Types of dna recombination
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The ppt describes the process when DNA recombination occurs and how it occurs. There are five types of DNA recombination mentioned.
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Site specific recombination
Site-specific recombination involves DNA strand exchange between segments with sequence homology, mediated by site-specific recombinases (SSRs). SSRs recognize and bind to short DNA sequences, cleaving the DNA backbone to exchange helices and rejoin strands. They are classified into tyrosine and serine recombinase families based on mechanism. Tyrosine recombinases like Cre and Flp cleave DNA strands staggered by 6-8bp, linking DNA ends to the recombinase. Serine recombinases simultaneously cleave all four strands staggered by 2bp via phosphoserine bonds. SSRs have applications like tracking cell lineage, ablating genes, and inducing gene expression at specific developmental times.
Recombination
The document discusses genetic recombination and site-specific recombination. It describes the Meselson-Radding model of genetic recombination, which involves a single-strand nick that allows DNA polymerase to extend the 3' end and displace the other strand, forming a D loop structure. Site-specific recombination involves recombinases cutting DNA at specific recognition sequences and rejoining the strands to form a Holliday junction intermediate. Examples discussed include bacteriophage lambda integration into E. coli DNA, which is mediated by lambda integrase recombining attP and attB sites.
Unit 3 recombination
explains about molecular mechanism of recombination and types of recombination. it is as per B.Sc Biotechnology, Calicut University sylabus.
RECOMBINATION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PPT UPDATED new.pptx
This ppt is about recombination and where it occurs. Types of recombination and models of recombination along with many factors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic recombination
DNA repair and recombination
DNA
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES
DNA REPAIR
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DNA REPAIR
I)DIRECT REPAIR SYSTEM,
II)BASE EXCISION REPAIR,
III)NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR,
IV)MISMATCH REPAIR,
V)RECOMBINATION REPAIR,
DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR UNDERLIE HUMAN DISEASE
DNA RECOMBINATION
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM OF DNA RECOMBINATION
TYPES OF RECOMBINATION
I) HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
MODELS FOR HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION:-
I)HOLLIDAY MODEL,
II)MESSELSON AND RADDING MODEL,
III)DOUBLE STRAND BREAK MODEL,
GENE CONVERSION
II) NON-HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION,
i) SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION,
ii)TRANSPOSITIONAL RECOMBINATION.,
Dna recombination mechanisms new
DNA recombination mechanisms are involved in DNA repair, replication, gene expression and chromosome segregation. Recombination involves the breakage and joining of DNA strands. There are three main classes of recombination: homologous recombination between similar DNA sequences, site-specific recombination occurring at particular DNA sequences, and DNA transposition where segments of DNA move to new locations. Recombination is mediated by enzymes and involves steps like strand exchange, branch migration and resolution of Holliday junction structures to produce recombinant DNA products.
Recombinatins .pptx
Genetic recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes or DNA molecules. It occurs through two main types - homologous recombination, which exchanges DNA between similar sequences, and non-homologous recombination between dissimilar sequences. Recombination is important for genetic diversity, DNA repair, and proper chromosome segregation during cell division. It can happen during both mitosis and meiosis, but only meiotic recombination shuffles genes from parents to offspring. There are also different mechanisms of recombination, including site-specific, transposition, and various DNA repair pathways that facilitate genetic exchange.
Site specific recombination
This document discusses site-specific recombination, including the structures and mechanisms involved. It describes two classes of recombinases - tyrosine recombinases and serine recombinases. Tyrosine recombinases involve cleavage of DNA through formation of a protein-DNA bond using a tyrosine residue. Serine recombinases utilize a phosphoserine bond between DNA and a conserved serine residue. The document provides examples of applications for site-specific recombination such as tracking cell lineage, altering gene expression, and targeted gene knockout.
Recommended
Site specific recombination
Site-specific recombination involves DNA strand exchange between segments with sequence homology, mediated by site-specific recombinases (SSRs). SSRs recognize and bind to short DNA sequences, cleaving the DNA backbone to exchange helices and rejoin strands. They are classified into tyrosine and serine recombinase families based on mechanism. Tyrosine recombinases like Cre and Flp cleave DNA strands staggered by 6-8bp, linking DNA ends to the recombinase. Serine recombinases simultaneously cleave all four strands staggered by 2bp via phosphoserine bonds. SSRs have applications like tracking cell lineage, ablating genes, and inducing gene expression at specific developmental times.
Recombination
The document discusses genetic recombination and site-specific recombination. It describes the Meselson-Radding model of genetic recombination, which involves a single-strand nick that allows DNA polymerase to extend the 3' end and displace the other strand, forming a D loop structure. Site-specific recombination involves recombinases cutting DNA at specific recognition sequences and rejoining the strands to form a Holliday junction intermediate. Examples discussed include bacteriophage lambda integration into E. coli DNA, which is mediated by lambda integrase recombining attP and attB sites.
Unit 3 recombination
explains about molecular mechanism of recombination and types of recombination. it is as per B.Sc Biotechnology, Calicut University sylabus.
RECOMBINATION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PPT UPDATED new.pptx
This ppt is about recombination and where it occurs. Types of recombination and models of recombination along with many factors in prokaryotic and eukaryotic recombination
DNA repair and recombination
DNA
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES
DNA REPAIR
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DNA REPAIR
I)DIRECT REPAIR SYSTEM,
II)BASE EXCISION REPAIR,
III)NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR,
IV)MISMATCH REPAIR,
V)RECOMBINATION REPAIR,
DEFECTS IN DNA REPAIR UNDERLIE HUMAN DISEASE
DNA RECOMBINATION
INTRODUCTION
MECHANISM OF DNA RECOMBINATION
TYPES OF RECOMBINATION
I) HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
MODELS FOR HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION:-
I)HOLLIDAY MODEL,
II)MESSELSON AND RADDING MODEL,
III)DOUBLE STRAND BREAK MODEL,
GENE CONVERSION
II) NON-HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION,
i) SITE SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION,
ii)TRANSPOSITIONAL RECOMBINATION.,
Dna recombination mechanisms new
DNA recombination mechanisms are involved in DNA repair, replication, gene expression and chromosome segregation. Recombination involves the breakage and joining of DNA strands. There are three main classes of recombination: homologous recombination between similar DNA sequences, site-specific recombination occurring at particular DNA sequences, and DNA transposition where segments of DNA move to new locations. Recombination is mediated by enzymes and involves steps like strand exchange, branch migration and resolution of Holliday junction structures to produce recombinant DNA products.
Recombinatins .pptx
Genetic recombination involves the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes or DNA molecules. It occurs through two main types - homologous recombination, which exchanges DNA between similar sequences, and non-homologous recombination between dissimilar sequences. Recombination is important for genetic diversity, DNA repair, and proper chromosome segregation during cell division. It can happen during both mitosis and meiosis, but only meiotic recombination shuffles genes from parents to offspring. There are also different mechanisms of recombination, including site-specific, transposition, and various DNA repair pathways that facilitate genetic exchange.
Site specific recombination
This document discusses site-specific recombination, including the structures and mechanisms involved. It describes two classes of recombinases - tyrosine recombinases and serine recombinases. Tyrosine recombinases involve cleavage of DNA through formation of a protein-DNA bond using a tyrosine residue. Serine recombinases utilize a phosphoserine bond between DNA and a conserved serine residue. The document provides examples of applications for site-specific recombination such as tracking cell lineage, altering gene expression, and targeted gene knockout.
Rolling circle mechanism ppt
Rolling circle replication is a process that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular DNA or RNA molecules. It involves the unidirectional replication of circular nucleic acids. The process begins with an initiator protein nicking one strand of the circular DNA. DNA polymerase then uses the 3' end of the nicked strand to initiate replication, displacing the 5' end. Replication continues around the circle to produce a long concatemer of copies. The concatemer is then cleaved and ligated to form multiple double-stranded circular DNA molecules. Rolling circle replication is used by some viruses and plasmids to replicate their genomes and can be harnessed for applications like signal amplification in biosensing.
Recombination
recombination
types of recombination
models of recombination
biological roles of recombination
Dna replication in eukaryotes
DNA replication in eukaryotes occurs semi-conservatively, with each parental DNA strand serving as a template to create new daughter strands. It begins at origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA double helix, while DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the leading and lagging strands. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments. Telomeres protect chromosome ends from degradation during replication, and the telomerase enzyme maintains telomere length.
Transposition
transposable element is called transposons.it"s also known as jupping gene . it involves replicative and non replicative mechanism.
Dna damage
DNA can be damaged through various means, including single base alterations, double base alterations, chain breaks, and cross-linking. Single base alterations include depurination, deamination, alkylation, base analogue incorporation, and mismatch bases. Double base alterations include pyrimidine dimers and purine dimers caused by UV radiation. Chain breaks include single and double stranded breaks caused by irradiation and free radicals. Cross-linking can occur between DNA and DNA or DNA and proteins due to UV radiation, ionizing radiation, and free radicals. Unrepaired damage can lead to mutations if incorrectly repaired during replication.
Molecular mechanism of recombination, post meiotic segregation
This document discusses different types of recombination mechanisms in living organisms:
1) Homologous recombination occurs between similar DNA sequences like homologous chromosomes and uses common enzymatic pathways.
2) Illegitimate recombination occurs between dissimilar sequences but shares short regions of similarity.
3) Site-specific recombination requires specific enzymes and occurs between short, particular sequences.
4) Meiotic recombination involves pairing and crossover between maternal and paternal chromatids, forming heteroduplex DNA with strands from each parent. Studies in fungi provide insights into post-meiotic segregation of strands from this heteroduplex.
Recombination
Genetic recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA to form new combinations of genes. It occurs primarily during meiosis through several types of recombination, including homologous recombination where DNA exchanges occur between similar DNA molecules. This increases genetic diversity and allows for traits to be mixed. Recombination benefits populations by generating variety among offspring and allowing deleterious genes to be removed without losing the entire chromosome. It has applications in cloning, mapping genes, and making transgenic organisms.
Eukaryotic DNA replication
Eukaryotic DNA replicationMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
The document summarizes eukaryotic DNA replication. It discusses that DNA replication in eukaryotes is more complex than prokaryotes due to larger genome size and chromatin packaging. The key stages of eukaryotic replication are similar to prokaryotes, including origin of replication, formation of replication forks, semiconservative replication and synthesis of leading and lagging strands. However, eukaryotic replication involves additional proteins and is slower due to chromatin remodeling required to access DNA.homologus recombination
This document summarizes homologous recombination in eukaryotes and bacteria. In eukaryotes, homologous recombination repairs double-strand DNA breaks through either the double-strand break repair (DSBR) pathway or synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) pathway. The DSBR pathway forms double Holliday junctions that are resolved to result in crossover or non-crossover products. In bacteria, the RecBCD pathway repairs double-strand breaks and the RecF pathway repairs single-strand gaps. Both pathways involve strand invasion and branch migration to facilitate homologous recombination.
5’ capping
This document discusses RNA processing in eukaryotes. It begins by explaining that in eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different cellular compartments, while in prokaryotes they occur simultaneously. It then focuses on 5' capping, which is a key part of eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing. 5' capping involves the addition of a 7-methylguanosine residue to the 5' end of nascent mRNA by capping enzymes. This capping protects the mRNA from degradation and aids in transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and binding of ribosomes for translation. The capping can involve one or more methylation steps, producing cap0, cap1 or cap2 structures
Theories regarding origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
The document summarizes the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. It states that mitochondria likely evolved from aerobic prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells, eventually becoming specialized organelles. Similarly, chloroplasts may have evolved from photosynthetic prokaryotes that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells already containing mitochondria. This endosymbiotic theory was first proposed by Lynn Margulis and has received significant evidentiary support.
DNA Damage, Repair and Recombination
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. Failure to repair damaged DNA leads to mutations, which are permanent changes in the DNA sequence. There are several types of DNA damage including mismatches, modified DNA bases, and single or double strand breaks. Cells use multiple repair pathways like direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, recombination repair, and translesion DNA synthesis to fix different types of DNA damage. Homologous recombination repairs double strand breaks by exchanging DNA between similar molecules, while site-specific and transposon recombination involve movement of DNA between defined sequences.
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"Introns: Structure and Functions" during November, 2011 (Friday Seminar activity, Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) by Yogesh S Bhagat (Ph D Scholar)
Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating subunits of eukaryotic chromatin that package DNA into a compact structure. They are composed of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins, resembling beads on a string. This represents the first order of DNA compaction. Higher orders of compaction involve the nucleosomes winding further to form solenoid fibers, scaffold loops, chromatids, and finally full chromosomes. Nucleosomes allow the long DNA molecules to fit within cell nuclei while also regulating genetic expression.
Holliday model of crossing over
One of the first plausible models to account for the preceding observations was
formulated by Robin Holliday.
The key features of the Holliday model are the formation of heteroduplex DNA; the
creation of a cross bridge; its migration along the two heteroduplex strands,
termed branch migration; the occurrence of mismatch repair; and the
subsequent resolution, or splicing, of the intermediate structure to yield different
typesof recombinant molecules.
Molecular basis of mutations
This document summarizes molecular basis of mutations. It defines mutations as changes in genetic information and describes different types of mutations including point mutations, chromosomal mutations, germline mutations and somatic mutations. It also discusses various mutagens responsible for mutations like chemical mutagens such as alkylating agents, base analogs and reactive oxygen species, and physical mutagens like UV radiation and ionizing radiation. The mechanisms of different mutagens and types of mutations based on their phenotypic effects are also summarized.
Genetic recombination mechanism
Lecture slides on genetic recombination for anyone who is interested in molecular biology or who need to study genetics aspects of biology.
Dna replication
DNA replication occurs through a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and act as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands. Key experiments by Meselson and Stahl provided evidence for this semiconservative model. DNA polymerase, discovered by Arthur Kornberg in 1955, is the main enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis. It requires DNA templates, dNTPs, and magnesium ions to carry out the step-wise addition of nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction to form new DNA strands.
DNA Denaturation and Renaturation, Cot curves
The document discusses DNA denaturation and renaturation, including:
- Denaturation involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands through heating or chemical treatment, disrupting hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This increases UV absorption.
- Renaturation is the spontaneous rewinding of single strands back into the original double helix structure when denaturing conditions are removed, through base pairing of complementary strands.
- C0t curves plot the fraction of single strands renatured versus the product of DNA concentration and time, and can indicate the complexity and size of the original DNA sample based on renaturation rates. More complex DNA with more dissimilar sequences takes longer to renature
Repetitive sequences in the eukaryotic genome
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
The Nucleus
structure, functions and diseases caused by nuclear abnormality. deals about the physiological complications and therapeutic approach.
Molecular organization
The document summarizes the molecular organization of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. It discusses that [I] chromatin is composed of DNA wound around histone proteins to form bead-like nucleosomes connected by "linker DNA". [II] Nucleosomes assemble into fibers that further coil to form condensed chromosomes. [III] Chromosomes also contain specialized regions like centromeres that aid in chromosome segregation during cell division and telomeres that protect chromosome ends.
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Rolling circle mechanism ppt
Rolling circle replication is a process that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular DNA or RNA molecules. It involves the unidirectional replication of circular nucleic acids. The process begins with an initiator protein nicking one strand of the circular DNA. DNA polymerase then uses the 3' end of the nicked strand to initiate replication, displacing the 5' end. Replication continues around the circle to produce a long concatemer of copies. The concatemer is then cleaved and ligated to form multiple double-stranded circular DNA molecules. Rolling circle replication is used by some viruses and plasmids to replicate their genomes and can be harnessed for applications like signal amplification in biosensing.
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DNA replication in eukaryotes occurs semi-conservatively, with each parental DNA strand serving as a template to create new daughter strands. It begins at origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA double helix, while DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the leading and lagging strands. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments. Telomeres protect chromosome ends from degradation during replication, and the telomerase enzyme maintains telomere length.
Transposition
transposable element is called transposons.it"s also known as jupping gene . it involves replicative and non replicative mechanism.
Dna damage
DNA can be damaged through various means, including single base alterations, double base alterations, chain breaks, and cross-linking. Single base alterations include depurination, deamination, alkylation, base analogue incorporation, and mismatch bases. Double base alterations include pyrimidine dimers and purine dimers caused by UV radiation. Chain breaks include single and double stranded breaks caused by irradiation and free radicals. Cross-linking can occur between DNA and DNA or DNA and proteins due to UV radiation, ionizing radiation, and free radicals. Unrepaired damage can lead to mutations if incorrectly repaired during replication.
Molecular mechanism of recombination, post meiotic segregation
This document discusses different types of recombination mechanisms in living organisms:
1) Homologous recombination occurs between similar DNA sequences like homologous chromosomes and uses common enzymatic pathways.
2) Illegitimate recombination occurs between dissimilar sequences but shares short regions of similarity.
3) Site-specific recombination requires specific enzymes and occurs between short, particular sequences.
4) Meiotic recombination involves pairing and crossover between maternal and paternal chromatids, forming heteroduplex DNA with strands from each parent. Studies in fungi provide insights into post-meiotic segregation of strands from this heteroduplex.
Recombination
Genetic recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA to form new combinations of genes. It occurs primarily during meiosis through several types of recombination, including homologous recombination where DNA exchanges occur between similar DNA molecules. This increases genetic diversity and allows for traits to be mixed. Recombination benefits populations by generating variety among offspring and allowing deleterious genes to be removed without losing the entire chromosome. It has applications in cloning, mapping genes, and making transgenic organisms.
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This document summarizes homologous recombination in eukaryotes and bacteria. In eukaryotes, homologous recombination repairs double-strand DNA breaks through either the double-strand break repair (DSBR) pathway or synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) pathway. The DSBR pathway forms double Holliday junctions that are resolved to result in crossover or non-crossover products. In bacteria, the RecBCD pathway repairs double-strand breaks and the RecF pathway repairs single-strand gaps. Both pathways involve strand invasion and branch migration to facilitate homologous recombination.
5’ capping
This document discusses RNA processing in eukaryotes. It begins by explaining that in eukaryotes, transcription and translation occur in different cellular compartments, while in prokaryotes they occur simultaneously. It then focuses on 5' capping, which is a key part of eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing. 5' capping involves the addition of a 7-methylguanosine residue to the 5' end of nascent mRNA by capping enzymes. This capping protects the mRNA from degradation and aids in transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and binding of ribosomes for translation. The capping can involve one or more methylation steps, producing cap0, cap1 or cap2 structures
Theories regarding origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
The document summarizes the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. It states that mitochondria likely evolved from aerobic prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells, eventually becoming specialized organelles. Similarly, chloroplasts may have evolved from photosynthetic prokaryotes that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells already containing mitochondria. This endosymbiotic theory was first proposed by Lynn Margulis and has received significant evidentiary support.
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DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. Failure to repair damaged DNA leads to mutations, which are permanent changes in the DNA sequence. There are several types of DNA damage including mismatches, modified DNA bases, and single or double strand breaks. Cells use multiple repair pathways like direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, recombination repair, and translesion DNA synthesis to fix different types of DNA damage. Homologous recombination repairs double strand breaks by exchanging DNA between similar molecules, while site-specific and transposon recombination involve movement of DNA between defined sequences.
Introns: structure and functions
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Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating subunits of eukaryotic chromatin that package DNA into a compact structure. They are composed of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins, resembling beads on a string. This represents the first order of DNA compaction. Higher orders of compaction involve the nucleosomes winding further to form solenoid fibers, scaffold loops, chromatids, and finally full chromosomes. Nucleosomes allow the long DNA molecules to fit within cell nuclei while also regulating genetic expression.
Holliday model of crossing over
One of the first plausible models to account for the preceding observations was
formulated by Robin Holliday.
The key features of the Holliday model are the formation of heteroduplex DNA; the
creation of a cross bridge; its migration along the two heteroduplex strands,
termed branch migration; the occurrence of mismatch repair; and the
subsequent resolution, or splicing, of the intermediate structure to yield different
typesof recombinant molecules.
Molecular basis of mutations
This document summarizes molecular basis of mutations. It defines mutations as changes in genetic information and describes different types of mutations including point mutations, chromosomal mutations, germline mutations and somatic mutations. It also discusses various mutagens responsible for mutations like chemical mutagens such as alkylating agents, base analogs and reactive oxygen species, and physical mutagens like UV radiation and ionizing radiation. The mechanisms of different mutagens and types of mutations based on their phenotypic effects are also summarized.
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Lecture slides on genetic recombination for anyone who is interested in molecular biology or who need to study genetics aspects of biology.
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DNA replication occurs through a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and act as templates for the synthesis of new complementary strands. Key experiments by Meselson and Stahl provided evidence for this semiconservative model. DNA polymerase, discovered by Arthur Kornberg in 1955, is the main enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis. It requires DNA templates, dNTPs, and magnesium ions to carry out the step-wise addition of nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction to form new DNA strands.
DNA Denaturation and Renaturation, Cot curves
The document discusses DNA denaturation and renaturation, including:
- Denaturation involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands through heating or chemical treatment, disrupting hydrogen bonds between base pairs. This increases UV absorption.
- Renaturation is the spontaneous rewinding of single strands back into the original double helix structure when denaturing conditions are removed, through base pairing of complementary strands.
- C0t curves plot the fraction of single strands renatured versus the product of DNA concentration and time, and can indicate the complexity and size of the original DNA sample based on renaturation rates. More complex DNA with more dissimilar sequences takes longer to renature
Repetitive sequences in the eukaryotic genome
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
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This document summarizes DNA replication. It begins by stating that DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself. It then describes the three modes of replication: dispersive, conservative, and semiconservative. The document explains that semiconservative replication was proposed by Watson and Crick, and that evidence from Meselson and Stahl supported this model. Finally, it provides an overview of the key proteins involved in DNA replication, including DNA polymerase, primase, ligase, endonucleases, pilot proteins, and helicase.
structure of dna and transcription
1. The document provides an introduction to genetics and describes the structure and replication of DNA. It defines key genetic terms like gene, chromosome, DNA and explains the DNA double helix model proposed by Watson and Crick.
2. The summary describes the DNA double helix structure including that it consists of two anti-parallel polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
3. DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves unwinding of the DNA helix at the origin of replication to form a replication fork where new DNA strands are synthesized in the 5’-3’ direction.
DNA Replication and DNA Repair Mechanism
Able to define replication in the context of the central dogma.
Able to understand the basic mechanism of DNA replication and know the various enzymes that play a role in this process.
Able to know proofreading and repair mechanisms of DNA replications
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Types of dna recombination
- 1. Various types Of DNA Recombination Presented to: Dr. Tanzeela Riaz Presented by: Aiman Nisar L1S16BSMR0013
- 2. Introduction • “the rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms”. • Occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- 4. Types 1. General or homologous recombination 2. Site-specific recombination 3. Illegitimate or non-homologous 4. Replicative recombination 5. Mitotic recombination
- 5. 1. Homologous/General Recombination • Occurs between homologous chromosomes • Both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Explaining models: 1. Holiday Model 2. Double strand break model
- 6. Double strand break model
- 11. 1. Homologous Recombination (OVERVIEW) • RecBCD Complex: • Exonuclease function (One chromosome remains intact, other has a double stranded break). • Helicase activity (moves along chromosome and opens it up, reaches chi site) • 3’ overank formed • Rec A: • Completely covers one strand • Makes chiasma of other strand
- 12. 1. Homologous Recombination (OVERVIEW) • RuvAB complex helps in branch migration • RuvC cleave chiasma junction • DNA Ligase seals nick
- 13. 2. Site Specific Recombination • This is observed between particular, very short, sequences, usually containing similarities. • Occurs in bacteriophages, bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes • Involves one enzyme only: • Recombinase (either serine or tyrosine)
- 18. 2. Site specific DNA Recombination (OVERVIEW) • Recombinase: • binds at RRS(Recombinase Recoginition Sites) present on both chromosomes • has OH- at the end that acts as nucleophile and interacts with phosphodiester bond of DNA • forms nick by cleaving between TAGC • swaps the segments
- 19. 2. Site specific DNA Recombination (OVERVIEW) • Serine Recombinase makes double stranded breaks in both chromosomes • Tyrosine Recombinase makes double stranded breaks in each recombinant strands of both chromosomes
- 20. 3. Non-homologous/Illegitimate Recombination • This type occurs between DNA molecules that are not necessarily similar. • In bacteria and the yeast integration of such DNA into the genome requires substantial sequence similarity between incoming DNA and the recipient site. • However, cells of other fungi, higher plants, and animals are able to integrate foreign DNA into their chromosomes with little or no sequence similarity.
- 22. 3. Non-homologous/Illegitimate Recombination (OVERVIEW) • Ku70,80 protein complex • recognizes site of broken DNA • Forms “DNA binding component” of DNA Dependent Protein Kinase(DNA-PK) • Encircles DNA preventing it from binding with unbroken DNA • Polymerases synthesize new DNA • Nucleases cleave and clean ends • XRCC4 stabilize DNA Ligase4
- 23. 4. Replicative Recombination/Replicative Transposition • Generates a new copy of a segment of DNA. • Many transposable elements use a process of replicative recombination to generate a new copy of the transposable element at a new location. • Copy and paste method
- 25. 5. Mitotic Recombination • This doesn’t actually happen during mitosis, but during interphase • The process is similar to that in meiotic recombination, and has its possible advantages • But it’s usually harmful and can result in tumors. • This type of recombination is increased when cells are exposed to radiation.
- 27. Thank You For Your Attention