American imperialism at the turn of the 20th century expanded U.S. influence and established it as a world power through overseas territorial acquisitions and the projection of military and economic power. The U.S. acquired Alaska from Russia in 1867, took control of Hawaii in 1898, and gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War. The U.S. then established political control over Cuba and built the Panama Canal to further economic and strategic interests. Under presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, the U.S. developed foreign policies of military intervention and dollar diplomacy to expand its sphere of influence, especially in Latin America.
Imperialism is very similar to colonialism, with one major difference: colonial powers settle the countries of which they gain control, while imperial powers do not. The term “imperialism” does not seem to exist prior to the 1800s. Nineteenth-century imperialism was spurred in large part by the Industrial Revolution. The development of new industrial economies in the 1700s and 1800s necessitated the acquisition of raw materials and the desire to gain control of marketplaces; thus, by the mid-1800s, imperialistic actions of strong nations (most notably European nations) started to become policy.
1 Definition is from America: Pathways to the Present (New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005, p. 981).
Expansionism v. ImperialismI. Background Expansionism is con.docxrhetttrevannion
Expansionism v. Imperialism
I. Background: Expansionism is continuation of “Manifest Destiny”
a. the United States was divinely ordained to enter new regions because the country had the right government, e.g. democracy, the proper religion, and a growing population.
b. Ideology led people to expand West (under the misguided belief that they were not imposing on anyone else).
c. Imperialist countries seek to gain the wealth of other countries by dominating their markets, economy, and raw materials.
II. Annexing New Regions
a. “Seward’s Folly”
i. Secretary of State, William Seward (1861-1869) envisioned Pan-America under the control of the United States.
ii. Purchased Alaska in an effort to secure the U.S. from Russian expansion, and as part of his vision.
b. Hawaii
i. American settlers living in Hawaii dominated the sugar market through the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875.
ii. Hawaii’s Queen, Liliuokalani, sought to restore power to the people of Hawaii by regaining control of their most valuable resource—sugar.
iii. McKinley convinced the people that Japan sought control of Hawaii, therefore it was in U.S. interest to annex the islands as a matter of national security.
III. Popular Influences on Foreign policy
a. New arguments emerging about the role of the United States and its place in global affairs were clearly connected to Darwin’s scientific work and social thought of the late 19th century.
b. Alfred Thayer Mahan, Influence of Sea Power upon History
i.
ii.
c. John Fiske, American Political Ideas (1885) Argued that Anglo-Saxon race was superior, or most fit to survive…destiny of human race required spread of Anglo genes.
d. Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885)
i.
e. Albert Beveridge, “The Command of the Pacific” (1902)
IV. Case Study: Cuba
a. Cuba is fighting for Independence from Spain; The Cuban War for Independence is known as the Ten Years’ War in Cuba
b. New York Journal and New York World, yellow journalism, began covering war crimes in Cuba.
c. Why is the U.S. interested in going into Cuba?
d. Other Factors influencing U.S. involvement
i. De Lome letter---denounced McKinley for not entering the war to help Cuba, making him appear weak.
ii. Maine: U.S. ship in the region of Havana that exploded and sank, which was viewed as an attack by Spain, even though research demonstrated later that a fire in coal bunker caused the explosion.
e. Teller Amendment—
f. Concluded with the Treaty of Paris, with help from William Jennings Bryan who represented the Anti-Imperialists but endorsed the Treaty in an effort to bring peace.
i. The U.S. annexed Guam, Philippines, and Puerto Rico--despite the Teller Amend.
ii. Spain disputed this annexation--so the U.S. gave them $20 Million for the three island countries.
V. Anti-Imperialist League
a. Imperialism undermines democracy
b. Pro-Isolationism; no foreign involvement
c. Inconsistency- Cuban Independence/annexation of the Philippines.
d. In.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
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4. American Expansionism Belief in manifest destiny Three factors fueled the new American imperialism: Desire for Military Strength Alfred T. Mahan wanted to build up U.S. Navy Built 9 steel-hulled cruisers Transformed into world’s 3rd largest naval power Thirst for new Markets Need raw materials for factories Need new markets for agricultural and manufactured goods Belief in Cultural Superiority Combine Social Darwinism and racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons Responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization” to the world’s “inferior peoples”.
5. The United States Acquires Alaska William Seward Secretary of State under presidents Lincoln and Johnson. 1867 - Arranged for U.S. to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s folly”
6. The United States Takes Hawaii Midway Islands 1867 – took over 0 population, not much attention Hawaii Since 1790’s stop on way to China and East India 1820s – Yankee missionaries founded Christian schools and churches The Cry for Annexation Sugar Plantations – ¾ of islands’ wealth By 1900, foreigners and laborers outnumber native Hawaiians 3 to 1 1875, US import Hawaiian sugar duty-free = production growth McKinley Tariff of 1890 eliminated the duty-free status = crisis – competition in the American market. Military – naval base at Pearl Harbor kingdom’s best port Use as a refueling station for American ships
7. The United States Takes Hawaii The End of a Monarchy Forced king to change constitution to grant voting rights only to wealthy land owners. 1891 – Queen Liliuokalani came to power “Hawaii for Hawaiians” agenda Proposed removing property-owning qualifications Business group and Ambassador John L. Stevens organized a revolution. Help of marines, overthrew the queen and set up a government headed by Sanford B. Dole. President Cleveland restore queen to power Formally recognized the Republic of Hawaii Refused annexation, unless Hawaiian majority Dole Refused to surrender power President McKinley Favored annexation August 12, 1898 – Hawaii an American territory, Hawaiians never voted
11. Factors that Contribute to US Declaration of War Cuban rebels deliberately attack US sugar plantations in Cuba Cuban rebels led by Jose Marti (poet and journalist) Launch revolution against Spain in 1895 Did so to provoke US into helping the rebels achieve independence from Spain Yellow Journalism William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer engage in this to sell newspapers Exaggerate news to lure and enrage readers
12. Contributing Factors Continued DeLome Letter Letter intercepted and leaked to press Criticized President McKinley (weak) Enraged Americans Sinking of the USS Maine Sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens Ship blew up in Havana Harbor American newspapers blamed Spain
13. War is Declared! April 20, 1898 First battle: Philippine Islands Commodore George Dewey destroys Spanish fleet at Manila Bay Naval blockade of Cuba Naval superiority Army Inexperienced volunteers Rough Riders = volunteer cavalry
14. Rough Riders Under command of Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood Famous land battle near Santiago, Cuba San Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt declared a hero of this battle
15. Treaty of Paris of 1898 Ends Spanish American War Grants Cuba independenc US acquires Guam and Puerto Rico Spain sells Philippines to US for $20 million
17. Ruling Puerto Rico US made no promises to Puerto Rico regarding independence or statehood Strategically important to US Presence in the Caribbean Protecting future canal US wanted to build 1900 Congress passed Foracker Act
18. What was significance of Foracker Act? Ended military rule in Puerto Rico Set up civil government US President could appoint governor Upper House of legislature Puerto Ricans select lower house of legislature 1901 Insular Cases Supreme Court said Constitution did not automatically apply to people in acquired territories
19. Cuba and the United States Treaty of Paris guaranteed Cuba independence American troops occupied Cuba Same officials under Spain, remained in office Military government provided food, clothing, etc. 1900 Cuba wrote Constitution 1901 US insisted they add the Platt Amendment
20. What did the Platt Amendment state? Cuba could not make treaties with foreign governments that limit its independence US could intervene in Cuba Cuba could not go into debt US could buy or lease land for naval stations US army would not withdraw until they added the Platt Amendment: becomes a protectorate
21. What is a protectorate? A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.
22. Why? Most important reasons for US to maintain a strong political presence in Cuba was to protect American businesses that had invested in Cuba: sugar, tobacco, mining
23. Filipinos Rebel Philippine-American War February 1899 US assumed same role that Spain had played Forced to live in designated zones 3 years to put down the rebellion 20,000 Filipinos died 4,000 Americans $400 million – 20 times the price US paid to purchase
24. Why did Filipinos feel betrayed? Felt that US had promised them independence
25. Foreign Influence In China France, Germany, Britain, Japan and Russia established “spheres of influence” Areas where each nation claimed special rights and economic privileges Why did western powers seek to establish spheres of influence in China? Vast potential market Had already established prosperous settlements along coast of China
26. Who was John Hay? US Secretary of State What were the Open Door Notes? Series of policy statements he issued in 1899 Afraid US traders would be shut out of China Letters addressed to leaders of imperialist nations proposing they share trading rights with US Creating an “open door” No nation would have a monopoly on trade in China
27. Boxer RebellionWhat were causes? Europeans dominated most large cities Chinese resentment grew Secret societies to rid county of “foreign devils” (Boxers) Consequences Killed hundreds of missionaries and foreigners International force put down rebellion
28. Open Door Policy Reflects American Beliefs Growth of US economy depended on exports US had right to intervene to protect foreign markets Feared closing of an area to America threatened US survival
31. U.S. Foreign Policy Under Roosevelt Russo-Japanese War Russia declares war on Japan over Korea Roosevelt mediates peace negotiations between Japan and Russia (Treaty of Portsmouth) Won him Nobel Peace Prize and enhanced US position in the world Wanted US to be prominent power in Caribbean and Central America Used Monroe Doctrine 1823, issued by Pres. James Monroe- stay out of Latin America
32. Panama Canal How did US gain control of land needed to build the canal? Supported a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia Paid $10 million + annual rent to Panama for land across Panama What 2 possible locations had US considered? Nicaragua Panama
33. US Achieved Foreign Policy Goals in Early 20th Century Expanded access to foreign markets to ensure continued growth of domestic economy Built a modern navy to protect its interests Exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America
34. Strategic importance Reduce travel time for commercial and military ships between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Who was first country to attempt to build canal? France
39. “Big Stick” Latin American foreign policy Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine 1904 US could use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America. Justified American intervention Expanded US role in Caribbean and Central America
40. US Foreign Policy Under Taft Dollar Diplomacy US government guarantees loans made to foreign countries by American business people US use force if necessary to protect its interests (Roosevelt Corollary) Marines sent to Central American countries to protect our interests Supported private investment overseas Expansion of US influence in the world
41. US Foreign Policy Under Wilson Missionary Diplomacy US had moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic or hostile to US interests Pressured nations in Western Hemisphere to establish democratic governments Put to test in Mexico 1911 Mexican Revolution 1914 came close to war with Mexico