variations
Type-IA
Type-IB
Type-II
Extension
Unforeseen variations (Z category)
Grouping of variations
Work sharing of variations
Fee
eAF
Renewals
Unique Device Identification: Manufacturer, Hospital and Global ImplicationsApril Bright
Unique device identification (UDI) is gaining global adoption. Now is the time for companies to take a step back and ask: Is my UDI framework scaleable? UDI experts answered questions on the U.S. regulation and provided perspective on ways that device manufacturers can implement a working system—including data management—that can scale with product development and UDI compliance needs. Attendees gained an understanding of new global regulations and practical, implementable advice for compliance.
Almost after a year-long delay EUDAMED is finally here and has launched its first of its six modules in December 2020. Recently, the EU Commission posted a guidance document explaining how to manage the registration of legacy devices in the released EUDAMED module...
The UDI system was created, developed and maintained by the device manufacturer based on global device identification standards. Today, it also helps with procurement and reimbursement. The Regulations allow for random inspections of producers’ facilities after devices have been placed on the market.
The UDI Rule requires a device to bear a UDI on its label and packages. Special labeling requirements apply to standalone software regulated as a device. The UDI Rule also requires that data pertaining to the key characteristics of each device required to bear a UDI be submitted to FDA’s GUDID...
The Unique Device Identification System for Class I and Unclassified DevicesEMMAIntl
In September 2013, FDA published a final rule establishing a Unique Device Identification (UDI) system to identify devices through distribution and use. At this time, requirements have already been phased in for Class II and Class III devices. Manufacturers for Class I/unclassified devices still have time to comply with the UDI system...
FREYR UDI VISION SERIES SESSION 1 - UDI READINESSFreyr Solutions
Very few device manufacturers have experienced the impact and challenges faced during UDI compliance. A very crucial aspect being aware and assessing the level of UDI readiness, implementation of appropriate standards, feasible technologies and ultimately achieving UDI compliance is a major task.
If you are selling medical devices in the US, your devices are subject to new regulatory requirements under the FDA Unique Device Identification (UDI) rule.
UL experts have been actively working with customers with gap assessments, project planning and more to support compliance with these requirements. In this webinar, Ms. Linda Chatwin, RAC will be sharing some of our key learnings.
UL offers a full suite of services to support compliance with FDA's UDI Rule.
For more information, please contact us and request a sell sheet at Medical.Inquiry@ul.com, visit our UDI webpage or speak directly with one of our experts at 1-877-854-3577 or +91 804 138 4434
http://industries.ul.com/blog/us-fda-unique-device-identification-udi-implementation-deadline-in-place-for-medical-devices
UDI: What & How within the overall Medical Device value chainnancykathlen
Free Webinar on Unique Device Identification (UDI): What & How within overall Medical Device Value Chain June 18th 2015. This webinar provides insights into various aspects of UDI, discuss the operational aspects of implementing and integrating UDI within the overall Medical Device value chain.
The Medical Device Manufacturer's Quick Reference Guide to UDIBlytheco
Medical device manufacturing companies and the healthcare industry in general have been struggling with medical device tracking and recalls for a number of years. Over the last decade, medical device recalls have doubled.
As a result, the FDA has introduced requirements for Unique Device Identification (UDI). Are you up to speed on the requirements and deadlines? See our infographic for a quick reference tool.
The Medical Device Manufacturer's Quick Reference Guide to UDIKathy McCoy, MBA
Medical device manufacturing companies and the healthcare industry in general have been struggling with medical device tracking and recalls for a number of years. Over the last decade, medical device recalls have doubled.
As a result, the FDA has introduced requirements for Unique Device Identification (UDI). Are you up to speed on the requirements and deadlines? See our infographic for a quick reference tool.
This presentation will provide a comprehensive knowledge on current UDI labeling standards and how medical device companies can implement the best practices to assure compliance.
EU MDR Preparation: Seize the Market Opportunity and Avoid the BottleneckApril Bright
The new EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR) is the single largest change to medical device regulations in Europe since the 1993 introduction of CE Marking. As grandfathering of existing products is not permitted, the new regulations affect all medical devices sold throughout Europe. There is a temptation for medical device companies to think that the transition arrangements through 1Q20 under MDR leave a considerable amount of time to ensure compliance. Research predicts that companies that do not address MDR early will suffer from potential bottlenecks among Notified Bodies for certification completion and capacity shortages by compliance professionals in the preparatory process. If you have not started to plan for the transition, now is the time to act. This presentation will take you through the main regulation changes and outline key requirements affecting manufacturers moving forward.
The Saudi market has recently seen the introduction of new home-grown brands (Braira, Narcissus) and concepts as well as lifestyle hotels (aloft hotel, Riyadh) which were started in 2016. In 2011, there were only 800 economy hotel rooms and by 2016, the number increased to 1200 and further the hotel rooms are projected to reach 7600 by 2021.
For more detail call us at +1 (613) 707-5086 or +91 120 4725470
The Compliance Concern: Challenges and Roadblocks for Ensuring Compliance in ...Greenlight Guru
The medical device industry is doubling down on compliance readiness. This is a significant shift from last year when we saw accelerating product development as the main goal. Ensuring compliance is a requirement for continued success, and most importantly, patient safety. The panelists will discuss the challenges device companies face as they manage compliance throughout the product lifecycle.
How Electronic Data Capture Is Transforming the MedTech IndustryGreenlight Guru
Clinical research is crucial to the life science industry. But did you know that medical device companies require a different approach? In this discussion, our panelists will talk about the challenges of clinical operations for MedTech, the benefits of leveraging MedTech-specific Electronic Data Capture (EDC) systems, the pitfalls of using outdated clinical data collection methods, such as paper, and much more!
The ROI of Shifting Mindset From Compliance to QualityGreenlight Guru
Many MedTech companies focus on compliance without considering the importance of quality. In this session, panelists will dive into the differences between compliance vs. quality, the benefits of shifting mindset towards quality, and tips on how to start embedding quality into your organization.
Leveraging Modern Software Technologies: MedTech’s Best Kept SecretGreenlight Guru
There are several moving pieces that influence a medical device company’s time-to-market and continued success. An often overlooked (yet critical) one is the tools used to manage the product lifecycle. Are your tools working for you or slowing down your success? In this session, panelists will discuss trends from the 2023 survey results, common challenges with disjointed software solutions, the impact of modernizing, and the power of a modern QMS.
Behind the Stats: Expectations vs. Reality of Bringing a Device to MarketGreenlight Guru
Learn about what’s currently impacting the broader medical device industry. Our panelists will kick off the week by going over all the trends, statistics, and themes uncovered from the 2023 MedTech Industry Benchmark Survey. The session will uncover major shifts in industry goals, the use of modern Medtech software tools, major gaps in product lifecycle processes, and more. Discover how you can apply these findings as you make decisions within your organization in 2023 and beyond.
Common Misconceptions on Medical Device Risk & Design ControlsGreenlight Guru
Learn about common misconceptions on medical device risk and design controls.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Future of QMS Requirements Virtual Summit.
QMSR Harmonization: The Future of FDA's Quality Management System RegulationGreenlight Guru
Learn about the future of FDA's Quality Management System regulation.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Future of QMS Requirements Virtual Summit.
Today we will discuss why a QMS is the backbone of Regulatory through the lens of ISO 13845. The presentation will cover the importance of starting a QMS early and ahead of a regulatory strategy.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Future of QMS Requirements Virtual Summit.
Modernizing your QMS to keep up with the Modern Age of RequirementsGreenlight Guru
Learn about the importance of a modern QMS to keep up with changing requirements in the MedTech industry.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Future of QMS Requirements Virtual Summit.
In this session we will learn about the Why, the What, the Who, and the How for Medical Device Reporting to FDA through eMDR Submissions.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Future of QMS Requirements Virtual Summit.
Moving up to the State of the Art in Risk ManagementGreenlight Guru
During this presentation we will explore where Medical Device Risk Management Systems are today. We will look at the quickly upcoming deadlines for implementing the ISO 14971:2019 3rd Edition, and EN ISO 14971:2019/A11:2021 standards. We will also mention the potential next (4th) edition of ISO 14971, and how the industry may influence the next edition.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Future of QMS Requirements Virtual Summit.
While ISO 13485 is written in black and white, the alignment between the standard's requirements and expectations is not always clear - especially in regards to SaMD (software as a medical device). This session will discuss aligning ISO 13485 with best practices for SaMD, and how we can expect the shift of the industry to impact the anchor standard of the medical device industry.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Future of QMS Requirements Virtual Summit.
Computer Software Assurance (CSA): Understanding the FDA’s New Draft GuidanceGreenlight Guru
Understand the FDA's new draft guidance on Computer Software Assurance (CSA).
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Future of QMS Requirements Virtual Summit.
Making Headway Despite the Turbulence: Regulatory Requirements, Quality, and ...Greenlight Guru
The European Union’s In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation, or IVDR, became effective May 26, 2022. In this session, you’ll get a glimpse of what’s changed since implementation day, the latest guidance available, and ways to keep your IVDD to IVDR transition moving forward.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Global MedTech Regulatory Trends Virtual Summit.
Reducing Friction Between Companies and Regulatory BodiesGreenlight Guru
We are operating in a complex environment, which is still undergoing changes. A lack of regulatory/quality management resources can be seen on both notified bodies and the industry. To overcome these hurdles, close collaboration and communication between companies and the notified body is necessary.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Global MedTech Regulatory Trends Virtual Summit.
Latin American Regulations - What you Don't KnowGreenlight Guru
Central and South America are emerging as hot new Medical Device markets. These two subject matter experts in the area break down everything from regulatory advantages and ethical dilemmas.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Global MedTech Regulatory Trends Virtual Summit.
Insights on the MedTech Regulatory and Clinical Environment in IsraelGreenlight Guru
Facts about the high-tech industry of Israel
The new medical device law in Israel
The regulatory landscape - requirements and market access
Performing clinical trials in Israel
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Global MedTech Regulatory Trends Virtual Summit.
The Global Guide to Human Factors and Usability Engineering RegulationsGreenlight Guru
The regulatory landscape related to human factors and usability engineering has continued to evolve since FDA issued its draft guidance for human factors over ten years ago. In fact, the international standard for usability engineering, IEC 62366-1: 2015 was amended as recently as 2020. The good news is that the pathway to a successful regulatory strategy, in terms of human factors and usability engineering, has never been more clear. The regulators have spoken, by way of guidance and standards documents, all that is left to do is to make sense of it all as it relates to your specific device or product.
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Global MedTech Regulatory Trends Virtual Summit.
Join industry expert, Danny Kroo, key takeaways from the session include: 1. What is MDSAP and when should you consider it? 2. How to prepare for an MDSAP certification audit 3. What are common nonconformities issued by auditing organizations
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Global MedTech Regulatory Trends Virtual Summit.
QMSR Harmonization - The Good the Bad and the UglyGreenlight Guru
Learn about the proposed QMSR rule, intended benefits of MDSAP for the regulatory authorities, benefits for the manufacturer, and similarities between ISO 13485 and FDA Regulations, and more!
This presentation originally aired during the 2022 Global MedTech Regulatory Trends Virtual Summit.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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