Counseling involves a relationship between a counselor and client where the counselor assists the client. The document defines counseling and discusses its purpose, which is to help clients effectively solve problems by developing new skills. It also outlines several types of counseling like marriage counseling, grief counseling, substance abuse counseling, and more. The document discusses elements of counseling like the counselor, client, environment. It also discusses principles of counseling like individualization and counseling techniques like prescriptive and non-directive techniques.

1. COUNCELING
NAZNEEN VOHRA
CLINICALINSTRUCTOR
MTIN, CHARUSAT, CHANGA

2. Definition of
Counseling

3. COUNSELLING
Counselling is a scientific process of
assistance extended by an expert in an
individual situation to a needy person.
Counselling involves relationship between
two persons in which one of them
(counsellor) attempts to assists the other
(counselee or client) in so organising
himself as to attain a particular form of
happiness, adjusting to a life situation , or in
short ,self actualisation.

4. Purpose of Counseling
• First is to identify the problems of person.
• The basic purpose of counselling is to help
people use their existing problem-solving skills
more effectively or to develop new or better
coping skills.
• Counsellors can’t ‘fix’ other people’s problems.
• Their job is to provide an opportunity for the
person to describe their feelings and problems
for themselves and then to reach decisions and
actions that are based on informed choices.

5. • Good counselling helps people build skills
they can use in solving their problems. For
example, if people learn good
communications skills in dealing with their
spouses, they can also use those
communication skills with children, friends,
or co-workers.

6. Types of Counseling

7. Types of Counseling
• It has long been recognized that it can be
extremely difficult to maintain your
psychological well being in today’s high-stress
world on your own. Because people need
help, there are different types of counseling
professionals who can help everyday
individuals who are struggling in a variety of
areas. Here are some of the major types of
counseling that are available and who might
benefit from them.

8. • Here are some of the most common types of
conceling:
• Marriage and family counseling
• Guidance and career counseling
• Rehabilitation counseling
• Mental health counseling
• Substance abuse counseling
• Educational Counseling

9. Family Counseling
• Family units have different group pathologies
than individuals which require different types
of counseling. A family counselor is trained in
the types of negative family dynamics that can
occur and how it can affect each individual
family member. This counselor can then teach
family members how to work, live and love
together in a more positive way.

10. Group Counseling
• In group counseling, a single therapist works
with multiple patients in order to help them
resolve troubling issues. Group counseling can
be effective for people who are not
comfortable in a one-on-one setting, who
have social anxiety issues, or who do not find
it financially feasible to pursue individual
counseling.

11. Grief Counseling
• Loss is extremely difficult for almost everyone,
especially the loss of a parent, spouse or child.
Unfortunately, in an increasingly more isolated
society, many people grow up without the
coping mechanisms to grieve effectively. A
grief counselor can help an individual work
through this difficult time.

12. Marriage Counseling
• It’s natural for conflicts to occur in a healthy
marriage. However, when the two spouses
have never learned effective ways of resolving
these conflicts, the marriage can be in danger.
Marriage counseling helps couples explore the
ways in which they get stuck in their conflicts,
and how to break out of those negative cycles

13. Relationship Counseling
• Marriage is not the only type of relationship
that may require healing. Boyfriends and
girlfriends, brothers and sisters, even business
partners may need help developing coping
methods that will enable them to interact
effectively. Relationship counselors can
provide this assistance.

14. Teen Counseling
• Teenagers are in a different stage of
development than their parents, and hence
need a different style of counseling. Teen
counseling helps teens deal with issues such
as understanding their sexuality, dealing with
the temptations of drugs and alcohol and
relating to their parents.

15. Divorce Counseling
• Not every divorce needs to end in ruin and
chaos. People separate for all kinds of
legitimate reasons, and a divorce counselor
can help make sure that break is clean. Some
divorce counselors can even mediate the
separation so that the process does not
stretch out unnecessarily and cost both
parties excessive amounts of money.

16. Individual Counseling
• Individual counseling is a direct, active and
personal approach that focuses on increasing
your individual self-awareness, understanding,
and adjustment. Individual counseling can
help you identify the most effective ways for
you personally to achieve your desired goals
for this stage in life, as well as provide you
with the tools to cope with difficult
circumstances that may arise along the way.

17. Mental Health Counseling
• There are many reasons why an individual may
need mental health counseling. He or she may
have a chemical imbalance that is making it
difficult to function, which can be aided through
drugs but may also require some form of talk
therapy. He or she may have deep-seated family
issues which are pervading adult life. There may
be unresolved trauma that is plaguing an
individual. In nearly any case where a
psychological issue is making daily functioning a
problem, mental health counseling can help.

18. Substance Abuse Counseling
• People who are in the grips of an alcohol or
drug addiction need a special type of
counseling. Substance abuse counseling uses
professionals who are trained in
understanding the workings and pathology of
addiction and helping patients learn how to
manage their addictions.

19. Elements of Counseling
 The counselor
• a person who is professionally capable to extend help.
 The counselee
• the person who seeks help and lets himself/herself be
subjective for counseling.
 The counseling environment
• a place to facilitate counseling.

20. Principles of Counseling
Principle of individualization – this principle
requires the counselor to recognize and
understand the client’s unique characteristics.
Recognition and understanding of their unique
characteristics give them the feeling that they
treated as individuals. Treating them as
individuals help the counselor to deal with
them in a very personalized way. Dealing with
the client in a personalized way requires that
methods appropriate to them be used.

21. Three things that must be remembered in
applying the principle of individualization
 Each client is a unique individual.
 Each problem she/he presents is a specific one.
 Each counseling relationship should be based on
the client and the peculiar circumstances which
brought about the problems.

22. COUNSELLING
TECHNIQUE

23. MEDIA OF COUNSELLING
 REGIONAL CENTRES
 STUDY CENTRES
 FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT
 INTERVIEW
 LETTERS
 RADIO
 TELIVISION
 BROADCAST
 TELECONFERENCE

24. STEPS
• G- GREET THE CLIENTS
• A- ASK CLIENTS ABOUT THEMSELVES
• T- TELL CLIENTSOR GIVE THE INFORMATION OF
COPING MECHANISMS
• H- HELP THE CLIENT TO CHOOSE A METHOD
• E- EXPLAIN HOW TO USE A METHOD
• R- RETURN FOR FOLLOW-UP

25. TECHNIQUE OF COUNSELLING
1. Prescriptive technique
- This technique is used when individual is having health problm
2. Non – directive counselling
- Client comes to counselor becaue he needs help,during the
interview counselor does not helps the counselee to express his
feeling & clarify them
3. Directive counseling
4. Eclectic counseling

26. Prescriptive technique
• There are many different techniques that counselors can use with
their clients. Let’s take a look at some of the techniques that we feel
to be most effective during a counseling session:
• Spheres of Influence: This assessment tool will get the individual
to look at areas of their life and see which areas may be impacting
and influencing them. The person’s job is to figure out which
systems in their life give them strength, and which ones give them
stress. Some spheres of influence to consider are: themselves,
immediate family, friends, husband or wife, extended family, job or
school, community, culture or religion, and any external influences.
• Clarification: A counselor should often ask their client to clarify
what they are telling them to make sure they understand the
situation correctly. This will help the counselor avoid any
misconceptions or avoid them having to make any assumptions that
could hinder their feedback.

27. • Client Expectations: When a person enters therapy, they
should voice their opinions about counseling and their
beliefs about treatment. In the beginning, they should be
able to communicate with their counselor as to what they
expect to get out of counseling. This can help the counselor
guide and direct their counseling accordingly.
• Confrontation: We do not mean the client confronting the
therapist, or vice versa. The confrontation that should
happen here is within the client. The client should be able
to self-examine themselves during counseling. However,
the speed at which they do this should be discussed between
the counselor and the client.
• Congruence: This has to do with the counselor being
genuine with their feedback and beliefs about their client’s
situation and progress. The more authentic and true they
are with their counseling, the more that their client and
work to grow and benefit from their help.

28. • Core Conditions: This technique in counseling goes over some essential
traits that the counselor needs to integrate for effective counseling, which
are: positive regard, empathy, congruence or genuineness, and warmth.
• Encouraging: Being encouraging as a counselor for your client is an
essential technique that will help facilitate confidence and respect between
both parties. This technique asks that the counselor focus on the client’s
strengths and assets to help them see themselves in a positive light. This
will help with the client’s progression.
• Engagement: As a therapist, having a good, yet professional relationship
with your client is essential. However, there are bound to be difficult
moments in counseling sessions, which will require influential engagement
on the counselor’s behalf.
• Focusing: This technique involves the counselor demonstrating that they
understand what their client is experiencing by using non-judgmental
attention without any words. Focusing can help the counselor determine
what the client needs to obtain next from their services.
• Immediacy: The technique of the counselor speaking openly about
something that is occurring in the present moment. This helps the client
learn from their real life experiences and apply this to their reactions for
other past situations.

29. • Listening Skills: With any relationship, listening skills are needed to show
that the counselor understands and interprets the information that their
client gives them correctly. The counselor should do this by showing
attentiveness in non-verbal ways, such as: summarizing, capping, or
matching the body language of their clients.
• Open-Ended Questions: Open ended questions encourage people in a
counseling session to give more details on their discussion. Therefore,
these types of questions are used as a technique by counselors to help their
clients answer how, why, and what.
• Paraphrasing: This technique will show clients that the counselor is
listening to their information and processing what they have been telling
them. Paraphrasing is also good to reiterate or clarify any misinformation
that might have occurred.
• Positive Asset Search: A positive technique used by counselors helps
clients think up their positive strengths and attributes to get them into a
strong mindset about themselves.
• Reflection of Feeling: Counselors use this technique to show their clients
that they are fully aware of the feelings that their client is
experiencing. They can do this by using exact words and phrases that their
client is expressing to them.

30. • Miracle Question: The technique of asking a question of this sort
will help the client see the world in a different way or
perspective. A miracle question could be something along the lines
of: “What would your world look like if a miracle occurred? What
would that miracle be and how would it change things?”
• Stages of Change: By assessing a client’s needs, a counselor can
determine the changes that need to occur for their client, and when
they should take place. This can be determined by what they believe
to be most important.
• Trustworthiness: The counselor must create an environment for
their client as such that their client feels that they have the capacity
to trust their counselor. A therapist must be: congruent, warm,
empathetic, and speak with positive regard to their client.
• Capping: A lot of counselors use the technique of capping during
their sessions. Capping involves changing a conversation’s direction
from emotional to cognitive if the counselor feels their client’s
emotions need to be calmed or regulated.

31. • Working Alliance: Creating a working alliance between a counselor and their
client is essential for a successful counseling environment that will work to achieve
the client’s needs. This technique involves the client and therapist being active
collaborators during counseling and agreeing upon goals of treatment that are
necessary, as well as how to achieve those goals.
• Proxemics: This technique has the counselor study the spatial movements and
conditions of communication that their client exhibits. By studying their clients
body orientation, the counselor can determine mood, feelings, and reactions.
• Self-Disclosure: The counselor will make note when personal information is
disclosed at certain points of therapy. This technique will help the counselor learn
more about the client and use this information only to benefit them.
• Structuring: When the individual enters counseling, the counselor should discuss
the agenda for the day with their client, the activities, and the processes that they
will go through. This technique in counseling will help the client understand their
counselor’s train of thought into determining how this routine will work for
them. Soon enough, the client will get used to the routine, and this establishes
comfort and trust in counseling.
• Hierarchy of Needs: This technique involves the counselor assessing their client’s
level of needs as based on the progress that they are making. The needs that they
will factor in are: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self
esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. All these will determine if change
needs to take place in counseling.

32. Eclectic Counseling
a combination of the good features of the
directive and non-directive counseling. This
type of counseling emphasizes that the
responsibility of planning and carrying out the
counseling process is dependent on the
counselor while the development of insight and
decision making rests on the counselee.

33. • Nondirective Counseling - this type of
counseling is regarded as client-centered
because the responsibility is given to the
clients for exploring their own problem.
Emphasis is given to the individual, not the
problem.

34. • It is also known as
permissive counselling.
• In this type of counselling,
emotional elements rather
than intellectual element
are stressed.

35. Directive Counseling
• this type of counseling is mostly counselor-
centered because it allows the counselor to
give the counselee information about the
latter, his/her opportunities, and his/her
problems.

36. Five steps in performing the Directive
Counseling
• Clinical analysis – collecting, summarizing, and
organizing data.
• Diagnosis – formulating hypothesis as to the cause or
causes of the problem.
• Prognosis – predicting the development of the
problem.
• Counseling – the heart of the process wherein the
counselor and the counselee talk and discuss the
problem, and, by means of leading questions, enables
the counselee to develop insight.
• Follow-up – helping the pupils with recurring or new
problems

37. Steps of Directive Counseling
• 1st step: collecting data for clinical analysis.
- counselor collect all information about
counselee from records and observation.
• 2nd step: organizing relative and significant
data collected, counselor studies the
information and find out the area of problem.

38. CONT…
• 3rd step- clinical diagnosis
– interpretation of data the counselor & counselee both
togrther search the cause of problem & finds out strength &
weakness of individual.
• 4th step- prognosis
– estimating effect of counseling
(a clinical prognosis) counselor predicts what will happen if
the present problem continues.

39. CONT…
• 5th step-setting up of plan of action.
• 6th step- recording data
– clinical basis for continued counseling & guidance.
• 7th step- follow up & evaluation
– counsele comes & tell the counselor about he prognosis &
whether satisfied or not.

40. PHASES OF COUNSELLING
(Essentials of Counseling Process)
• PHASE –1 : EATABLISHING RELATIONSHIP
• PHASE-2 : ASSESSMENT
• PHASE-3 : SETTING GOAL
• PHASE-4 : INTERVENTION
• PHASE-5 : TERMINATION & FOLLOW-UP

41.  The relationship – the relationship of the counselor and the
counselee should be based on mutual trust and respect.
Atmosphere – an atmosphere of the acceptance of the
counselee for what she/he is and allowing the purposeful of
feelings. The counselor shows willingness to help and has a
deep understanding of counselee as an individual.
Facilitation of counselee’s effort – the counselee is encouraged
to talk about his/her problem without fear.
Attention to life’s adjustments – the counselor skillfully leads
the counselee to choose from several alternatives to find ways
to solve problems and adjust to situations in life.
Follow-up – the counselor knows the counselee would need a
continuing assistance until she/he gradually becomes self-
directed.

42. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN
COUNSELLING METHODS
• TREATING FEARS THROUGH EXPERIENCE AS
WELL IMAGINATION
• COPING MODEL RATHER THAN MASTERY
MODELS
• SELF CONTROL RATHER THAN EXTERNAL
CONTROL

43. THE STAGES OF A
COUNSELING SESSION
•OPEN THE SESSION
Identify the purpose and establish a
constructive and subordinate-centered
tone.

44. •DISCUSS THE ISSUE
Help the subordinate develop an
understanding of the issues and viable
goals to effectively deal with them.

45. •DEVELOPA PLAN
Develop an action plan with subordinate.
The plan that evolves from the counseling
process must be action-focused and
facilitate both leader and subordinate
attention toward resolving the identified
developmental needs.

46. • CLOSE THE SESSION
Discuss the implementation, including the
leader’s role in supporting the
subordinate’s effort. Gain the
subordinate’s commitment to the plan.
Ensure plan is specific enough to drive
behaviors needed to affect the
developmental needs

47. Develop a Plan of Action
•Actions should facilitate the attainment of
goals
• Actions should be specific enough to drive
behavior
• Plan may entail contacting a referral
agency

48. Close the Session
• Summarize the counseling session
• Discuss implementation of the plan; check
for understanding and acceptance
• Identify leader’s responsibilities

49. • What is follow-up and why is it necessary?
• Describe the assessment of the plan of action.
Why is it an integral part of the counseling
process?

50. Benefits of Counseling
• Helps the person being counseled to
understand himself.
• Allows the individual to help himself.
• Assists in understand the situations more
objectively.
• Facilitates to look at the situations with a
new perspective.
• Develops positive outlook.
• Motivates to search for alternate solutions to
problems.

51. • Feel better about self.
• Feel more at peace, at ease in your daily activities,
more comfortable, and more secure in the world.
• Feel more successful and more joyful on a more regular
basis.
• Feel more connected to others, especially those who
are close to you, such as your family, spouse, or best
friends.
• Reduce stress at home, in the workplace, or in
relationships.
• Help with your physical health by reducing emotional
worries or stressors.
• Work through your problems with a skilled and
compassionate professional counselor.

52. • Helps in superior decision making.
• Prepares the person to cope with the situation and
the related stresses.
• Identify the goals that you have in life, as well
make new goals that you want to achieve.
• Learn new behaviors or responses to situations
that can help you better achieve your goals.
• Establish healthy and efficient ways and
techniques for reaching your goals.

53. • Understand your own thoughts, feelings, and
responses.
• Understand your loved ones and your
relationships with them.
• Develop a safe and friendly listening ear.
• Speak with a skilled professional about your
fears and perceptions of the world, and others.
• Feel safe about expressing any personal
troubles or private concerns.
• Work towards greater self-fulfillment.

54. QUALITIES OF A
COUNSELLOR

55. QUALITIES OF A COUNSELLOR
INTERPERSONAL RELTIONSHIP
FRIENDLY NATURE
GETS ALONG WITH OTHERS
SYMPATHETI UNDERSTANDING
SINCERITY
TACTFULNESS
RESPECT CLIENTS ABILITIES & NEEDS
ATTENTIVE LISTENER

56. CONT…
PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT
SHOWS MATURED BEHAVIOUR
MAINTAIN EMOTIONAL STABILITY
AWARE ABOUT ONE’S LIMITATION
MENTALLY SOUND & HEALTHY
HIGHLY CULTURED SOCIAL INTERESTS
ABILITY TO WORK WITH PEOPLE

57. CONT…
• HEALTH & PERSONAL APPEARANCE
– PLEASING VOICE
– PLEASING APPEARANCE
• LEADERSHIP
– ABILITY TO STIMULATE & LEAD OTHERS
– REINFORCE IMPORTANT INFORMATION

58. CONT…
• PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE
– GOOD CHARACTER
– POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE
– FAITH IN HUMAN VALUES & NATURE
• FAITH IN THE SPIRITUAL QUALITY OF THE
WORLD
• HAD A HIGH SENE OF MORALITY

59. Counseling Skills
• Listen carefully.
• Demonstrate empathy.
• Do not make judgments.
• Understand emotions/feelings behind the story of
the person being counseled.
• Use appropriate body language.
• Do not show superiority or patronage.

60. • Question with care.
• Ask open ended questions.
• Reflect back, summarize and paraphrase so
that the understanding is correct and complete.

61. The End ...