Learning difficulties affect the way a person learns new things, how they deal with information, and how they communicate with others. And learning disabilities include all areas of life, not only learning in school, it can also affect how you learn basic skills such as reading, writing and mathematics, and in the way you learn high-level skills such as organizing, time planning, abstract thinking, and the development of long or short-term memory and attention.

1. Types of learning difficulties and treatment
methods
Prepared-presented by Rana Abdullah Tahan
PHD researcher
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1093-7740

2. Learning difficulties affect the way a person learns new things, how
they deal with information, and how they communicate with others.
And learning disabilities include all areas of life, not only learning in
school, it can also affect how you learn basic skills such as reading,
writing and mathematics, and in the way you learn high-level skills
such as organizing, time planning, abstract thinking, and the
development of long or short-term memory and attention.
-What are learning difficulties ?
-Causes and methods of treatment ?

3. Learning difficulties are a general term that describes the challenges faced
by children in the learning process, and although some of them have a
psychological or physical disability, many of them are poor, although they
show difficulty in certain learning-related processes: understanding,
thinking, cognition, attention, reading (dyslexia), writing, spelling,
pronunciation, arithmetic or in skills related to each of the previous
processes. Cases of learning difficulties include persons with mental
disabilities, emotional disorders, hearing and visual impairments and
persons with disabilities, provided that they are not the cause of
difficulty.
What are learning difficulties?

4. The genesis of learning difficulties The role of educators in the
development and development of the field of learning difficulties did not
appear significantly until the beginning of the twentieth century,
especially in the sixties of the last century, where the term learning
difficulties appeared when Samuel A. Kirk (1996-1997), the author of the
study, and the author of the study of learning difficulties. American
psychologist Kirk in 1962 prepared a university book talking about special
education in which the first definitions of learning difficulties appeared.
Also in the same year was the scientific beginning when Kirk and
Bethmann used the term to describe a group of children in the classroom
with difficulties learning to read, spell or perform arithmetic operations .
In 1963, a conference was held, attended by educators, psychologists and
those interested in learning difficulties, to discuss and discover the
problems of children with cognitive disabilities. In 1975, the term ”
learning difficulty ” was accepted into the federal law” (education for all
disabled children) and this was the last step to stabilizing the term at the
national level after considerable efforts to develop a more specific
definition of it and the relevant standards in the Federal Register in 1977.

5. Classification and patterns of learning difficulties Specialists in the field of learning difficulties
classify the latter into two main groups :
These difficulties affect the pre-academic processes, such as attention, perception, memory,
thinking and language, on which academic achievement depends, and constitute the most
important foundations of an individual's cognitive mental activity.
Developmental Learning Disabilities
It means academic cognitive performance difficulties, which consist of reading, writing,
spelling, written expression and arithmetic, and these difficulties are largely related to
developmental learning difficulties.
Academic Learning Disabilities

6. Education difficulties are classified
Development learning
difficulties
Attention Perception
Mathematics
Difficulties
Writing
difficulties
Academic learning difficulties
Reading
difficulties
Difficulty
thinking
Difficulties of
understanding

7. 1. Dyslexia (reading difficulties)
It is a term known as "dyslexia" i.e. the inability of the pupil of readers, and divided into two
types Reading difficulties : shows students who suffer from this difficulty low capacity in the
acquisition of literacy skills, and often cause these difficulties in avoiding reading, writing and
try to learn the material by heart, in order to hide the difficulties of reading. Some of the
manifestations of reading difficulties : inaccuracy in reading and reading slowly, difficulties in
understanding the reader, difficulty in spelling, reverse writing of words and letters, and
sometimes even linguistic difficulties in organizing sentences and distinguishing between
sounds.
The difficulties of understanding :
1. we talk about this concept when you don't can the pupil to understand the meanings of
words, phrases and sentences.
2. difficulty writing (dysgraphia)This term refers to the inability of the pupil to write, or he can
not think while writing.

8. 3. attention and concentration disorders
Disorders in attention and concentration (ADD) appear in the
difficulty of constant maintenance of attention, distractions and a
significant sensitivity to external stimuli. When disturbances in
attention and concentration are accompanied by excessive activity
(ADHD), these symptoms are accompanied by excessive activity,
impulsiveness (recklessness), emotional volatility and difficulty in
postponing sufficiency (satisfying desires).

9. D-difficulty of calculation (descalquiola)
Students with this difficulty are characterized by a lack of
understanding of the relationship between numbers,
difficulties in visual or auditory perception of numbers, and
also difficulty in performing calculations and others.

10. V. difficulty of movement (dyspraxia)This term expresses sensory integration
disorder and includes problems of "balance-alignment between hand and eye
performance", i.e. the pupil is unable to coordinate and control simple movements
such as typing and cutting, or more complex movements such as running and
jumping.

11. 5. What are the signs of learning difficulties?
Difficult to detect learning difficulties because of the complexity and
overlap with other symptoms, but experts usually by measuring the
child compared to the expected according to the level of his intelligence
and lifespan, and in general there are some indicators that indicate the
presence of learning difficulties, summed up as follows:

12. Four years ago:
-Difficulty in pronouncing words.
-Difficulty -adhering to tone while singing
-Problems in learning letters, numbers, colors, shapes and days of the week.
-Difficulty in understanding and following trends, and in following routines as well.
-Difficulty holding a pen, chalk or scissors.
-Difficulty handling studs and lace up
From the age of four to nine:
-Difficulty in connecting letters and the way they are pronounced.
-Difficulty in connecting the sounds of letters to each other to pronounce a word.
-He confuses words when he reads them.
-Constantly misspelling, always misreading.
-Difficulty in learning basic concepts of arithmetic such as addition and subtraction.
-Difficulty in reading the time and remembering the order of the day and hour parts.
-Slow to learn new skills

13. From the age of nine to fifteen:
-Difficulty in reading texts and performing calculations.
-Difficulty in answering questions you need to write.
-Avoids reading and writing.
-Write one word in more than one way in one topic.
-Weakness in order and organization.
He can not integrate into the discussions of the class and express his thoughts.
The following chart summarizes the most important difficulties of education and
the characteristics of each difficulty separately

14. 6 - causes of learning difficulties Recent studies have shown that there are multiple and
overlapping causes of learning difficulties, which we summarize below:
Defects in brain development
Through the stages of fetal development, there may be some flaws and errors that may affect
the composition and connection of neurons to each other, and scientists believe that these
errors or defects in the growth of nerve cells that lead to the emergence of learning difficulties
in children.
Genetic defects
The prevalence of learning difficulties is often observed in certain families, and this is thought
to be due to a genetic basis.
for example, children who lack some of the skills required for reading, such as hearing
distinctive and detailed sounds of words, are likely to have a similar problem .

15. 6-Problems during pregnancy and birth In some cases, the mother's immune system reacts to
the fetus as if it were a foreign body attacking it, and this reaction leads to an imbalance in the
development of the nervous system of the latter.
In other cases, the umbilical cord may twist around itself during childbirth resulting in a
sudden lack of oxygen reaching the fetus, leading to disability in the work of the brain and
difficulty learning in adulthood.
Smoking, drinking alcohol, or some dangerous medications during pregnancy can also cause a
child to suffer from learning difficulties .Pollution and environmental problems Research has
proven that environmental pollution can lead to learning difficulties because of its adverse
effect on the growth of nerve cells, studies have shown that lead is pollution resulting from
the combustion of gasoline and also in the pipes of drinking water, can lead to a lot of learning
difficulties.
7 - treatment of learning difficulties We have seen in the above of this article to the difficulty
of learning multiple causes, and natural therapy should be commensurate with the nature of
the difficulty experienced by the child and the degree of their danger, and it's also natural to
combine efforts between the various actors in the upbringing of the child from parents and
teachers and psychiatrists. In general, the potential effects of learning difficulties can be
mitigated by activating the following guidelines:

16. A. parents ' understanding of the problem . Parents should understand the nature of their
children's problems and help the school build a treatment program for these children away
from psychological tensions.
B. B. special educational programme .A special educational program suitable for each child
should be planned according to the type of educational difficulty he has, in cooperation
between the psychologist, the teacher and the family.
C. C. early diagnosis and intervention Diagnosis of the condition of the affected child should
be carried out under the supervision of psychologists, and the earlier the diagnosis is, the
better we can deal with the child, avoiding many misunderstandings.
D. D. cooperation between school and family Learning difficulties affect life as a whole, so the
treatment program must be comprehensive in all aspects of learning and fully coordinated
between the family and the school.

17. Thank you for listening.