This document provides instructions for building, running, and analyzing a "black oil" reservoir simulation model using CMG's BUILDER and IMEX software. It describes how to create the simulation grid, assign properties, incorporate well trajectories and production data, run the simulation, and review the results. Key steps include creating PVT data, relative permeability curves, well events, constraints, and restart files. The tutorial also demonstrates how to add an aquifer model and analyze simulation output graphs to history match production data and make predictions.
Production decline analysis is a traditional means of identifying well production problems and predicting well performance and life based on real production data. It uses empirical decline models that have little fundamental justifications. These models include
•
Exponential decline (constant fractional decline)
•
Harmonic decline, and
•
Hyperbolic decline.
The objective of this project was to identify various methods for well test in horizontal wells. Well test analysis in horizontal wells is applied to find the reservoir parameters like permeability and skin factor and the result from the chosen methods will be compared to the result of some famous software like Kappa Saphir, PanSystem, etc which are used in oil and gas industries.
Production decline analysis is a traditional means of identifying well production problems and predicting well performance and life based on real production data. It uses empirical decline models that have little fundamental justifications. These models include
•
Exponential decline (constant fractional decline)
•
Harmonic decline, and
•
Hyperbolic decline.
The objective of this project was to identify various methods for well test in horizontal wells. Well test analysis in horizontal wells is applied to find the reservoir parameters like permeability and skin factor and the result from the chosen methods will be compared to the result of some famous software like Kappa Saphir, PanSystem, etc which are used in oil and gas industries.
Abstract
This experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO), cement (Ca (OH), and Gypsum (CaSO-2HO). In this experiment study the effect of contamination of KCL to the density, Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point of water-based mud was conducted. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. Intertek determines the true nature of formation oil recovered and the degree of contamination by water-based drill mud. Drilling clients need to understand if oil recovered during a series of Repeat Formation Tests (RFT) was naturally occurring formation fluid or oil-based mud, and if both were present, the degree of contamination from the drilling mud. Testing petroleum reservoir fluids and drilling mud for accuracy brings benefits when determining possible drill mud contamination.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
Abstract
This experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO), cement (Ca (OH), and Gypsum (CaSO-2HO). In this experiment study the effect of contamination of KCL to the density, Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point of water-based mud was conducted. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. Intertek determines the true nature of formation oil recovered and the degree of contamination by water-based drill mud. Drilling clients need to understand if oil recovered during a series of Repeat Formation Tests (RFT) was naturally occurring formation fluid or oil-based mud, and if both were present, the degree of contamination from the drilling mud. Testing petroleum reservoir fluids and drilling mud for accuracy brings benefits when determining possible drill mud contamination.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
Introduction Petrel Course (UAB-2014)
This course has been prepared as an introduction of Petrel software (Schlumberger, www.software.slb.com/products/platform/Pages/petrel.aspx), an application which allows the modeling and visualization of reservoirs, since the exploration stage until production, integrating geological and geophysical data, geological modeling (structural and stratigraphic frameworks), well planning, or property modeling ( petrophysical or petrological) among other possibilities.
The course will be focused mainly in the understanding and utilization of workflows aimed to build geological models based on superficial data (at the outcrop scale) but also with seismic data. The course contents have been subdivided in 5 modules each one developed through the combination of short explanations and practical exercises.
The duration of the course covers more or less 10h divided in three sessions. The starting data will be in the first week of December.
This course will be oriented mainly for the PhD and master students ascribed at the Geologic department of the UAB. For logistic reasons the maximum number of places for each torn are 9. The course is free from the Department members but the external interested will have to make a symbolic payment.
Those interested send an e-mail to the Doctor Griera (albert.griera@uab.cat).
The course will be imparted by Marc Diviu (Msc. Geology and Geophysics of reservoirs).
3D Facies Modelling project using Petrel software. Msc Geology and Geophysics
Abstract
The Montserrat and Sant Llorenç del Munt fan-delta complexes were developed during the Eocene in the Ebro basin. The depositional stratigraphic record of these fan deltas has been described as a made up by a several transgressive and regressive composite sequences each made up by several fundamental sequences. Each sequence set is in turn composed by five main facies belts: proximal alluvial fan, distal alluvial fan, delta front, carbonates platforms and prodelta.
Using outcrop data from three composite sequences (Sant Vicenç, Vilomara and Manresa), a 3D facies model was built. The key sequential traces of the studied area georeferenced and digitalized on to photorealistic terrain models, were the hard data used as input to reconstruct the main surfaces, which are separating transgressive and regressive stacking patterns. Regarding the facies modelling has been achieved using a geostatistical algorithm in order to define the stacking trend and the interfingerings of adjacent facies belts, and five paleogeographyc maps to reproduce the paleogeometry of the facies belts within each system tract.
The final model has been checked, using a real cross section, and analysed in order to obtain information about the Delta Front facies which are the ones susceptible to be analogous of a reservoir. Attending to the results including eight probability maps of occurrence, the transgressive sequence set of Vilomara is the greatest accumulation of these facies explained by its agradational component.
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Through the introduction of technology-based ride sharing service, Uber has shifted the value creation frontier of car rental industry of Bangladesh. It has created a new way or platform to proving service. They introduced new way of providing service. On the other hand, Uber is one of the most suitable example of blue ocean strategy. They have eliminated the uncertainty in getting taxies and reduced time to wait for taxies, the unsure fare and waiting time for taxies. Moreover, they have created a platform of connecting the passengers and drivers and introduced scope of maximum utilization of personal cars in Dhaka city. They have raised the chances of getting taxies and quality of services and high level of safety while riding. In the current position the most suitable business level strategy of Uber is to go for broad level differentiation, as the market has already captured most of the early adopters. Therefore, Uber is making themselves ready to overcome the upcoming chasm. They have to follow share building strategy and have to be ready take growth strategy in future.
Uber’s penetration in the Asia pacific has been one of the game changing strategies that has played huge role in its success. For expansion in global market, specially in Asia pacific Uber focuses on localization. It customized its services and strategies according to the area it is operating in and segments markets into cities and takes special strategies for each city. Uber entered Bangladesh as a fully owned subsidiary of Uber USA, and has formed partnerships with Grameen phone and Robi as digital partners. Uber chose Bangladesh mainly because of opportunities due to increasing income level, low competition and cheap man-power.
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Juniper Networks® T Series Core Routers have been in production since 2002, with the introduction of the Juniper Networks T640 Core Router. Since that time, T Series routers have evolved to maintain an unequivocal industry lead in capacity (slot, chassis, and system) and operational efficiencies in power and usability. Maintaining this standard has in part been possible due to design decisions made with the very first T Series system. The T Series demonstrates how Juniper has evolved its router architecture to achieve substantial technology breakthroughs in packet forwarding performance, bandwidth density, IP service delivery, and system reliability. At the same time, the integrity of the original design has made these breakthroughs possible. Not only do T Series platforms deliver industry-leading scalability, they do so while maintaining feature and software continuity across all routing platforms. Whether deploying a single-chassis or multichassis system, service providers can be assured that the T Series satisfies all networking requirements.
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Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
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www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
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Tutorial imex builder (field units)
1. Computer Modelling Group Ltd.
2008 Tutorial
Building, Running and Analyzing a
“Black Oil” Reservoir Simulation Model
Using
Field Units
Builder
2008.10
IMEX
2008.10
&
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................................................2
CREATING A “BLACK OIL” MODEL USING BUILDER 2008.10.......................................................5
Starting CMG Launcher.........................................................................................................................................5
Opening BUILDER 2008.10...................................................................................................................................5
Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data)........................................................................................................5
Assigning Porosity & Permeability to the Model...................................................................................................10
Creating PVT Data............................................................................................................................................... 11
Creating Relative Permeability Data....................................................................................................................12
Creating Initial Conditions....................................................................................................................................14
INCORPORATING WELL TRAJECTORIES AND PERFORATIONS................................................14
ADDING HISTORICAL PRODUCTION DATA TO THE MODEL.......................................................17
Creating Average Monthly Production / Injection Recurrent Well Data................................................................18
Creating Field Production History (*.fhf) for History Match...................................................................................18
Well Definition and Constraints............................................................................................................................19
WRITE OUT RESTART INFORMATION TO A RESTART FILE........................................................23
RUNNING THE IMEX DATASET........................................................................................................23
REVIEWING THE SIMULATION RESULTS USING RESULTS GRAPH AND RESULTS 3D...........24
USING THE HISTORICAL DATA RESTART FILE IN A PREDICTION RUN.....................................25
Adding an Aquifer................................................................................................................................................ 27
Analyzing the Data............................................................................................................................................... 29
Further Analysis................................................................................................................................................... 30
tutorialimexbuilderfieldunits-130922161228-phpapp01.doc 22/09/2013 1
3. LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: NEW IMEX DATASET WITH CONTOUR MAP OPEN......................................................6
FIGURE 2: CONTOUR MAP WITH ORTHOGONAL CORNER POINT GRID.....................................7
FIGURE 3: GENERAL PROPERTY SPECIFICATION SPREADSHEET.............................................7
FIGURE 4: SPECIFYING A GEOLOGICAL MAP FOR A PROPERTY................................................8
FIGURE 5: 3D VIEW OF RESERVOIR AFTER PROPERTY SPECIFICATION...................................9
FIGURE 6: REMOVING THE CONTOUR MAP FROM THE DISPLAY................................................9
FIGURE 7: PROPERTY SPECIFICATION SPREADSHEET WITH GRID TOP, THICKNESS &
POROSITY SPECIFIED.....................................................................................................................10
FIGURE 8: COMPONENTS TAB IN THE TREE VIEW......................................................................11
FIGURE 9: IMEX PVT TABLE WITH VALUES GENERATED USING THE QUICK BLACK OIL
MODEL...............................................................................................................................................12
FIGURE 10: PLOTS FOR ROCKTYPE 1...........................................................................................13
FIGURE 11: TRAJECTORY PROPERTIES WINDOW STEP 1 OF 3.................................................15
FIGURE 12: TRAJECTORY PROPERTIES WINDOW STEP 2 OF 3.................................................15
FIGURE 13: TRAJECTORY PERFORATIONS WINDOW.................................................................16
FIGURE 14: TRAJECTORY PERFORATIONS WINDOW AFTER READ IN PERFORATION FILE. 16
FIGURE 15: STEP #2 OF THE PRODUCTION DATA WIZARD........................................................17
FIGURE 16: AVERAGE PRODUCTION/INJECTION DATA PLOT...................................................18
FIGURE 17: WELL EVENTS WINDOW.............................................................................................19
tutorialimexbuilderfieldunits-130922161228-phpapp01.doc 22/09/2013 2
4. FIGURE 18: WINDOW FOR COPYING/DELETING WELL EVENTS.................................................20
FIGURE 19: WELL COMPLETION DATA WINDOW.........................................................................21
FIGURE 21: SIMULATION LOG FILE (WHEN RUNS IMMEDIATELY).............................................23
FIGURE 22: PLOT OF SIMULATION DATA VERSUS HISTORICAL DATA.....................................24
FIGURE 23: WELL EVENTS WINDOW WITH UPDATED BHP CONSTRAINT................................25
FIGURE 24: WELL EVENTS WINDOW WITH ALTER 0 CONSTRAINT...........................................26
FIGURE 25: PLOT OF SIMULATION DATA VERSUS HISTORICAL DATA WITH FUTURE
PREDICTION......................................................................................................................................27
FIGURE 26: SELECT AQUIFER LOCATION WINDOW....................................................................28
FIGURE 27: AQUIFER PROPERTIES WINDOW...............................................................................28
FIGURE 28: PLOT OF PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DUE TO AQUIFER............................................29
FIGURE 29: RESERVOIR SHOWING HIGH OIL SATURATION.......................................................30
FIGURE 30: ADDING PERFORATIONS USING THE ADVANCED OPTIONS..................................31
FIGURE 31: AREAL VIEW (IJ-2D) OF TRAJECTORY FOR W11.....................................................31
FIGURE 32: CROSS SECTION VIEW (JK-2D) OF TRAJECTORY FOR W11..................................32
FIGURE 33: INCREASED PRODUCTION DUE TO HORIZONTAL WELL IN RESULTS GRAPH....32
REQUIRED FILES
FIGURE 1: NEW IMEX DATASET WITH CONTOUR MAP OPEN......................................................6
FIGURE 2: CONTOUR MAP WITH ORTHOGONAL CORNER POINT GRID.....................................7
FIGURE 3: GENERAL PROPERTY SPECIFICATION SPREADSHEET.............................................7
FIGURE 4: SPECIFYING A GEOLOGICAL MAP FOR A PROPERTY................................................8
tutorialimexbuilderfieldunits-130922161228-phpapp01.doc 22/09/2013 3
5. FIGURE 5: 3D VIEW OF RESERVOIR AFTER PROPERTY SPECIFICATION...................................9
FIGURE 6: REMOVING THE CONTOUR MAP FROM THE DISPLAY................................................9
FIGURE 7: PROPERTY SPECIFICATION SPREADSHEET WITH GRID TOP, THICKNESS &
POROSITY SPECIFIED.....................................................................................................................10
FIGURE 8: COMPONENTS TAB IN THE TREE VIEW......................................................................11
FIGURE 9: IMEX PVT TABLE WITH VALUES GENERATED USING THE QUICK BLACK OIL
MODEL...............................................................................................................................................12
FIGURE 10: PLOTS FOR ROCKTYPE 1...........................................................................................13
FIGURE 11: TRAJECTORY PROPERTIES WINDOW STEP 1 OF 3.................................................15
FIGURE 12: TRAJECTORY PROPERTIES WINDOW STEP 2 OF 3.................................................15
FIGURE 13: TRAJECTORY PERFORATIONS WINDOW.................................................................16
FIGURE 14: TRAJECTORY PERFORATIONS WINDOW AFTER READ IN PERFORATION FILE. 16
FIGURE 15: STEP #2 OF THE PRODUCTION DATA WIZARD........................................................17
FIGURE 16: AVERAGE PRODUCTION/INJECTION DATA PLOT...................................................18
FIGURE 17: WELL EVENTS WINDOW.............................................................................................19
FIGURE 18: WINDOW FOR COPYING/DELETING WELL EVENTS.................................................20
FIGURE 19: WELL COMPLETION DATA WINDOW.........................................................................21
FIGURE 21: SIMULATION LOG FILE (WHEN RUNS IMMEDIATELY).............................................23
FIGURE 22: PLOT OF SIMULATION DATA VERSUS HISTORICAL DATA.....................................24
FIGURE 23: WELL EVENTS WINDOW WITH UPDATED BHP CONSTRAINT................................25
FIGURE 24: WELL EVENTS WINDOW WITH ALTER 0 CONSTRAINT...........................................26
tutorialimexbuilderfieldunits-130922161228-phpapp01.doc 22/09/2013 4
6. FIGURE 25: PLOT OF SIMULATION DATA VERSUS HISTORICAL DATA WITH FUTURE
PREDICTION......................................................................................................................................27
FIGURE 26: SELECT AQUIFER LOCATION WINDOW....................................................................28
FIGURE 27: AQUIFER PROPERTIES WINDOW...............................................................................28
FIGURE 28: PLOT OF PRESSURE DIFFERENCE DUE TO AQUIFER............................................29
FIGURE 29: RESERVOIR SHOWING HIGH OIL SATURATION.......................................................30
FIGURE 30: ADDING PERFORATIONS USING THE ADVANCED OPTIONS..................................31
FIGURE 31: AREAL VIEW (IJ-2D) OF TRAJECTORY FOR W11.....................................................31
FIGURE 32: CROSS SECTION VIEW (JK-2D) OF TRAJECTORY FOR W11..................................32
FIGURE 33: INCREASED PRODUCTION DUE TO HORIZONTAL WELL IN RESULTS GRAPH....32
Creating a “Black Oil” Model using Builder 2008.10
Create a working directory somewhere on your disk and put the map files that accompany this tutorial in this
directory.
Starting CMG Launcher
1. Start the CMG Launcher by using the icon on your desktop, or by going through the Start menu and
selecting Programs/CMG/Launcher.
2. Select menu item Projects, then Add Project.
3. Browse for the directory where you stored the map files.
4. Call the project Tutorial.
5. Click OK to exit back to the Launcher.
6. You should now have this directory displayed.
Opening BUILDER 2008.10
1. Open Builder 2008.10 by double clicking on the appropriate icon in the Launcher.
2. Choose:
• IMEX Simulator, Field Units, Single Porosity
• Starting date 1991-01-01
3. Click OK twice.
Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data)
1. Click on File (on the menu bar, top left), then “Open Map File…”.
tutorialimexbuilderfieldunits-130922161228-phpapp01.doc 22/09/2013 5
7. 2. Choose “Map Type – Atlas Boundary format (.bna)” and ft in “Units for X,Y coordinates in the files”
box.
3. Select the Top-of-Structure map file called “To10flt_fld.bna” by clicking on the Browse button and
locating the file.
4. Click OK.
FIGURE 1: New IMEX Dataset with Contour Map Open
tutorialimexbuilderfieldunits-130922161228-phpapp01.doc 22/09/2013 6
8. 5. Maximize the screens for a better view by clicking on the window maximize button.
6. Click “Reservoir” (on the menu bar) and “Create Grid”.
7. Select Orthogonal Corner Point and specify a 25 (I-direction) x 35 (J-direction) x 4 (K-direction) grid.
8. Enter 25*360 in the I direction box (meaning all 25 columns in the I-direction will be 360 feet in length).
9. Enter 35*410 in the J-direction box (meaning all 35 rows in the J-direction will be 410 feet in length).
10. Click OK.
11. Hold down Shift key and hold down left mouse button to move (pan) grid.
12. Hold down Ctrl key and hold down left mouse button to rotate grid.
FIGURE 2: Contour Map with Orthogonal Corner Point Grid
13. Align the grid with the fault so that a grid block boundary lies along it, and the grid covers the whole map
area.
14. Change display control to Probe mode by clicking on this toolbar button on left hand side.
15. Click on the Specify Property button (top middle of screen) to open the General Property
Specification spreadsheet as shown below.
FIGURE 3: General Property Specification Spreadsheet
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9. 16. Select the box for layer 1 under the property column labeled Grid Top. Right click in this box and
select the Geological Map option as the data source.
17. Click the Values in file1 button, then Browse and select the top-of-structure map file called
To10flt_fld.bna (it should already be selected from previous actions).
FIGURE 4: Specifying a Geological Map for a Property
18. Click OK to return to the spreadsheet type window.
19. Repeat this action for Grid Thickness in the layer1 box, but this time select Thickflt_fld.bna in the
Values in file1 box. Also, enter 0.25 in the times box (still on the property specification menu) in order
to allocate 25% of the total thickness map to each of the 4 layers in the grid. Finally, copy the layer1,
Grid Thickness cell contents and paste it into the layer 2, layer 3 and layer 4 Grid Thickness cells to
complete the specification of Grid Thickness source data for each of the 4 layers in the grid. You can
use Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V keys to copy specifications for the first layer to the other 3 just as in a regular
spreadsheet. .
20. Click OK the Calculate Property button will pop up click OK to populate the grid with top-of-structure and
grid thickness data (this operation is performed by BUILDER using the specified map data to interpolate grid
cell values). Press OK to the message that appears regarding values being clamped.
21. Change the view from IJ-2D Areal to 3D View (in the upper left corner!!).
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10. FIGURE 5: 3D View of Reservoir after Property Specification
22. Click on the Rotate (3D View) button (from the toolbar) to rotate the display by holding down the left
mouse button and using the cursor to move the model. Hold down the Ctrl key with the left mouse button
and move the mouse toward the bottom of the screen to zoom in or move the mouse to the top of the
screen to zoom out.
23. To remove the contour map from the display, click the right mouse button while the cursor is
anywhere in the display area. Select Properties from the displayed menu (bottom of list), Maps from
the tree view; and (finally) uncheck the Show Map Contours Lines and Fault boxes. Press OK.
FIGURE 6: Removing the Contour Map from the Display
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11. Assigning Porosity & Permeability to the Model
24. Repeat the above process for Porosity (i.e. similar to step #19), but select the map porosflt_fld.bna.
Use the same map for each layer. This time, leave the value in the times box set to 1 in order to
allocate the whole porosity map to each of the 4 layers in the grid.
FIGURE 7: Property Specification Spreadsheet with Grid Top, Thickness & Porosity Specified
25. Select Permeability I from the list on the panel and enter the following:
Layer 1 50
Layer 2 250
Layer 3 500
Layer 4 100
26. Select Permeability J and right click in the Whole Grid box. Select EQUALSI then OK.
27. Do the same with Permeability K and select EQUALSI. In the first box select * and then enter a value
of 0.1 in the second field (this applies a Kv/Kh ratio of 0.1). Press the OK button.
28. Press OK to leave the General Property Specification section and then press OK to calculate the
Properties.
29. Double click on Rock Compressibility in the tree view menu and input 4E-6 in the rock
compressibility box, 4000 psi in the reference pressure box and OK. Units will be applied
automatically; you should now have the Green check mark for Reservoir section.
30. This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on. Click File then Save As. Save file
as Tutorial.dat.
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12. Creating PVT Data
1. Click the Components tab in the tree view. Double click the MODEL keyword.
FIGURE 8: Components Tab in the Tree View
2. Select Launch dialog to create a quick BLACKOIL model using correlations then press the OK
button.
3. Enter 158 (deg F implied) in the Reservoir Temperature box. Generate Pressure data up to 5000 psi. For
Bubble Point Pressure, select the “Value Provided” option and enter a value of 943 psi. For the Oil
Density option, select “Stock tank oil gravity (API)” as the type of gravity value you want to use and enter
a value of 35 in data entry window. Change the Gas Density box to display Gas Gravity(Air=1) and type .
65 in the data entry window.
4. In the Reference Pressure for Water properties box, enter a value 4000 psi and leave the rest of the
options at their default values and Click OK.
5. Double click on “PVT Region: 1” in the tree view and select the PVT Table tab to view the BLACKOIL
PVT data. For this example, the data shown in this table was generated using the information entered in
the “Quick black oil model” window. However, it is also possible to directly enter or edit values in the
PVT Table. These values can also be updated by using your mouse to select points on the plots
associated with the PVT Region, and dragging the points to the desired location. Please note that the
“IMEX PVT Regions” window has to be open while using your mouse to change the points on the plot.
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13. FIGURE 9: IMEX PVT Table with Values Generated using the Quick Black Oil Model
6. Close the PVT Table window.
7. The Component section should have a green check mark now.
Creating Relative Permeability Data
1. Click the Rock-Fluid tab in the tree view.
2. Double click on Rock Fluid Types in the tree view. A window will open. Click on the button and
select New Rock Type.
3. Press the Tools button (on the “Relative Permeability Tables” tab) and select Generate Tables using
Correlations.
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14. Enter the following parameters for the analytical relative permeability curves generation.
SWCON 0.2
SWCRIT 0.2
SOIRW 0.4
SORW 0.4
SOIRG 0.2
SORG 0.2
SGCON 0.05
SGCRIT 0.05
KROCW 0.8
KRWIRO 0.3
KRGCL 0.3
KROGCG 0.8
All Exponents 2.0
4. Press Apply and then OK. Press OK again to get out of the Rock Types window. A graph containing
the relative permeability curves will appear.
5. The Rock Fluid section should have a green check mark. Save the file at this time.
FIGURE 10: Plots for RockType 1
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15. Creating Initial Conditions
1. Click the Initial Conditions tab on the tree view of Builder.
2. Double click on Initial Conditions.
3. Select Water, Oil, Gas as the initial fluid in the reservoir to perform a Gravity-Capillary Equilibrium
Calculation.
4. Type the following values in the available fields:
4000 (psi implied) in the Reference Pressure window
10007 (ft implied) in the Reference Depth window
10105 (ft implied) in the Water-Oil Contact window
6496 (ft implied) in the Gas-Oil Contact window
943 (psi implied) in Constant Bubble Point Pressure (PB) window
5. Leave the other boxes blank.
Initial conditions interface should look as:
6. Click on Apply; then OK.
7. You should now be back in the main Builder window with all tabs showing a green checkmark in the
tree view, except for the “Wells & Recurrent” tab.
8. At this point it is advisable to save the data again by selecting File from the top menu and Save.
Incorporating Well Trajectories and Perforations
Once we have created the static model, we will now incorporate the trajectory and perforation information into the
model.
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16. 1. Go to the main Builder menu and select Well / Well Trajectories / Well Trajectories…. The following
window will pop up.
2. You need to choose Trajectory File Type and appropriate Units for it (3 Steps Wizard).
FIGURE 11: Trajectory Properties Window Step 1 of 3
3. Choose Table Format and ft for X, Y and Z,MD then browse for the file “TRAJ_Feet.wdb”, Open,
and press Next >(Step 1 of 3)
4. Check the box Clear all existing trajectories then press Next> (Step 2 of 3).
FIGURE 12: Trajectory Properties Window Step 2 of 3
5. Click Finish to complete Step 3 of 3.
6. This screen will create a vertical trajectory for each well that exists in the main contour map.
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17. 7. Now go back to top menu and select Well / Well Trajectories, click on Trajectory Perforation
Intervals… a window will open (Figure 13):
8. Click on Read File and choose File unit selection option as Field then browse PERFS_Feet.perf.
Press Open.
9. If this is done correctly, the window will be like Figure 14:
10. Press Apply and then OK. This completes the trajectories and Perforation of the wells in the model.
FIGURE 13: Trajectory Perforations Window
FIGURE 14: Trajectory Perforations Window after Read in Perforation File
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18. Adding Historical Production Data to the Model
The last item we want to do is add historical rate data so that we can set up a history match run.
1. Go to the main Builder menu and select Well / Import Production/Injection Data (this is the wizard to
import production/injection data into the well & recurrent data for the simulator and it also defines the status
of each well!!).
2. STEP 1: First step of this wizard is to provide the type and name of the production file. In our case, we will
use General and choose a file in the tutorial directory named Production-history_fld.prd. Press the Next
button.
[Use the Next/Back buttons on the panels to move forward/backward between each Step].
3. STEP 2: Follow the instructions and highlight the first line containing the production data (top window)
and well name (lower window) (as shown in the following figure). Press Next.
FIGURE 15: Step #2 of the Production Data Wizard
4. STEP 3: If the delimiters look good and the columns are separated correctly, click Next to go to STEP
4.
5. STEP 4: Go to Columns 3 to 5 and in the identifier row, choose Oil Produced, Water Produced and
Gas Produced for each column. Leave others as they pop up then click Next to go to the next step.
6. STEP 5: This is the place showing you which well’s production data has been picked up and which well is
not. For example, the program could not find any production data from well 5, 7 and 9. Since wells 5, 7 and
9 have no production history, the easiest action is to delete them from the model. We will do this later. Other
than that, click Finish. The Simulation Dates window will appear. Press Close.
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19. Creating Average Monthly Production / Injection Recurrent Well Data
Next thing we want to do is to generate the well recurrent data for every month.
1. Go back to the main Builder menu and select Well / Average Production/Injection Data...
2. Now, move your mouse and right click on the y-axis. A menu will show up to allow you to change the
average interval from this point on to monthly, bi-annually, yearly, etc.
FIGURE 16: Average Production/Injection Data Plot
3. Select “Reset all intervals to every month” and press the OK button.
Creating Field Production History (*.fhf) for History Match
1. Next thing we want to do is to create a field history file so that we can make a comparison between the
simulation run and the actual field history file.
2. Go to the top menu again and select Well / Create Field History File… then provide a filename (or you
can just use the default). Press OK.
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20. Well Definition and Constraints
1. For those wells that have no production history, we can either delete them or define them as a producer
or injector and shut-in the wells so that they will not affect the history match.
2. In this tutorial, we will delete Well 5 and change Wells 7 & 9 so that they are injectors. To do that, open
the tree view and press the Wells & Recurrent tab. Expand the Wells list. Right mouse click on Well
5, select Delete and press Yes to the message that pops up.
3. Go to Well 7, right mouse click and select Properties. A new window will show up as follows:
FIGURE 17: Well Events Window
4. Click on ID & Type, and select INJECTOR MOBWEIGHT for the type. Check the “Auto-apply” check
box.
5. Go to Constraints tab (say YES to apply changes if asked!!), and check the Constraint definition box.
6. Under select new (in the Constraint column of the table), select OPERATE. Then select BHP bottom
hole pressure, MAX, 3626 psi, CONT REPEAT. Press Apply.
7. Go to the Injected Fluid tab and choose Water as injection fluid. Press Apply.
8. Go to the Options tab. Check the Status box and choose to SHUTIN the well at this time. Press
Apply.
9. Now, we can copy all the above specifications to Well 9. To do that, make sure you are looking at “Well 7”
in the Name/Date list. Then highlight the following Events (for Well 7) by clicking on them with your
mouse and pressing down the Ctrl key to select multiple items: INJECTOR, constraints, injected fluid
and SHUTIN (all of them!!!). Press the Tools button at the bottom of the screen, and select Copy events
using filter. This will open a new window. In the Select Wells tab, check on Well 9 and then go to the
Select Dates tab. Check the date 1991-01-01 and press the Search & Add button. The window should
look like this:
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21. FIGURE 18: Window for Copying/Deleting Well Events
10. Click OK and the same constraint information created for Well 7 will now be copied to Well 9. If a
message pops up requesting to change the well type for Well 9, say Yes. Press OK to close the
window.
11. Make sure that the View Type is set to IK-2D X-Sec (located in the upper left hand corner of the main
Builder window).
12. Even though we defined Well 7 as an injector, provided constraint information and defined the trajectory
path, perforations need to be defined along the trajectory path. (Note: There is no perforation
information for Well 7 in ‘PERFS_ft.perf’ file.)
13. On main Builder menu, select Well / Well Completions (PERF)… Click on button and select
Completion – Add New as shown below. Press OK to use the default date shown.
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22. FIGURE 19: Well Completion Data Window
Select the Perforations tab and press the button. This will allow you to use your mouse to
select the grid blocks where you want the well completions to be. Change the Plane Slider to 15 (it may
be 16 based on grid positioning) and zoom in to the section containing Well 7 so that you can see the
trajectory for Well 7. Use your mouse to click in grid blocks 1, 2 and 3 along the Well 7 trajectory in the
main Builder window. Press when you are done. Your screen should look similar to
figure 20 below. Press Apply and then OK to close the window.
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23. Figure 20: Adding perforations to well
14. If everything is OK, all of the tabs in the tree view should have a green checkmark. The Dates under
Wells & Recurrent tab may still have a yellow exclamation mark. This can be removed by deleting
ALTER 0 at 1991-09-01 using Delete event using filter…. option in Well Events Window.
15. Please save the file one more time!
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24. Write Out Restart information to a Restart File
1. Click on the I/O Control tab in the tree view.
2. Double click on Restart.
3. Check on Enable Restart Writing.
4. Press the button and select the first simulation date which is 1991-01-01. Press OK.
5. Set the “Writing Frequency Option” to Every TIME or DATE Keywords.
6. Click OK to close the window.
7. Click File in the main Builder menu and select Save As. Name this file Tutorial_hm.dat.
8. We now have a completed dataset so we can exit Builder and drag and drop the Tutorial_hm.dat file
onto the IMEX icon to run it. You will be able to make prediction runs without having to rerun the
historical data portion as a result of using the Restart Run feature.
Running the IMEX Dataset
1. If everything is OK, you should be able to run the dataset using IMEX. First locate the file
Tutorial_hm.dat in your launcher, then drag and drop it onto the IMEX 2008.10 icon and release the
mouse. A new window will show up. Press the Run Immediately button.
2. If there are no errors, a MS-DOS window will open up and show you the progress of the run. When
finished, the MS-DOS window will be terminated and shows a brief summary of results.
FIGURE 21: Simulation Log File (when runs immediately)
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25. Reviewing the Simulation Results using RESULTS GRAPH and RESULTS
3D
We can now look at the simulation run and compare it with the historical data and see how the reservoir would
perform.
1. Drag and drop Tutorial_hm.irf onto the Results Graph 2008.10 icon.
2. Select menu item File; then Open Field History.
3. Select the production-history.fhf file we created in the Creating Field Production History section of the
tutorial.
Click on the Add Curve icon .
4. Select the file to display data from as Tutorial_hm.irf. Select curve parameter Oil Rate SC. Choose
Well 3 for the Origin and then Click OK.
5. Now repeat the same steps but this time select the file as production-history.fhf, as we want to
compare the simulated data with the historical input data. You should now see a plot similar to:
FIGURE 22: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data
6. Repeat the same procedure as above except this time, plot the Water Rate SC & Gas Rate SC curves
either in the same plot or separately.
7. In order to view this plot for all the production wells you can use the Repeat origins button .
8. In the Repeat Plots window, select the All Producers option and OK to generate the plots.
9. You should now have a series of plots showing the historical data and simulator calculation for each of
your production wells.
10. You can now continue to investigate the results from these datasets in Results Graph and Results 3D,
and interactively discover the large range of features that are available to you for analyzing your data.
Exit Graph and save the template file.
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26. Using the Historical Data Restart File in a Prediction Run
We want to predict the reservoir performance until 1/1/1993 if the producers are fixed to a minimum BHP of 2175
psi.
1. Load the dataset tutorial_hm.dat back into Builder.
2. Click on the I/O Control tab in the tree view.
3. Double click on the Restart option.
4. Check the box for Restart from previous simulation run (RESTART).
5. Browse to select Tutorial_hm.irf. Click “Record to restart from” (Note that a series of restart dates
are now available).
6. In the “Record to restart from” field, select the date 1991/09/01 and then press OK to exit back to the
main Builder window (press OK to the message that appears).
7. Click on the Well & Recurrent section in the tree view and expand the Dates.
8. Double click on the date 1991-09-01
9. If the Set stop box is checked on this date, uncheck it. Then click the button Add a range of dates.
10. Change the range of dates so that the From date is 1991-09-01 and the To date is 1993-01-01. Press
OK. Press Close.
11. If the Set stop box is checked on 1991-09-01, uncheck it and check 1993-01-01. Press Close.
12. Click on the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view again. Expand the Well items in the tree view
and double click on Well 1.
13. Change the date to 1991-09-01, check the Auto-apply check box, and click on the Constraints tab.
14. Check the Constraint definition box, then change OPERATE, MIN BHP to 2175 psi
15. The panel that is displayed should look similar to:
FIGURE 23: Well Events Window with Updated BHP Constraint
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27. 16. Click Apply, a new constraint will be created in the date 1991-09-01 for Well 1. The next task will be to
copy the same constraint to all the other wells to do the forecast.
17. Highlight the Well 1 constraints Event for 1991-09-01 (in the Name/Date list). Click the Tools button
at the bottom of the screen and select Copy events using filter.
18. On the “Select Wells” tab; check Producers and Select. Then on the “Select Dates” tab check on
1991-09-01. At this tab; make sure to check on “Do you want to create new dates?”. This option
creates new date for wells which are already shut in because of production history event. Press the
Clear List button. Press the Search & Add button, then OK. All the wells except wells 7 & 9 will have a
new constraint starting 1991-09-01.
19. On the “Well Event” window; you might see ALTER event equal to 0 on 1991-09-01. This should be
deleted from prediction data file (Figure 24).
FIGURE 24: Well Events Window with ALTER 0 Constraint
20. Right click on highlighted ALTER and select “Delete event using filter..” then repeat step 17 to fix it
21. Click OK and return to the main menu.
22. Save the new file as Tutorial_pred.dat. Now all checkmarks must be green.
23. We can now exit Builder and drag and drop the Tutorial_pred.dat file onto the IMEX icon to run it.
We can now look at the simulation run and compare it with the historical data and see how the reservoir would
continue to perform.
24. Drag and drop Tutorial_pred.irf onto the Results Graph icon.
25. Select menu item File; then Open Field History.
26. Select the production-history.fhf file we created in the Creating Field Production History section of
the tutorial.
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28. 27. Click on the Add curve icon .
28. Select the file to display data from as Tutorial_pred.irf. Select curve parameter Oil Rate SC; then Click
OK.
29. Now repeat the same steps, but this time select the file as production_history.fhf, as we want to
compare the prediction run and the history match run.
30. To increase the size of the historical data markers select menu item View; Properties.
31. Select the Curve tab and increase the marker size from 4 to 8 and Click OK.
32. You should now see a plot similar to:
FIGURE 25: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data with Future Prediction
33. You can obtain the same plot for all the producers pressing the Repeat Plots button.
34. Repeat the same procedure as above except this time plot the Water Cut variable.
Adding an Aquifer
The next thing we want to do is add an aquifer, and compare the simulation runs with and without an aquifer to
see the difference it makes.
1. Drag and drop Tutorial_hm.dat onto the Builder icon.
2. Once in Builder go to the Reservoir and select Create/Edit Aquifers….
(Alternatively, you can just click on the Create/Edit Aquifers button (second from bottom on the left hand
tool bar) .
3. Select the first listed type – Bottom aquifer, and OK the panel.
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29. FIGURE 26: Select Aquifer Location Window
4. Select Modelling Method – Carter-Tracey (infinite). Leave all other items blank.
FIGURE 27: Aquifer Properties Window
5. OK to exit the panel to return to the model display area.
6. Go to File; Save As and change the file name to be saved to Tutorial_hm_aq.dat.
7. OK to save the new file and exit Builder.
You can now drag and drop Tutorial_hm_aq.dat onto the IMEX icon. (To run simulation).
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30. Analyzing the Data
1. The file Tutorial_hm_aq.irf file can be dragged and dropped onto the Results Graph icon.
2. Select File; Open CMG Simulation Results from the menu bar and select Tutorial_hm.irf.
3. We now have both simulation results loaded so that we can compare them.
4. Click on the + icon to add a curve .
5. Select Origin Type – Sector (Region).
6. Parameter – Ave Pres HC POVO SCTR.
7. Click on OK to display the line.
8. Repeat the above except select the filename as Tutorial_hm_aq.irf.
9. We now have a comparison plot that should look similar to:
FIGURE 28: Plot of Pressure Difference Due to Aquifer
10. You can also enter the 3D display area from here (Results 3D) and both types of display are linked
together. When you exit Results 3D or Graph, the .ses (line plot) or .3tp (3D image) file referred to is a
template that you can use to re-create the images that you have generated using the same or other
input files.
11. Results 3D and Graph are very intuitive and most things can be accessed by the menus or by right
mouse clicking on the display areas.
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31. Further Analysis
When you view the ternary plot for Tutorial_pred.irf in Results 3D it seems that there is quite a bit of oil left in
the southern anticline at the end of this simulation, especially in layer K = 2. As part of our reservoir plan we
would like to put in a horizontal well on 1/1/1992 to access this ‘remaining’ oil.
FIGURE 29: Reservoir Showing High Oil Saturation
1. Load the dataset Tutorial_pred.dat into Builder.
2. Make sure you have the IJ-2D areal view showing so that we can easily locate the well we are about to
add.
3. Click on the Wells & Recurrent tab, then right click on Wells in the tree view. From the popup menu that
appears, select New…
4. Name the new well W11 and change the date to be 1991-12-01.
5. Select the Constraints tab and check the Constraint definition check box.
6. Enter the constraint OPERATE; BHP bottom hole pressure; MIN; 1450 psi; CONT REPEAT.
7. Click OK to exit from the Create New Well panel.
8. Well W11 should have appeared on the Well & Recurrent tree view. There should be an exclamation
mark next to this well indicating that there is a data problem.
9. Right click on this well and select Validate to display any error or warning messages. The message
should indicate that there are no valid perforations.
10. Click the + sign next to W11 and double click on 1991-12-01 PERF.
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32. 11. In the Well Completion Data (PERF) panel that appears, select the Perforations tab.
FIGURE 30: Adding Perforations using the Advanced Options
12. Click the Begin button to Add perfs with the mouse, then click on the tool button for Advanced options
for perforating intermediate blocks between mouse clicks.
13. Check the Perforate all intermediate blocks box, and check the box to Set constant well length and
change the well length to 3280 ft. Then click OK.
14. Now, move the Well Completion Data (PERF) panel to the side so that the model grid can be viewed.
Using the knowledge gained from the previously displayed oil saturation plot from RESULTS 3D, select
an area in the model that has both high oil saturation, and low well density. Once the area for the new
horizontal has been selected, click once to add the first perforation. Move the mouse to a position
approximately near the end of the 3280 ft horizontal well and click a second time. Click OK to exit.
15. Well W11 should have appeared on your display. You can also view it in JK cross section around plane
12. Note, the exact grid block position may vary slightly from that displayed below:
FIGURE 31: Areal View (IJ-2D) of Trajectory for W11
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33. FIGURE 32: Cross Section View (JK-2D) of Trajectory for W11
16. Note that the perforation will appear and disappear depending on the date you have displayed in
Builder.
17. Double click on well W11 to see that there is one date associated with it 1991-12-01. If there is also the
simulation start date 1991-01-01 then select this date in the tree view, right mouse click and select
"Delete". This will remove this unwanted date.
18. “Well 11” is now fully defined. Save the dataset as Tutorial_Pred1.dat, and exit.
Now run the dataset in IMEX and compare it with tutorial_pred.irf. Look at the oil saturation at the end of
the simulation in Results 3D and the Field oil production rate in Results Graph. Note the increased
production when the horizontal well opens.
FIGURE 33: Increased Production due to horizontal well in RESULTS GRAPH
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