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Chapter 1
- 1. Chapter 1 Adjusting to Modern Life
Editor's Notes
- Study Human and Animal Behavior – only requires observation Why would we even study animal behavior? - Many feel that the principles of behavior are much the same for all animals – including humans - Therefore, we can infer it would be similar in humans - They can have more control over the experiment with an animal What would be the problem with studying mental processes? - Very subjective – must rely on a persons’ self report ….is it true What might be a problem with looking at physiological processes? - Lack of technology for imaging equipment - Lack of current knowledge of the brain / nervous system
- Up until about the 1950’s – Psych was just an academic study – research and teaching of the “science” WWII caused many of the academics to be forced into military services to 1.) Screen new recruits to make sure they were of sound mind 2.) Treat those coming from the war with severe trauma This was the beginning of Clinical Psych – concerned with diagnosing and treating psychological problems and disorders Cognitive - Perception - Sensation - Memory Counseling – just counseling – no prescriptions Social – Study of human behavior in social situations - Social Psych Lab / Risky behavior Behavioral - Child behavior / development
- How would you begin to look into these types of questions??? - OBSERVATION!!!!
- What is the scientific method?? 1.) Formulate a testable hypothesis 2.) Gather data 3.) use statistics to analyze these data 4.) Report findings to public / other scientists 5.) This allows for the process to continue
- What is the scientific method?? 1.) Formulate a testable hypothesis 2.) Gather data 3.) use statistics to analyze these data 4.) Report findings to public / other scientists 5.) This allows for the process to continue
- The scientific method seems to take a great deal of effort. Surely we can just rely on the less-scientific methods such as: Logic Casual observation Common sense Why on earth go through all the trouble? 1.) Clarity & Precision – different “common sense” / “logic” ideals can mean different things to different people: - Absence makes the heart grow fonder - Out of sight, out of mind - This method forces scientists to specify EXACTLY what they are looking at and DEFINE it all 2.) Intolerance for Error - Scientists scrutinize others’ work very carefully - Must make sure you were objective
- These two groups MUST be similar in all aspects except for the manipulation – word recognition – all had to have their first language be English Do the emotions / video clip pen experiment Clip #1 from “Moving Images” Therapeutic Touch to show the Placebo Effect “ The Scientific Attitude” Tell them about the “Aggression” study I participated in
- Class Handout??? ACTIVITY???? What is the Independent Variable in this experiment? - Number of papers required to be turned in by the students What is the Dependent Variable in this experiment? - How the students rated their satisfaction with the course What do you think the graph of this data might look like?
- Because of the manipulation, at the end they are able to say, “Students tend to like a class more if the number of papers does not exceed the credit hour cap on the course” For example, if we wanted to find out if smoking cigarettes lowered your IQ – we could NOT randomly select half of you to become smokers for the experiment. We wanted to view the effects of poverty on education – cannot randomly select half of you to grow up in poverty
- Example of the Positive Correlation: Number of Caffiene pills with Number of hours awake during the day Number of cell phone users = increase in number of car accidents (3:1 to drunk drivers) Negative Correlation: More beers = less consciousness
- Example of the Positive Correlation: Number of Caffeine pills with Number of hours awake during the day Number of cell phone users = increase in number of car accidents (3:1 to drunk drivers) Negative Correlation: More beers = less consciousness
- Example of does X cause Y – Text book example was Marital Happiness and Good healthy sex life Do happy couples have more / better sex Do couples who have more / better sex report more marital satisfaction Examples of Third Variable – Statistics show women who get breast implants are more likely to commit suicide… Are these women unhappy with themselves after getting implants to commit suicide, OR Were these women those with possible low self esteem to start with Statistics show that increased ice cream sales is related to the number of acts of violence Does Ice cream make us angry?? What time of the year would ice cream sales increase? Warmer weather….longer days….
- No – widespread “common sense” assumption Empirical evidence has shown that the majority of the people are pretty happy regardless if they are poor or disabled Only a very small minority would rate themselves below the neutral mark
- By yourself make a list of things that are not important to your happiness. Make a list of things that are very important to your happiness?
- Sometimes when people’s situation improves (fell into lots of money), the move their neutral point upward and therefore, it doesn’t feel any different / better Likewise – having a major setback – disabled / unplanned pregnancy – people will adapt / adjust their neutral point lower Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind. The name derives from the Greek word for "pleasure"