The document discusses American foreign policy and imperialism around the turn of the 20th century. It provides background information on reasons for U.S. imperialism such as global competition, beliefs of cultural superiority, the need for new markets, and growing American military power. Key events that expanded American influence included the Spanish-American War and the acquisition of territories like Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

5. TAKE A VOTE!
Do you feel Industrialization &
Reform moved us closer or
farther away from our founding
ideals?

6. PERIOD 1

7. PERIOD 2

8. PERIOD 3

9. AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
Unit # 2

10. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) What considerations should guide the
development of American foreign policy?
2) When should the United States go to war?
3) What responsibilities do people with power
have to those people who have less power?
4) Did America‟s emergence as a world power
move it closer or further away from its founding
ideals?

11. R.A.P. School Fight
One day at school you notice a huge ring of students jostling
and pushing. As you get closer, you hear some of the students
yelling, “Fight!” Like the rest, you want to see what is happening.
Finally finding a vantage point, you see two students threatening
one another. One is a good friend; the other is a former friend
and current enemy who owes you money. What will you do?
 1. Turn away and leave because the fight does not concern
you and getting involved will only mean trouble.
 2. Convince a couple of friends to help you separate the
two students before they hurt each other.
 3. Get into the fight on your friend‟s side and punch out the
former friend who owes you money since he deserves it.
 4. Punch out both students to show the rest of the school
who is the toughest kid at Unami.

12. Warm up/Wrap Up
 1. Which foreign policy stance has the United
States appeared to favor the most? The least?
 2. Do you notice any patterns in U.S. foreign policy
over the course of U.S. history?
 3. What do you think might explain the constant
shifting of U.S. foreign policy from one stance to
another?
 4. Why do you think the United States began
taking a more active role in world affairs in the
twentieth century?
 5. Where on the foreign policy spectrum should the
United States position itself today? Explain.

13. R.A.P.-Visual Metaphors
 R.A.P. Under what circumstances is it
appropriate for the United States to
intervene in the affairs of another country?
1 paragraph response.
 Complete a sample metaphor: Being a
student at Unami is like… Being a citizen
of the United States is like…
 The United States foreign policy today is
like…

14. Wrap up:
1. Where on the foreign policy spectrum from
“Isolationism” to “Imperialism” did U.S. foreign
policy fall around the turn of the century?
2. What motivated U.S. leaders to be so active in
the affairs of other countries during this era?
3. How did the people of other nations feel about
U.S. interventions?
4. Did their feelings influence the behavior of U.S.
leaders? Why or why not?
5. Are you proud or ashamed of U.S. foreign policy
around the turn of the century?

15. REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM
America as a World
Power

16. KEY TERMS
 Isolationism
 Collective Security
 Internationalism
 Imperialism
 Protectorate – Area protected and partially
controlled by another nation

17. REASONS FOR U.S. IMPERIALISM
1) Global Competition
2) Cultural Superiority
3) Military Power
4) New Markets

18. GLOBAL COMPETITION
 Competition with European countries
 Africa and Asia seen as main targets
 Only two African countries remain independent
 Theodore Roosevelt‟s desire to be a world
power
 This is what world powers do
“As one of the great nations of
the world, the United States What does this
must not fall out of the line of mean???
march.” ~ U.S. Senator

20. CULTURAL SUPERIORITY
 Social Darwinism racial superiority
 America‟s duty to “Christianize and Civilize”
 Idea that God had willed the United States to
be greater than all other nations (Manifest
Destiny)
 Rudyard Kipling‟s, “White Man‟s Burden”
 Josiah Strong‟s, “Our Country”

21. Take up the White Man's burden--
Send forth the best ye breed--
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild--
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden--
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden--
The savage wars of peace--
Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
According to Kipling, what is the “white Watch sloth and heathen Folly
man‟s burden?” Bring all your hopes to nought.

22. Whose
“burden” do
you think it
is?

23. “IT SEEMS TO ME THAT GOD, WITH
INFINITE WISDOM AND SKILL, IS
TRAINING THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE FOR
AN HOUR SURE TO COME IN THE
WORLD'S FUTURE.”
~ JOSIAH STRONG FROM “OUR
COUNTRY”

24. NAVAL BASES
 Alfred T. Mahan – encourage U.S. to build
its naval power (compete with world
powers)
 Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia
 Need for naval bases for fuel stations
throughout the world
 Throughout the Pacific

25. NEW MARKETS
 Surplus of goods
creating need for
new markets
throughout the world
(raw materials and
foreign trade)
 New investment

26. ALASKA
 Purchased in 1867
 William Seward, U.S. Secretary of State
 Called “Seward‟s Folly”
 U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2
million
 Equates to 2 cents / acre
 Rich in natural resources (ANWR debate)
The Inflation Calculator

27. HAWAII
 Vital for food
(sugar), supplies, and fuel
(Pearl Harbor)
 Spread Christianity
 Issues of “duty free”
status
 Queen Liliuokalani –
wanted to rid American
influence (“Hawaii for the
Hawaiians”)

29. HAWAII (CON’T)
 American Sugar
planters want it to be
annexed
 Not have to pay tax
 Business
groups, aided by the
Marines overthrow the
gov‟t
 Becomes a territory
until 1959 (50th state)

31. SAMOA
 Important for refueling
 U.S. promises to help with disputes
among other countries
 Divided among Germany and the United
States (almost led to war)

32. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
America as a World Power

33. EVENTS LEADING UP TO WAR
 U.S. attempts to buy Cuba
from Spain
 Cuban War for Independence
 Ledby Jose Marti (Cuban poet)
 American opinion split
 Spanish Response
 ValerianoWeyler (Spanish
General) beats rebellion and
imprisons thousands of Cubans

34. CAUSES OF THE WAR
Major Causes
1) Yellow Journalism
2) De Lome Letter
3) Sinking of the „U.S.S. Maine‟
Minor Causes
1. Support of Monroe Doctrine
2. Desire for Empire
3. Belief in American
Superiority

35. YELLOW JOURNALISM
 Sensational stories about Spanish
atrocities towards the Cubans
 “Butcher Weyler”
 Stories of poisoned wells and killing
children
 William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer fuel the war
“You furnish the
pictures and I‟ll furnish
the war.” ~ Hearst

36. “Remember the Maine”
Like Pearl Harbor during
WWII, this slogan is at the
center of American public
support over the Spanish-
American War

37. DE LOME LETTER
 Enrique Dupuy de
Lome  Spanish
minister to the U.S.
 Letter criticized the
President
 Called him “weak” and
insulted greatly
 Letter is stolen and
leaked to New York
Journal
 De Lome is forced to
resign, Spanish
embarrassed and
Americans angry

38. Dupuy de Lome Letter
“. . . it shows once more
what McKinley is: weak
and catering to the
rabble, and, besides, a
low politician, who
desires to leave a door
open to me and to stand
well with the jingoes of
his party.”

39. SINKING OF THE U.S.S. MAINE
 Battleship sent in to escort American
citizens and protect property
 Feb. 15, 1898  ship blows up in Havana
Harbor (260 men killed)
 Debate over the reason for the ship
exploding still exists (newspapers blame
the Spanish angering Americans more)
 April 20, 1898  U.S. declares war on
Spain

40. America Attacked by foreign
powers
•U.S.S. Maine
•Lusitania (British ship a/
Americans)
•Pearl Harbor
•Twin Towers („93)
•Twin Towers (9/11)

41. Before
After

42. The Pacific The Caribbean
Theaters of War

43. WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
 First battle in the Philippines
 Commodore George Dewey attacks the
Spanish fleet

44. WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Spanish are easily
defeated
 U.S. receives help
from Filipino rebels
 led by Emilio
Aguinaldo
 Spanish surrender
at Manila
Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo

45. WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
 Rough Riders  cavalry
group led by Theodore
Roosevelt
 Gain fame at Kettle Hill
and San Juan Hill (Cuba)
 Spanish easily defeated
in Cuba
 Soon after they are
defeated in Puerto Rico

46. TREATY OF PARIS
 December 10, 1898
 Terms
 Cuba is given independence
 Guam and Puerto Rico given to the U.S.
 Spain sells Philippines to U.S. for $20 million
 Actual war lasts a total of 15 weeks
 361 American deaths, 2,061 of food poisoning
and disease
 Sec. of State John Hay calls the war,
“a splendid little war.”

47. New U.S. “spheres of influence”

48. EFFECTS ON NEW AREAS
 Puerto Rico
 Foraker Act (1900)  Set up gov‟t where U.S.
had a great deal of influence
 Puerto Ricans have been granted U.S.
citizenship
 Cuba
Amendment  gives the U.S. far more
 Platt
power in Cuba and right to intervene
 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (Marine base)

49. EFFECTS ON THE PHILIPPINES
 U.S. acts much like the
Spanish in the Philippines
 Emilio Aguinaldo leads
rebellion against U.S.
(guerilla tactics)

50. We could not leave them to themselves –
they were unfit for self-government, and
would soon have anarchy and misrule worse
than Spain’s was . . . There was nothing left
for us to do but to take them all, and to
educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize
and Christianize them…
-President William McKinley

51. •Aguinaldo issued a proclamation of independence in
January 1899 – declaring the Philippines a republic
•USA ignored the proclamation and proceeded to
suppress the independence movement
•Vicious fighting lasted for 3 years:
•4,000 American soldiers KIA
•3,000 American soldiers wounded
•16,000 Filipino soldiers KIA
•200,000 Filipino civilians killed

52. •Occasional fighting continued for years
•During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in
WWII, Aguinaldo made an infamous radio address in support
of the Japanese (referring to them as liberators)
•Aguinaldo was imprisoned by the USA (in his trial as a
collaborator, he testified that the Japanese forced him to make
the address)
•The Philippines were granted independence in 1946

53. The United States into the 21st Century
Victory in the Spanish-American War touched off a new era in the
United States. Its role in world affairs forever changed; the
United States became involved in many foreign conflicts over the
next century.
 1917 = WWI
 1941 = WWII
 1950 = Korea
 1964 = Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Vietnam
 1991 = Persian Gulf War (invasion of Kuwait)
 2001 = Invasion of Afghanistan (to depose the Taliban)
 2003 = Invasion of Iraq (to depose Saddam Hussein)

54. THE UNITED STATES
IN ASIA
America as a World Power
Unit

55. BEGINNING OF TRADE
 China being split by European powers
 Spheres of Influence – only one nation can trade
in a specific area
 Increase of trade w/ the U.S.
 American missionaries sent to China
 Chinese workers come to America to work on
railroads
“The Empress of
China” trading goods
b/w the U.S. and
China

57. CONFLICT
 Chinese want to preserve
traditional culture
 Mixed perceptions of
China
 exotic,
backward and
immoral
 Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882)  suspends
Chinese immigration

58. OPEN DOOR NOTES
 Letters to share trading rights w/ the U.S.
 John Hay (Sec. Of State for McKinley)
 Agreed to by foreign powers, but not happy

59. BOXER REBELLION
 Traditionalist Chinese
become angered
 Attack and murder
missionaries, other
foreigners, and Chinese
converts
 Hundreds of foreigners
die, thousands of
Chinese die in fighting
 Rebellion eventually put
down and shaky
relations with China
continue

60. DESCRIPTION FROM ONE FOREIGNER ABOUT THE BOXER REBELLION
“THEIR YELLS WERE DEAFENING, WHILE THE ROAR OF GONGS, DRUMS
AND HORNS SOUNDED LIKE THUNDER… THEY WAVED THEIR SWORDS
AND STAMPED ON THE GROUND WITH THEIR FEET. THEY WORE RED
TURBANS, SASHES, AND GARTERS OVER BLUE CLOTH. WHEN THEY WERE
ONLY TWENTY FEET FROM OUR GATE, THREE VOLLEYS FROM THE RIFLES
OF OUR SOLDIERS LEFT MORE THAN FIFTY DEAD UPON THE GROUND.”

61. JAPAN
 1852  Commodore
Matthew Perry sent to
Japan to open trade
 Conflicts
 Japanese immigrants begin
coming to the West Coast
 Gentlemen‟s Agreement 
restriction on immigration
 Japan begins to adopt
western ideas and
becomes an industrial
nation

62. Matthew Perry and
Japanese images of
American arrival

64. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
 Japan wanted to expand its influence
 Become a world power
 Need for resources
 Take Manchuria, Korea and attack Russia
 Japanese have great success (1st time an
eastern nation defeated a western power)
 President Roosevelt intervenes to settle
conflict

66. ROOSEVELT AND THE TREATY
 Roosevelt wants both “it could possibly mean a struggle
between them (Japan) and us in
to have open door the future” ~ Roosevelt
policy w/ China foreshadowing
 Roosevelt fears
Japanese power
 Treaty at
Portsmouth, NH
(1905)
 Roosevelt wins the
Nobel Peace Prize

67. UNITED STATES IN LATIN AMERICA
America as a World
Power

69. BACKGROUND
 Monroe Doctrine –
U.S. opposes any
European involvement
in Western
Hemisphere (1823)
 Interested in protection
within own region
 Concerned about
potential canal zone
 Economic interests

70. U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN
LATIN AMERICA
 Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt)
 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
 Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)
 Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)

73. BIG STICK DIPLOMACY
 “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” ~TR
 Believed that the U.S. had to build up a strong
military
 Military sphere of influence
 The military would provide the “threat” of force
in order to protect American interests
 The threat would allow America to back up its word

75. A LATIN AMERICAN POLICE FORCE
 Roosevelt Corollary – Says that US will intervene in
any Latin American country whose stability was in
question (get rid of European influence)
 Military sphere of influence
 Examples: Venezuela, Dominican
Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti
 Mixed Opinions

76. DOLLAR & MORAL DIPLOMACY
 William H. Taft
 Dollar Diplomacy – urge banks and business to invest
in Latin America
 Economic sphere of influence
 Woodrow Wilson
 Wilson was more an anti-imperialist
 Thought using money or force would hurt the U.S. and
Latin America
 Promote democratic gov‟ts

77. GREAT WHITE FLEET
 Roosevelt sends U.S.
navy on a global cruise
 16 white battleships to
show that U.S. is a
power in the Pacific
and the world

78. THE PANAMA CANAL
 1880 – French company begins work on
a canal across Panama
 Ferdinand de Lesseps (same man who
built the Suez Canal)
 After a decade, the canal was canceled
(disease and terrain)
 20,000 dead
in 9 years (French give up)

79. Ferdinand De Lesseps
Builder of the Suez
Canal and hired by the
French to build the Canal
in Panama

80. AMERICAN MOTIVATIONS
1) Boost the nation‟s economy
2) 2) Shorten journey b/w eastern factories and
Asian markets

82. REVOLUTION IN PANAMA
 French (Bunau-Varilla) help the Panamanians rebel
 They want out.
 Roosevelt supports Varilla by sending a warship
(U.S.S. Nashville)
 With support from U.S., rebellion is successful
 U.S. recognizes Panama as a new nation
 Many believe it is a violation of Colombian rights
(eventually pay them $25 million)

83. BUILDING THE CANAL
 Problems
 Disease-carrying mosquitoes
(yellow fever, malaria)
 Humidity
 Frequent accidents
 William Gorgas – sent to
Panama to reduce death from
disease
 The Size
 More than 43,000 workers at one
time
 61 million pounds of dynamite
 Completed in 1914 (5,600
workers die from disease)

84. Yellow Fever trouble spots today.
Panama is still included.
South America Africa

85. SIGNIFICANCE OF CANAL
 50 mile canal
 Trip was 8,000 miles
shorter
 Gateway between the
Atlantic and Pacific
 “The Land
Divided, the World
United”
 One of the two most
important canals in
the world

86. The Inauguration
of the Canal Zone
– S.S. Ancon

87. WORLD WAR I
America as a World Power Unit

88. EUROPE BEFORE WAR
 Fewer nations than today
 All nations have national self-
interests
 hegemony = power
 Balkan Peninsula is constantly
unstable
 Many nationalities
 Great reliance on Alliance system
 Belief that war would be quick
and victorious

89. Nationalities of Europe (1914)

90. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
 The “sick man” of
Europe
 Mediocre
military, industrial
economy
 An empire whose
best days were a
century or two past
 Biggest Problem:
Ethnic Tensions

91. The Austro-Hungarian Empire
Many different ethnic groups

92. FRANCE
 First place in no
category, last place in
no category
 Only Republic
 Up until 1815 enjoyed
hegemony in Europe
 Relatively
large, wealthy, and
powerful
 Jittery about Germany

93. GERMANY
 Unified in 1871
 Most Industrialized
 Most Feared Army
 Cultural Clashes and
Rivalry with Russia
and France
 Fairly autocratic rule
by Kaiser Wilhelm II

94. GREAT BRITAIN
 Greatest Naval Power
 Greatest Empire
 Fairly Good Relations
with All Nations
 Most Stable Government
 Relatively Small
Population
 Industrialized, but
eclipsed by Germany

95. ITALY
 Newcomer
(Unification in 1860s)
 Relatively poor and
underdeveloped
compared to other
major powers
 Relative loser in
imperialist land-grab
 Looking for
Legitimacy

96. OTTOMAN EMPIRE

97. RUSSIA
 Europe‟s Slow Giant
 Enormous Population and Natural Resources
 Ethnic tensions with Germany
 Territorial tensions with Austria-Hungary
 Fearful of Revolution

98. LONG TERM CAUSES OF THE WAR
M  Militarism
A  Alliances
I  Imperialism
N  Nationalism

99. (M)ILITARISM
 Definition –
development of armed
forces and their use as
a diplomatic tool
 Military spending to
defend empires;
everybody wanted a
stronger military than
their competition
European competition for
the greatest navy and  By 1890 – Great Britain is
most advanced greatest naval power;
technology Germany is greatest land
power
 Other countries quickly

100. (A)LLIANCES
 Triple Entente – France, Great Britain and
Russia (a.k.a. the “allies”)
 Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-
Hungary and Italy (a.k.a. the “central
powers”)
 Purpose was to maintain the balance of
power and stop war from occurring
 The system primarily set up by Otto Von
Bismarck (German statesman)

103. Otto Von Bismarck (1815-1898) –
Considered the founder of the
German Empire and architect of
the Alliance System
Bismarck helped to maintain the
balance of power in Europe, but
was forced to resign from
German government in 1890 by
William II.

104. Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) –
Emperor of Germany
Wilhelm led Germany through World
War I and gave up the throne in
1918. Fled to Holland and lived there
till his death. Very much an advocate
of German nationalism

105. (I)MPERIALISM
 Definition - Building of empires
economically and politically (not
exclusive to the US)
 Colonies provide raw
materials, markets, and extension of
power
 Leads to competition and increased
militarism
 All nations begin to extend their influence
throughout the “third world”

107. (N)ATIONALISM
 Definition – devotion to the interests
and culture of one’s nation
 Social Darwinism and ethnic differences
 Leads to competition and rivalry among
European countries
 Pan-Slavism  A united country of Slavic
people protected by Russia (leads to
outbreak of war)

108. THE ASSASSINATION OF
ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
&
THE JULY CRISIS

109. ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
 Heir to the throne
of Austria-
Hungary
 Nephew of the
current king –

110. DANGEROUS TO SERBIA
 Would have granted
Southern Slavs
autonomy (self-rule)
but couldn‟t let them
be independent
 Ended possible
revolution in Bosnia
and reunification with
Serbia

111. JUNE 28, 1914  Franz Ferdinand visits
Sarajevo, Bosnia on a
goodwill tour
 200th anniversary of A-H‟s
rule over Bosnia

112. Last photo of Archduke and Princess alive – leaving city
hall after their banquet.

113. BAD CHOICE…  Gavrilo Princip and
“Black Hand” gang
shot Ferdinand
while he visited
Sarajevo

114. Princip as he is arrested and before he can shoot
himself

115. GAVRILO PRINCIP:
FACTS:
(1) WANTED TO FREE BOSNIA FROM THE RULE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND
MAKE IT PART OF SERBIA ONCE AGAIN
(2) MURDERED ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND AND HIS PREGNANT WIFE
SOPHIA
(3) HIS PURPOSE WAS TO SEND A MESSAGE TO AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND
PROMOTE NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION
(4) THE ASSASSINATION WAS PLANNED AND SUPPORTED BY THE SERBIAN
GOVERNMENT
Question:
Is Gavrilo Princip a terrorist or freedom fighter?

116. Archduke and Princess lying in state

117. JULY CRISIS
 Austria confers with Germany for almost 1 month
 Germany offers unlimited and unconditional support

118. RUSSIA’S ROLE
 Austria tries to provoke Serbia into war
 July 23 – delivered 24 point ultimatum
 Serbia submits to all but 1 condition
 A-H can‟t come into Serbia to investigate
 July 28 A-H declares war on Serbia
 Felt bound to help defend Serbia (Pan-
Slavism)
 July 30-31 – Russia mobilized against A-H
and Germany – also asked France to
mobilize
 July 31 – A-H mobilized against Russia
 Germany began to mobilize and gave Russia
a 12 hr. deadline to stop their mobilization
 Russia refused to stop

119. FURTHER DECLARATIONS OF WAR
 August 1 – Ger. Declares war on Russia
 August 3 – Ger. Declares war on France
 Italians were left out of loop
 Claim ignorance and insult
 Brit. Fears a Ger. victory
 August 4 – Brit. Joins France and Russia
 IncludesCanada, New
Zealand, Australia, Ireland…

120. WHERE IS AMERICA?
 U.S. is officially neutral
 Individuals are divided on who they
should support (or to support any
nation at all)

121. INTERVENTIONISTS ISOLATIONISTS
 Split ties due to immigration  Socialists criticize war
 Support Germany  Conflict over markets and
 German ancestry economic control
 Irish looking to gain  U.S. should be an example
independence from Britain
peace
 Support Britain
 William Jennings Bryan
 Common
culture, language, and legal  Fear of families
system experiencing horrors of war
 German attack on Belgium
 Economic ties w/ British
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY

122. SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA
 Sailing from New York to England
(carrying civilians and munitions)
 May 7, 1915
 Sunk by a German U-Boat

123. LUSITANIA
 1,198 killed (128 Americans)
 Wilson demands an apology, money, and
commitment not to use submarines
 Germans agree to most; Americans back
down and remain neutral

124. THE SUSSEX PLEDGE
 German U-boat sinks
French liner “Sussex”
 March, 1916
 Sussex Pledge  Germans
promise not to sink
merchant ships without
warning and without saving
human lives
 U.S. Congress agrees to
begin building up the army
and navy
 U.S. is still aiding in the war
effort but not yet officially
involved in the war

125. ZIMMERMANN NOTE
 Arthur Zimmermann – German
ambassador to Mexico
 If Mexico joins a German
alliance, Germany would help to
restore territory in New
Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back to
Mexico
 Note is made public and outrages
Americans

128. ELECTION OF 1916
 Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) –
 Charles Evans Hughes (Republican)
 Wilson narrowly wins election as continues to
work for peace
 Calls for a “peace without victory”

129. THE ELECTORAL RESULTS

130. THE FINAL STRAW
“It is a war against all
nations…the
 Wilson says “the world challenge is to all
must be made safe for mankind.”
democracy” in his call
for war to Congress
 Germans continue
use of unrestricted
submarine warfare
 April 6, 1917 – U.S.
Congress declares
war

131. RECRUITING & RAISING AN ARMY
 Selective Service Act (May 1917)
 Required all men between 21-30 to
sign up for military service (opposed
by many)
 Random selection
 Later made to include ages 18-45
 3 million men drafted
 2 more million volunteer
 400,000 African Americans serve.
Women worked as
clerks, nurses, stenographers and
radio operators

132. THE AMERICAN IMPACT
 Mass Production
 1) ship workers exempt
from draft
 2) Emphasize
importance of ship
making
 3) Fabrication techniques
used
 Built
elsewhere, but
assembled at the shipyard
 4) Gov‟t took over some
commercial and private
ships

133. AMERICAN ARRIVAL
 Europe had been at war for more than 2 years
already.
 Convoy system  warships guard troop carriers
across the Atlantic (soldiers and supplies reach
safely)
 June 14, 1917 – General John J. Pershing and
the American Expeditionary Forces
(“Doughboys”)
 Fresh and enthusiastic troops
 A boost in morale
 American forces turn the tide of the war in a
time of desperate need

134. General John J.
Pershing, leader of the
American Expeditionary
Forces
Pershing fought in both the
Spanish American War and
was in charge of tracking
down Pancho Villa before
the United States headed
off to war in Europe

135. The American Expeditionary
Forces, or “Doughboys”

136. The trench system of the Western Front stretched for
400 miles from the North Sea on the coast of Belgium
to the Alps of Switzerland

137. THE TRENCHES
 Systems of digging out the ground to protect
army
 Both sides utilize the trenches
 Life in the trenches was uncomfortable and
quite bleak
 “no man‟s land”  barren expanse of mud
with shell craters and barbed wire

138. BBC Trenches

140. Image of soldiers “going over the top” – meaning to
climb over the trenches and charge across “no man‟s
land”

141. LIFE IN THE TRENCHES
 Disease runs rampant through
the trenches
 Rats infest the trenches in
thousands
 Lice cause Trench fever 
severe pain followed by deadly
fever
 Trench foot 
 Fungal infection of the feet
 Caused by cold, wet and
unsanitary trenches
 Could cause gangrenous
conditions and result in
amputation.

142. TRENCHES (CON’T)
 Trench warfare creates a stalemate in
France that neither army can break
 Combined with the new technology of the
war, this creates massive casualties that
have never been seen before

143. Soldiers fixing
bayonets
preparing to go
“over the top” and
charge the other
trenches.
Machine gun fire
from the other
trenches create
huge casualties

144. Water-filled trench at Passchendaele
Aerial view of trench network near Villecey

145. THE DAILY GRIND
1. Clean Rifle
2. Eat Breakfast (unofficial truce)
3. Complete Daily Chores -refilling of
sandbags, repair the duckboards, and the
draining of trenches.
4. Sleep, write letters, etc.
5. Wait for nightfall (most action happened
then)

150. WEAPONS OF WAR
America as a World Power

151. MACHINE GUN
 Modified during World War I (most effective
weapon)
 Up to 600 rounds/minute
 Considered “weapon of mass destruction”
(MWD)
 Mainly used as a defensive weapon
 Problems: (1) immobile (2) overheating (3)
frequently jammed

153. Above and to the right : German made WWI Bergmann MP18
machine gun
Below: U.S. made WWI Browning machine gun
WITH EVERY WEAPON, EACH NATION HAS ITS OWN MODEL

154. FLAMETHROWER
 Psychological
weapon of terror
 Idea to launch
burning fuel
 Used to clear
defenders before
infantry charge
 Later used as
extensions from
tanks

155. Most WWI flamethrowers were operated in teams and one person
carried a pack of fuel

156. TANKS AIRPLANES
 Caterpillar treads  First used in WWI
 Constructed w/ steel mostly as scout planes
 Used more to destroy  Machine guns mounted
barbed wire defenses for “dogfights” and used
 First used in WWI (By for early bombing
British in 1916)  Air balloons also used
 Still have many weak for scouting
areas

157. WWI style tank with caterpillar tracks

160. Left: Typical WWI airplane
Below: WWI style seaplane
Below: WWI style
bomber, not used till end
of war

161. Left: WWI biplanes flying in
formation
Right: Airplane with
camera mounted to serve
as surveillance of enemy
troops

163. Manfred Von Richthofen a.k.a. “Red Baron” –
leading German pilot with 80 victories
Eddie Rickenbacker – Leading
American pilot with 26 victories

165. Above: Air ships were
relatively new to the scene
and used for scouting and
eventually to drop bombs
Right: Anti-Air Guns

166. WWI style searchlights used to find
airplanes.
Radar would not be used until the
Second World War

167. POISON GAS
 Physical and psychological weapon
 First used by the French
 Chlorine fog – suffocates (choking
attacks), burns, and blinds victims (yellow-green
gas)
 Phosgene – caused violent coughing and
choking w/ delayed effect (next step up)
 Mustard Gas – caused internal and external
blisters
 Gas attacks receive condemnation (topic of debate
for years)

168. Casualties From Gas - The Numbers
Country Total Casualties Death
Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000
British Empire 188,706 8,109
France 190,000 8,000
Germany 200,000 9,000
Italy 60,000 4,627
Russia 419,340 56,000
USA 72,807 1,462
Others 10,000 1,000

169. Gas masks for man and horse
demonstrated by American soldier
World War I gas masks – Gas attacks created
fear among the troops and were created to break
the stalemate

170. A MENTAL WAR
 Mental Illness
 ShellShock – called Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder today
 Thousands were discovered to suffer
 Lack of sleep

171. MEDICINE BREAKTHROUGHS
 Treating wounds and injury becomes more
advanced (along w/ fighting infection)
 Use of rehabilitation
 Skin-graft technology to heal face wounds
(leads to plastic surgery)
 Red Cross Ambulances used

172. THE AMERICAN HOMEFRONT
America as a World Power Unit

173. GOALS OF HOMEFRONT ORGANIZATIONS
 Raising money for
the war
 Gaining public
support for the war

175. PAYING FOR THE WAR
 $35.5 billion spent on
the war
 1/3 from taxes
 Progressive Income
 Taxes on
tobacco, liquor, and
luxury goods
 The rest from bonds
 “Liberty” and “Victory”
Loans

176. AMERICAN INDUSTRY
 War Industries Board
 Encourage mass production
 Eliminate waste
 Set up production quotas and distributed raw
materials
 Bernard Baruch, set up in 1917
 Impact on Labor
 American industry grows by 20%
 Largely responsible for allied victory in the war
 With so many white men off to war, women and

177. CONSERVATION OF
RESOURCES
 Food Administration
 Herbert Hoover
 Set crop prices and
regulate food exports
 Families conserve
food, coal, gas
 Daylight savings time
 Encourage
Americans to plant
“victory gardens” to
save food for the
soldiers

178. PATRIOTISM & PROPAGANDA
 Committee on Public Information
 Promote the war to American public
 Posters, paintings, cartoons, and speeches
 George Creel (former muckraker)
 “Star Spangled Banner” sung at many
public occasions
 “100 percent Americanism”
 Support for the war is great

180. William Tyler Page
•Writes American‟s
Creed”
•Part of an essay
contest

182. ENSURING LOYALTY
 Espionage Act (1917)
 Punished anyone found guilty of helping the
enemy, hindering recruitment, or inciting revolt.
 Sedition Act (1918)
 Prohibited speech that was
“disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive about
the government, flag, Constitution or armed
forces.”

183. WERE THOSE NEW LAWS
CONSTITUTIONAL?
 Do you think that the Sedition Act and
Espionage Act violate the Constitution of the
United States of America?
 Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court says the
Espionage Act is constitutional.
 Oliver Wendell Holmes (Supreme Court Justice)
says there are cases where the first amendment
right of free speech can be limited (cases of
clear, and present danger, like wartime)

184. Eugene V. Debs – an
outspoken opponent of the
war effort – was given a 10
year sentence for speaking
out against the war and draft.

185. Citizens collect books from the
Chicago Public Library to send
over to soldiers fighting in Europe

186. America as a World Power
THE END OF WAR, 14 POINTS, AND
TREATY OF VERSAILLES

187. END OF THE WAR
 Russia pulls out of war in 1917
 Germans concentrate forces and make a push on
the western front
 U.S. troops arrive just in time
 Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and 2nd Marne
 No invasion or decisive battle (war of attrition)

188. •November
11, 1918 
Armistice day
(cease fire)
•48,000 U.S.
dead in
battle, 62,000 of
disease
•22 Million total
deaths in
Europe
ARMISTICE DAY

189. HOW TO SOLVE THE PEACE???
 What were the long-  How should a peace
term and immediate treaty have resolved
causes of war? these problems?
Explain briefly.

190. WILSON’S 14 POINTS
•January 1918
•Wilson presents his plan for peace
(Intended end the causes that had
begun the war in the first place)
•Proposed an international organization
called the League of Nations to preserve
peace in the world
•The 14 points truly express Wilson‟s
optimism and idealism

191. Ideals in Wilson‟s Fourteen Points
1. Self determination (personal independence) of all peoples
2. Arms reduction
3. Non-punishment
4. Formation of the League of Nations
5. Freedom of the Seas
6. No secret treaties
7. Free and open trade

193. What did
Wilson hope
the League of
Nations would
accomplish?

195. PEACE IN PARIS
 United States - primarily concerned with maintaining
world peace
 Woodrow Wilson
 France – punish Germany
 Georges Clemenceau
 Italy – gain land and spoils of war
 Vittorio Orlando
 Britain – punish Germany, not as bad as France
 David Lloyd George
 The “Big Four” have a difficult time compromising on
the right course of action for Europe and the world

196. From the left:
David Lloyd
George of Great
Britain, Orlando
of
Italy, Clemenceau
of France and
Wilson of the
United States

197. Treaty of Versailles
•Germany
blamed, demilitarized, forc
ed to pay reparations ($33
billion)
•Treaty written without
German representation
•Anschluss (Combining of
Germany and Austria)
forbidden forever
•League of Nations
created but Germany not
admitted

198. Treaty of Versailles
•Map altered with little regard for ethnic or
true national boundaries
•Poland created out of Germany and
Russia
•France given the Alsace Lorraine
province
•Czechoslovakia created out of
Germany and Austria-Hungary
•Yugoslavia created by combining
Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia,
and other small territories
•Austria-Hungary broken up
•England received mandates territorial
holdings in the Middle East from the
Ottoman Empire

200. Great Britain “forgot”
about its promises
to both Arab
Muslims and Jews
to create an
independent
homeland for them
in their holy lands

201. DISAGREEMENT OVER THE LEAGUE
 No L.O.N.  For the L.O.N.
 Fear of war w/out  Claim that cooperation
Congressional approval among nations would
 U.S. involvement in create peace
issues beyond its  Wilson‟s idea and U.S.
concern as a world leader
 Henry Cabot Lodge  Franklin Roosevelt

203. WILSON AND THE LEAGUE
 Wilson attempted to convince the American public
and U.S. Congress to pass a treaty allowing the
League of Nations
 Partisanship –rivalry among political parties- defeats the
L.O.N.
 Wilson collapses from exhaustion and suffers a
stroke days later
 Congress never passes the treaty
 League of Nations begins without the support of the
United States

204. Wilson tours America to convince the
citizens of the League of Nations

205. The Ideal versus Real League of
The Ideal League
Nations League in Practice
The
All nations should be members. Not all nations were members (eg. USA
and Russia).
All nations should be equal partners in the Not equal partners because major powers
League. made decisions in the Council.
The League should be able to make League structure was weak, disagreement
decisions quickly and easily. caused delays.
National interests should be second to the Nations were more interested in their OWN
league‟s interests. affairs, especially after 1929 with the
economic crisis.
•Members should obey the League‟s It was ignored (eg. Japan in Manchuria –
sanctions: The Moral Sanction. 1931). Offenders could trade with none
•The Economic Sanction. League members (eg. Abyssinia Crisis –
•The Military Sanction. 1935/6).
It wasn't realistic to use violence to stop
violence.