10. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1) What considerations should guide the
development of American foreign policy?
2) When should the United States go to war?
3) What responsibilities do people with power
have to those people who have less power?
4) Did America‟s emergence as a world power
move it closer or further away from its founding
ideals?
11. R.A.P. School Fight
One day at school you notice a huge ring of students jostling
and pushing. As you get closer, you hear some of the students
yelling, “Fight!” Like the rest, you want to see what is happening.
Finally finding a vantage point, you see two students threatening
one another. One is a good friend; the other is a former friend
and current enemy who owes you money. What will you do?
1. Turn away and leave because the fight does not concern
you and getting involved will only mean trouble.
2. Convince a couple of friends to help you separate the
two students before they hurt each other.
3. Get into the fight on your friend‟s side and punch out the
former friend who owes you money since he deserves it.
4. Punch out both students to show the rest of the school
who is the toughest kid at Unami.
12. Warm up/Wrap Up
1. Which foreign policy stance has the United
States appeared to favor the most? The least?
2. Do you notice any patterns in U.S. foreign policy
over the course of U.S. history?
3. What do you think might explain the constant
shifting of U.S. foreign policy from one stance to
another?
4. Why do you think the United States began
taking a more active role in world affairs in the
twentieth century?
5. Where on the foreign policy spectrum should the
United States position itself today? Explain.
13. R.A.P.-Visual Metaphors
R.A.P. Under what circumstances is it
appropriate for the United States to
intervene in the affairs of another country?
1 paragraph response.
Complete a sample metaphor: Being a
student at Unami is like… Being a citizen
of the United States is like…
The United States foreign policy today is
like…
14. Wrap up:
1. Where on the foreign policy spectrum from
“Isolationism” to “Imperialism” did U.S. foreign
policy fall around the turn of the century?
2. What motivated U.S. leaders to be so active in
the affairs of other countries during this era?
3. How did the people of other nations feel about
U.S. interventions?
4. Did their feelings influence the behavior of U.S.
leaders? Why or why not?
5. Are you proud or ashamed of U.S. foreign policy
around the turn of the century?
16. KEY TERMS
Isolationism
Collective Security
Internationalism
Imperialism
Protectorate – Area protected and partially
controlled by another nation
17. REASONS FOR U.S. IMPERIALISM
1) Global Competition
2) Cultural Superiority
3) Military Power
4) New Markets
18. GLOBAL COMPETITION
Competition with European countries
Africa and Asia seen as main targets
Only two African countries remain independent
Theodore Roosevelt‟s desire to be a world
power
This is what world powers do
“As one of the great nations of
the world, the United States What does this
must not fall out of the line of mean???
march.” ~ U.S. Senator
19.
20. CULTURAL SUPERIORITY
Social Darwinism racial superiority
America‟s duty to “Christianize and Civilize”
Idea that God had willed the United States to
be greater than all other nations (Manifest
Destiny)
Rudyard Kipling‟s, “White Man‟s Burden”
Josiah Strong‟s, “Our Country”
21. Take up the White Man's burden--
Send forth the best ye breed--
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild--
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden--
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
Take up the White Man's burden--
The savage wars of peace--
Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
According to Kipling, what is the “white Watch sloth and heathen Folly
man‟s burden?” Bring all your hopes to nought.
23. “IT SEEMS TO ME THAT GOD, WITH
INFINITE WISDOM AND SKILL, IS
TRAINING THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE FOR
AN HOUR SURE TO COME IN THE
WORLD'S FUTURE.”
~ JOSIAH STRONG FROM “OUR
COUNTRY”
24. NAVAL BASES
Alfred T. Mahan – encourage U.S. to build
its naval power (compete with world
powers)
Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia
Need for naval bases for fuel stations
throughout the world
Throughout the Pacific
25. NEW MARKETS
Surplus of goods
creating need for
new markets
throughout the world
(raw materials and
foreign trade)
New investment
26. ALASKA
Purchased in 1867
William Seward, U.S. Secretary of State
Called “Seward‟s Folly”
U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2
million
Equates to 2 cents / acre
Rich in natural resources (ANWR debate)
The Inflation Calculator
27. HAWAII
Vital for food
(sugar), supplies, and fuel
(Pearl Harbor)
Spread Christianity
Issues of “duty free”
status
Queen Liliuokalani –
wanted to rid American
influence (“Hawaii for the
Hawaiians”)
28.
29. HAWAII (CON’T)
American Sugar
planters want it to be
annexed
Not have to pay tax
Business
groups, aided by the
Marines overthrow the
gov‟t
Becomes a territory
until 1959 (50th state)
30.
31. SAMOA
Important for refueling
U.S. promises to help with disputes
among other countries
Divided among Germany and the United
States (almost led to war)
33. EVENTS LEADING UP TO WAR
U.S. attempts to buy Cuba
from Spain
Cuban War for Independence
Ledby Jose Marti (Cuban poet)
American opinion split
Spanish Response
ValerianoWeyler (Spanish
General) beats rebellion and
imprisons thousands of Cubans
34. CAUSES OF THE WAR
Major Causes
1) Yellow Journalism
2) De Lome Letter
3) Sinking of the „U.S.S. Maine‟
Minor Causes
1. Support of Monroe Doctrine
2. Desire for Empire
3. Belief in American
Superiority
35. YELLOW JOURNALISM
Sensational stories about Spanish
atrocities towards the Cubans
“Butcher Weyler”
Stories of poisoned wells and killing
children
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer fuel the war
“You furnish the
pictures and I‟ll furnish
the war.” ~ Hearst
36. “Remember the Maine”
Like Pearl Harbor during
WWII, this slogan is at the
center of American public
support over the Spanish-
American War
37. DE LOME LETTER
Enrique Dupuy de
Lome Spanish
minister to the U.S.
Letter criticized the
President
Called him “weak” and
insulted greatly
Letter is stolen and
leaked to New York
Journal
De Lome is forced to
resign, Spanish
embarrassed and
Americans angry
38. Dupuy de Lome Letter
“. . . it shows once more
what McKinley is: weak
and catering to the
rabble, and, besides, a
low politician, who
desires to leave a door
open to me and to stand
well with the jingoes of
his party.”
39. SINKING OF THE U.S.S. MAINE
Battleship sent in to escort American
citizens and protect property
Feb. 15, 1898 ship blows up in Havana
Harbor (260 men killed)
Debate over the reason for the ship
exploding still exists (newspapers blame
the Spanish angering Americans more)
April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on
Spain
40. America Attacked by foreign
powers
•U.S.S. Maine
•Lusitania (British ship a/
Americans)
•Pearl Harbor
•Twin Towers („93)
•Twin Towers (9/11)
43. WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
First battle in the Philippines
Commodore George Dewey attacks the
Spanish fleet
44. WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES
Spanish are easily
defeated
U.S. receives help
from Filipino rebels
led by Emilio
Aguinaldo
Spanish surrender
at Manila
Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo
45. WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN
Rough Riders cavalry
group led by Theodore
Roosevelt
Gain fame at Kettle Hill
and San Juan Hill (Cuba)
Spanish easily defeated
in Cuba
Soon after they are
defeated in Puerto Rico
46. TREATY OF PARIS
December 10, 1898
Terms
Cuba is given independence
Guam and Puerto Rico given to the U.S.
Spain sells Philippines to U.S. for $20 million
Actual war lasts a total of 15 weeks
361 American deaths, 2,061 of food poisoning
and disease
Sec. of State John Hay calls the war,
“a splendid little war.”
48. EFFECTS ON NEW AREAS
Puerto Rico
Foraker Act (1900) Set up gov‟t where U.S.
had a great deal of influence
Puerto Ricans have been granted U.S.
citizenship
Cuba
Amendment gives the U.S. far more
Platt
power in Cuba and right to intervene
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (Marine base)
49. EFFECTS ON THE PHILIPPINES
U.S. acts much like the
Spanish in the Philippines
Emilio Aguinaldo leads
rebellion against U.S.
(guerilla tactics)
50. We could not leave them to themselves –
they were unfit for self-government, and
would soon have anarchy and misrule worse
than Spain’s was . . . There was nothing left
for us to do but to take them all, and to
educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize
and Christianize them…
-President William McKinley
51. •Aguinaldo issued a proclamation of independence in
January 1899 – declaring the Philippines a republic
•USA ignored the proclamation and proceeded to
suppress the independence movement
•Vicious fighting lasted for 3 years:
•4,000 American soldiers KIA
•3,000 American soldiers wounded
•16,000 Filipino soldiers KIA
•200,000 Filipino civilians killed
52. •Occasional fighting continued for years
•During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in
WWII, Aguinaldo made an infamous radio address in support
of the Japanese (referring to them as liberators)
•Aguinaldo was imprisoned by the USA (in his trial as a
collaborator, he testified that the Japanese forced him to make
the address)
•The Philippines were granted independence in 1946
53. The United States into the 21st Century
Victory in the Spanish-American War touched off a new era in the
United States. Its role in world affairs forever changed; the
United States became involved in many foreign conflicts over the
next century.
1917 = WWI
1941 = WWII
1950 = Korea
1964 = Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Vietnam
1991 = Persian Gulf War (invasion of Kuwait)
2001 = Invasion of Afghanistan (to depose the Taliban)
2003 = Invasion of Iraq (to depose Saddam Hussein)
55. BEGINNING OF TRADE
China being split by European powers
Spheres of Influence – only one nation can trade
in a specific area
Increase of trade w/ the U.S.
American missionaries sent to China
Chinese workers come to America to work on
railroads
“The Empress of
China” trading goods
b/w the U.S. and
China
56.
57. CONFLICT
Chinese want to preserve
traditional culture
Mixed perceptions of
China
exotic,
backward and
immoral
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) suspends
Chinese immigration
58. OPEN DOOR NOTES
Letters to share trading rights w/ the U.S.
John Hay (Sec. Of State for McKinley)
Agreed to by foreign powers, but not happy
59. BOXER REBELLION
Traditionalist Chinese
become angered
Attack and murder
missionaries, other
foreigners, and Chinese
converts
Hundreds of foreigners
die, thousands of
Chinese die in fighting
Rebellion eventually put
down and shaky
relations with China
continue
60. DESCRIPTION FROM ONE FOREIGNER ABOUT THE BOXER REBELLION
“THEIR YELLS WERE DEAFENING, WHILE THE ROAR OF GONGS, DRUMS
AND HORNS SOUNDED LIKE THUNDER… THEY WAVED THEIR SWORDS
AND STAMPED ON THE GROUND WITH THEIR FEET. THEY WORE RED
TURBANS, SASHES, AND GARTERS OVER BLUE CLOTH. WHEN THEY WERE
ONLY TWENTY FEET FROM OUR GATE, THREE VOLLEYS FROM THE RIFLES
OF OUR SOLDIERS LEFT MORE THAN FIFTY DEAD UPON THE GROUND.”
61. JAPAN
1852 Commodore
Matthew Perry sent to
Japan to open trade
Conflicts
Japanese immigrants begin
coming to the West Coast
Gentlemen‟s Agreement
restriction on immigration
Japan begins to adopt
western ideas and
becomes an industrial
nation
64. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
Japan wanted to expand its influence
Become a world power
Need for resources
Take Manchuria, Korea and attack Russia
Japanese have great success (1st time an
eastern nation defeated a western power)
President Roosevelt intervenes to settle
conflict
65.
66. ROOSEVELT AND THE TREATY
Roosevelt wants both “it could possibly mean a struggle
between them (Japan) and us in
to have open door the future” ~ Roosevelt
policy w/ China foreshadowing
Roosevelt fears
Japanese power
Treaty at
Portsmouth, NH
(1905)
Roosevelt wins the
Nobel Peace Prize
69. BACKGROUND
Monroe Doctrine –
U.S. opposes any
European involvement
in Western
Hemisphere (1823)
Interested in protection
within own region
Concerned about
potential canal zone
Economic interests
70. U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN
LATIN AMERICA
Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt)
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)
Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)
71.
72.
73. BIG STICK DIPLOMACY
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” ~TR
Believed that the U.S. had to build up a strong
military
Military sphere of influence
The military would provide the “threat” of force
in order to protect American interests
The threat would allow America to back up its word
74.
75. A LATIN AMERICAN POLICE FORCE
Roosevelt Corollary – Says that US will intervene in
any Latin American country whose stability was in
question (get rid of European influence)
Military sphere of influence
Examples: Venezuela, Dominican
Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti
Mixed Opinions
76. DOLLAR & MORAL DIPLOMACY
William H. Taft
Dollar Diplomacy – urge banks and business to invest
in Latin America
Economic sphere of influence
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson was more an anti-imperialist
Thought using money or force would hurt the U.S. and
Latin America
Promote democratic gov‟ts
77. GREAT WHITE FLEET
Roosevelt sends U.S.
navy on a global cruise
16 white battleships to
show that U.S. is a
power in the Pacific
and the world
78. THE PANAMA CANAL
1880 – French company begins work on
a canal across Panama
Ferdinand de Lesseps (same man who
built the Suez Canal)
After a decade, the canal was canceled
(disease and terrain)
20,000 dead
in 9 years (French give up)
79. Ferdinand De Lesseps
Builder of the Suez
Canal and hired by the
French to build the Canal
in Panama
80. AMERICAN MOTIVATIONS
1) Boost the nation‟s economy
2) 2) Shorten journey b/w eastern factories and
Asian markets
81.
82. REVOLUTION IN PANAMA
French (Bunau-Varilla) help the Panamanians rebel
They want out.
Roosevelt supports Varilla by sending a warship
(U.S.S. Nashville)
With support from U.S., rebellion is successful
U.S. recognizes Panama as a new nation
Many believe it is a violation of Colombian rights
(eventually pay them $25 million)
83. BUILDING THE CANAL
Problems
Disease-carrying mosquitoes
(yellow fever, malaria)
Humidity
Frequent accidents
William Gorgas – sent to
Panama to reduce death from
disease
The Size
More than 43,000 workers at one
time
61 million pounds of dynamite
Completed in 1914 (5,600
workers die from disease)
84. Yellow Fever trouble spots today.
Panama is still included.
South America Africa
85. SIGNIFICANCE OF CANAL
50 mile canal
Trip was 8,000 miles
shorter
Gateway between the
Atlantic and Pacific
“The Land
Divided, the World
United”
One of the two most
important canals in
the world
88. EUROPE BEFORE WAR
Fewer nations than today
All nations have national self-
interests
hegemony = power
Balkan Peninsula is constantly
unstable
Many nationalities
Great reliance on Alliance system
Belief that war would be quick
and victorious
90. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
The “sick man” of
Europe
Mediocre
military, industrial
economy
An empire whose
best days were a
century or two past
Biggest Problem:
Ethnic Tensions
92. FRANCE
First place in no
category, last place in
no category
Only Republic
Up until 1815 enjoyed
hegemony in Europe
Relatively
large, wealthy, and
powerful
Jittery about Germany
93. GERMANY
Unified in 1871
Most Industrialized
Most Feared Army
Cultural Clashes and
Rivalry with Russia
and France
Fairly autocratic rule
by Kaiser Wilhelm II
94. GREAT BRITAIN
Greatest Naval Power
Greatest Empire
Fairly Good Relations
with All Nations
Most Stable Government
Relatively Small
Population
Industrialized, but
eclipsed by Germany
95. ITALY
Newcomer
(Unification in 1860s)
Relatively poor and
underdeveloped
compared to other
major powers
Relative loser in
imperialist land-grab
Looking for
Legitimacy
97. RUSSIA
Europe‟s Slow Giant
Enormous Population and Natural Resources
Ethnic tensions with Germany
Territorial tensions with Austria-Hungary
Fearful of Revolution
98. LONG TERM CAUSES OF THE WAR
M Militarism
A Alliances
I Imperialism
N Nationalism
99. (M)ILITARISM
Definition –
development of armed
forces and their use as
a diplomatic tool
Military spending to
defend empires;
everybody wanted a
stronger military than
their competition
European competition for
the greatest navy and By 1890 – Great Britain is
most advanced greatest naval power;
technology Germany is greatest land
power
Other countries quickly
100. (A)LLIANCES
Triple Entente – France, Great Britain and
Russia (a.k.a. the “allies”)
Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-
Hungary and Italy (a.k.a. the “central
powers”)
Purpose was to maintain the balance of
power and stop war from occurring
The system primarily set up by Otto Von
Bismarck (German statesman)
101.
102.
103. Otto Von Bismarck (1815-1898) –
Considered the founder of the
German Empire and architect of
the Alliance System
Bismarck helped to maintain the
balance of power in Europe, but
was forced to resign from
German government in 1890 by
William II.
104. Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) –
Emperor of Germany
Wilhelm led Germany through World
War I and gave up the throne in
1918. Fled to Holland and lived there
till his death. Very much an advocate
of German nationalism
105. (I)MPERIALISM
Definition - Building of empires
economically and politically (not
exclusive to the US)
Colonies provide raw
materials, markets, and extension of
power
Leads to competition and increased
militarism
All nations begin to extend their influence
throughout the “third world”
106.
107. (N)ATIONALISM
Definition – devotion to the interests
and culture of one’s nation
Social Darwinism and ethnic differences
Leads to competition and rivalry among
European countries
Pan-Slavism A united country of Slavic
people protected by Russia (leads to
outbreak of war)
110. DANGEROUS TO SERBIA
Would have granted
Southern Slavs
autonomy (self-rule)
but couldn‟t let them
be independent
Ended possible
revolution in Bosnia
and reunification with
Serbia
111. JUNE 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand visits
Sarajevo, Bosnia on a
goodwill tour
200th anniversary of A-H‟s
rule over Bosnia
112. Last photo of Archduke and Princess alive – leaving city
hall after their banquet.
113. BAD CHOICE… Gavrilo Princip and
“Black Hand” gang
shot Ferdinand
while he visited
Sarajevo
114. Princip as he is arrested and before he can shoot
himself
115. GAVRILO PRINCIP:
FACTS:
(1) WANTED TO FREE BOSNIA FROM THE RULE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND
MAKE IT PART OF SERBIA ONCE AGAIN
(2) MURDERED ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND AND HIS PREGNANT WIFE
SOPHIA
(3) HIS PURPOSE WAS TO SEND A MESSAGE TO AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND
PROMOTE NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION
(4) THE ASSASSINATION WAS PLANNED AND SUPPORTED BY THE SERBIAN
GOVERNMENT
Question:
Is Gavrilo Princip a terrorist or freedom fighter?
117. JULY CRISIS
Austria confers with Germany for almost 1 month
Germany offers unlimited and unconditional support
118. RUSSIA’S ROLE
Austria tries to provoke Serbia into war
July 23 – delivered 24 point ultimatum
Serbia submits to all but 1 condition
A-H can‟t come into Serbia to investigate
July 28 A-H declares war on Serbia
Felt bound to help defend Serbia (Pan-
Slavism)
July 30-31 – Russia mobilized against A-H
and Germany – also asked France to
mobilize
July 31 – A-H mobilized against Russia
Germany began to mobilize and gave Russia
a 12 hr. deadline to stop their mobilization
Russia refused to stop
119. FURTHER DECLARATIONS OF WAR
August 1 – Ger. Declares war on Russia
August 3 – Ger. Declares war on France
Italians were left out of loop
Claim ignorance and insult
Brit. Fears a Ger. victory
August 4 – Brit. Joins France and Russia
IncludesCanada, New
Zealand, Australia, Ireland…
120. WHERE IS AMERICA?
U.S. is officially neutral
Individuals are divided on who they
should support (or to support any
nation at all)
121. INTERVENTIONISTS ISOLATIONISTS
Split ties due to immigration Socialists criticize war
Support Germany Conflict over markets and
German ancestry economic control
Irish looking to gain U.S. should be an example
independence from Britain
peace
Support Britain
William Jennings Bryan
Common
culture, language, and legal Fear of families
system experiencing horrors of war
German attack on Belgium
Economic ties w/ British
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
122. SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA
Sailing from New York to England
(carrying civilians and munitions)
May 7, 1915
Sunk by a German U-Boat
123. LUSITANIA
1,198 killed (128 Americans)
Wilson demands an apology, money, and
commitment not to use submarines
Germans agree to most; Americans back
down and remain neutral
124. THE SUSSEX PLEDGE
German U-boat sinks
French liner “Sussex”
March, 1916
Sussex Pledge Germans
promise not to sink
merchant ships without
warning and without saving
human lives
U.S. Congress agrees to
begin building up the army
and navy
U.S. is still aiding in the war
effort but not yet officially
involved in the war
125. ZIMMERMANN NOTE
Arthur Zimmermann – German
ambassador to Mexico
If Mexico joins a German
alliance, Germany would help to
restore territory in New
Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back to
Mexico
Note is made public and outrages
Americans
126.
127.
128. ELECTION OF 1916
Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) –
Charles Evans Hughes (Republican)
Wilson narrowly wins election as continues to
work for peace
Calls for a “peace without victory”
130. THE FINAL STRAW
“It is a war against all
nations…the
Wilson says “the world challenge is to all
must be made safe for mankind.”
democracy” in his call
for war to Congress
Germans continue
use of unrestricted
submarine warfare
April 6, 1917 – U.S.
Congress declares
war
131. RECRUITING & RAISING AN ARMY
Selective Service Act (May 1917)
Required all men between 21-30 to
sign up for military service (opposed
by many)
Random selection
Later made to include ages 18-45
3 million men drafted
2 more million volunteer
400,000 African Americans serve.
Women worked as
clerks, nurses, stenographers and
radio operators
132. THE AMERICAN IMPACT
Mass Production
1) ship workers exempt
from draft
2) Emphasize
importance of ship
making
3) Fabrication techniques
used
Built
elsewhere, but
assembled at the shipyard
4) Gov‟t took over some
commercial and private
ships
133. AMERICAN ARRIVAL
Europe had been at war for more than 2 years
already.
Convoy system warships guard troop carriers
across the Atlantic (soldiers and supplies reach
safely)
June 14, 1917 – General John J. Pershing and
the American Expeditionary Forces
(“Doughboys”)
Fresh and enthusiastic troops
A boost in morale
American forces turn the tide of the war in a
time of desperate need
134. General John J.
Pershing, leader of the
American Expeditionary
Forces
Pershing fought in both the
Spanish American War and
was in charge of tracking
down Pancho Villa before
the United States headed
off to war in Europe
136. The trench system of the Western Front stretched for
400 miles from the North Sea on the coast of Belgium
to the Alps of Switzerland
137. THE TRENCHES
Systems of digging out the ground to protect
army
Both sides utilize the trenches
Life in the trenches was uncomfortable and
quite bleak
“no man‟s land” barren expanse of mud
with shell craters and barbed wire
140. Image of soldiers “going over the top” – meaning to
climb over the trenches and charge across “no man‟s
land”
141. LIFE IN THE TRENCHES
Disease runs rampant through
the trenches
Rats infest the trenches in
thousands
Lice cause Trench fever
severe pain followed by deadly
fever
Trench foot
Fungal infection of the feet
Caused by cold, wet and
unsanitary trenches
Could cause gangrenous
conditions and result in
amputation.
142. TRENCHES (CON’T)
Trench warfare creates a stalemate in
France that neither army can break
Combined with the new technology of the
war, this creates massive casualties that
have never been seen before
143. Soldiers fixing
bayonets
preparing to go
“over the top” and
charge the other
trenches.
Machine gun fire
from the other
trenches create
huge casualties
145. THE DAILY GRIND
1. Clean Rifle
2. Eat Breakfast (unofficial truce)
3. Complete Daily Chores -refilling of
sandbags, repair the duckboards, and the
draining of trenches.
4. Sleep, write letters, etc.
5. Wait for nightfall (most action happened
then)
151. MACHINE GUN
Modified during World War I (most effective
weapon)
Up to 600 rounds/minute
Considered “weapon of mass destruction”
(MWD)
Mainly used as a defensive weapon
Problems: (1) immobile (2) overheating (3)
frequently jammed
152.
153. Above and to the right : German made WWI Bergmann MP18
machine gun
Below: U.S. made WWI Browning machine gun
WITH EVERY WEAPON, EACH NATION HAS ITS OWN MODEL
154. FLAMETHROWER
Psychological
weapon of terror
Idea to launch
burning fuel
Used to clear
defenders before
infantry charge
Later used as
extensions from
tanks
156. TANKS AIRPLANES
Caterpillar treads First used in WWI
Constructed w/ steel mostly as scout planes
Used more to destroy Machine guns mounted
barbed wire defenses for “dogfights” and used
First used in WWI (By for early bombing
British in 1916) Air balloons also used
Still have many weak for scouting
areas
160. Left: Typical WWI airplane
Below: WWI style seaplane
Below: WWI style
bomber, not used till end
of war
161. Left: WWI biplanes flying in
formation
Right: Airplane with
camera mounted to serve
as surveillance of enemy
troops
162.
163. Manfred Von Richthofen a.k.a. “Red Baron” –
leading German pilot with 80 victories
Eddie Rickenbacker – Leading
American pilot with 26 victories
164.
165. Above: Air ships were
relatively new to the scene
and used for scouting and
eventually to drop bombs
Right: Anti-Air Guns
166. WWI style searchlights used to find
airplanes.
Radar would not be used until the
Second World War
167. POISON GAS
Physical and psychological weapon
First used by the French
Chlorine fog – suffocates (choking
attacks), burns, and blinds victims (yellow-green
gas)
Phosgene – caused violent coughing and
choking w/ delayed effect (next step up)
Mustard Gas – caused internal and external
blisters
Gas attacks receive condemnation (topic of debate
for years)
168. Casualties From Gas - The Numbers
Country Total Casualties Death
Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000
British Empire 188,706 8,109
France 190,000 8,000
Germany 200,000 9,000
Italy 60,000 4,627
Russia 419,340 56,000
USA 72,807 1,462
Others 10,000 1,000
169. Gas masks for man and horse
demonstrated by American soldier
World War I gas masks – Gas attacks created
fear among the troops and were created to break
the stalemate
170. A MENTAL WAR
Mental Illness
ShellShock – called Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder today
Thousands were discovered to suffer
Lack of sleep
171. MEDICINE BREAKTHROUGHS
Treating wounds and injury becomes more
advanced (along w/ fighting infection)
Use of rehabilitation
Skin-graft technology to heal face wounds
(leads to plastic surgery)
Red Cross Ambulances used
173. GOALS OF HOMEFRONT ORGANIZATIONS
Raising money for
the war
Gaining public
support for the war
174.
175. PAYING FOR THE WAR
$35.5 billion spent on
the war
1/3 from taxes
Progressive Income
Taxes on
tobacco, liquor, and
luxury goods
The rest from bonds
“Liberty” and “Victory”
Loans
176. AMERICAN INDUSTRY
War Industries Board
Encourage mass production
Eliminate waste
Set up production quotas and distributed raw
materials
Bernard Baruch, set up in 1917
Impact on Labor
American industry grows by 20%
Largely responsible for allied victory in the war
With so many white men off to war, women and
177. CONSERVATION OF
RESOURCES
Food Administration
Herbert Hoover
Set crop prices and
regulate food exports
Families conserve
food, coal, gas
Daylight savings time
Encourage
Americans to plant
“victory gardens” to
save food for the
soldiers
178. PATRIOTISM & PROPAGANDA
Committee on Public Information
Promote the war to American public
Posters, paintings, cartoons, and speeches
George Creel (former muckraker)
“Star Spangled Banner” sung at many
public occasions
“100 percent Americanism”
Support for the war is great
182. ENSURING LOYALTY
Espionage Act (1917)
Punished anyone found guilty of helping the
enemy, hindering recruitment, or inciting revolt.
Sedition Act (1918)
Prohibited speech that was
“disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive about
the government, flag, Constitution or armed
forces.”
183. WERE THOSE NEW LAWS
CONSTITUTIONAL?
Do you think that the Sedition Act and
Espionage Act violate the Constitution of the
United States of America?
Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court says the
Espionage Act is constitutional.
Oliver Wendell Holmes (Supreme Court Justice)
says there are cases where the first amendment
right of free speech can be limited (cases of
clear, and present danger, like wartime)
184. Eugene V. Debs – an
outspoken opponent of the
war effort – was given a 10
year sentence for speaking
out against the war and draft.
185. Citizens collect books from the
Chicago Public Library to send
over to soldiers fighting in Europe
186. America as a World Power
THE END OF WAR, 14 POINTS, AND
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
187. END OF THE WAR
Russia pulls out of war in 1917
Germans concentrate forces and make a push on
the western front
U.S. troops arrive just in time
Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and 2nd Marne
No invasion or decisive battle (war of attrition)
188. •November
11, 1918
Armistice day
(cease fire)
•48,000 U.S.
dead in
battle, 62,000 of
disease
•22 Million total
deaths in
Europe
ARMISTICE DAY
189. HOW TO SOLVE THE PEACE???
What were the long- How should a peace
term and immediate treaty have resolved
causes of war? these problems?
Explain briefly.
190. WILSON’S 14 POINTS
•January 1918
•Wilson presents his plan for peace
(Intended end the causes that had
begun the war in the first place)
•Proposed an international organization
called the League of Nations to preserve
peace in the world
•The 14 points truly express Wilson‟s
optimism and idealism
191. Ideals in Wilson‟s Fourteen Points
1. Self determination (personal independence) of all peoples
2. Arms reduction
3. Non-punishment
4. Formation of the League of Nations
5. Freedom of the Seas
6. No secret treaties
7. Free and open trade
192.
193. What did
Wilson hope
the League of
Nations would
accomplish?
194.
195. PEACE IN PARIS
United States - primarily concerned with maintaining
world peace
Woodrow Wilson
France – punish Germany
Georges Clemenceau
Italy – gain land and spoils of war
Vittorio Orlando
Britain – punish Germany, not as bad as France
David Lloyd George
The “Big Four” have a difficult time compromising on
the right course of action for Europe and the world
196. From the left:
David Lloyd
George of Great
Britain, Orlando
of
Italy, Clemenceau
of France and
Wilson of the
United States
197. Treaty of Versailles
•Germany
blamed, demilitarized, forc
ed to pay reparations ($33
billion)
•Treaty written without
German representation
•Anschluss (Combining of
Germany and Austria)
forbidden forever
•League of Nations
created but Germany not
admitted
198. Treaty of Versailles
•Map altered with little regard for ethnic or
true national boundaries
•Poland created out of Germany and
Russia
•France given the Alsace Lorraine
province
•Czechoslovakia created out of
Germany and Austria-Hungary
•Yugoslavia created by combining
Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia,
and other small territories
•Austria-Hungary broken up
•England received mandates territorial
holdings in the Middle East from the
Ottoman Empire
199.
200. Great Britain “forgot”
about its promises
to both Arab
Muslims and Jews
to create an
independent
homeland for them
in their holy lands
201. DISAGREEMENT OVER THE LEAGUE
No L.O.N. For the L.O.N.
Fear of war w/out Claim that cooperation
Congressional approval among nations would
U.S. involvement in create peace
issues beyond its Wilson‟s idea and U.S.
concern as a world leader
Henry Cabot Lodge Franklin Roosevelt
202.
203. WILSON AND THE LEAGUE
Wilson attempted to convince the American public
and U.S. Congress to pass a treaty allowing the
League of Nations
Partisanship –rivalry among political parties- defeats the
L.O.N.
Wilson collapses from exhaustion and suffers a
stroke days later
Congress never passes the treaty
League of Nations begins without the support of the
United States
205. The Ideal versus Real League of
The Ideal League
Nations League in Practice
The
All nations should be members. Not all nations were members (eg. USA
and Russia).
All nations should be equal partners in the Not equal partners because major powers
League. made decisions in the Council.
The League should be able to make League structure was weak, disagreement
decisions quickly and easily. caused delays.
National interests should be second to the Nations were more interested in their OWN
league‟s interests. affairs, especially after 1929 with the
economic crisis.
•Members should obey the League‟s It was ignored (eg. Japan in Manchuria –
sanctions: The Moral Sanction. 1931). Offenders could trade with none
•The Economic Sanction. League members (eg. Abyssinia Crisis –
•The Military Sanction. 1935/6).
It wasn't realistic to use violence to stop
violence.
