Turning moment diagram
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This document discusses turning moment diagrams for internal combustion engines and multi-cylinder engines. It explains that a turning moment diagram is a graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort at different crank positions. For a four-stroke engine, it shows negative loops for the intake and exhaust strokes, a higher negative loop for compression, and a large positive loop for the power stroke where work is done by expanding gases. For multi-cylinder engines, the overall diagram is the sum of the individual cylinder diagrams, with cranks typically placed 120 degrees apart.
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The document discusses turning moment diagrams for various engine types including:
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It defines key terms like turning moment, fluctuations of energy, coefficient of fluctuation, and how flywheels are used to reduce speed variations in engines. Flywheel mass requirements are calculated using kinetic energy equations based on maximum energy fluctuations from the turning moment diagrams.
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The turning moment diagram graphically represents the torque required by an engine at different crank angles. It is used to determine the fluctuation of energy in the engine and the role of the flywheel in reducing speed variations. The flywheel stores excess energy produced during power strokes and releases it during non-power strokes, allowing the crankshaft to rotate at a more uniform speed. The maximum difference between the energy stored in the flywheel at its highest and lowest points is known as the maximum fluctuation of energy. Larger flywheels can reduce speed fluctuations more, but require more space.
Turning moment diagrams
The document discusses turning moment diagrams, which graphically represent the turning moment or crank effort for various positions of a crank. It provides details on plotting turning moment diagrams, including representing turning moment on the vertical axis and crank angle on the horizontal axis. The document also discusses how the area of a turning moment diagram represents the work done per revolution. It further discusses turning moment diagrams for engines with multiple cylinders and how flywheels help control fluctuations in speed caused by variations in engine turning moment during each operating cycle.
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The document discusses turning moment diagrams and flywheels. It defines turning moment diagrams as graphical representations of the turning moment or crank effort at different crank angles. Examples are given for single cylinder engines and multi-cylinder engines. Flywheels are described as reservoirs that store energy when supply exceeds demand and release it when demand is greater than supply, controlling speed fluctuations during each engine cycle. Formulas are provided for determining maximum energy fluctuations, coefficients of fluctuation of energy and speed, and energy stored in a flywheel. Two example problems are worked through applying these concepts and formulas.
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This document discusses turning moment diagrams and flywheels. It explains that a turning moment diagram is a graphical representation of the torque on the crankshaft at different crank angles. It shows the torque is highest at 90 degrees and lowest at 0 and 180 degrees. The area under the curve represents the work done per revolution. A flywheel stores energy when torque is high and releases it when torque is low, reducing fluctuations in speed. The ratio of maximum speed variation to mean speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed. A flywheel controls speed variations caused by uneven engine torque over each operating cycle.
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This presentation gives you basic concept of turning moment diagram used for I.C. Engine and usefulness of flywheel.
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The turning moment diagram graphically represents the torque required by an engine at different crank angles. It is used to determine the fluctuation of energy in the engine and the role of the flywheel in reducing speed variations. The flywheel stores excess energy produced during power strokes and releases it during non-power strokes, allowing the crankshaft to rotate at a more uniform speed. The maximum difference between the energy stored in the flywheel at its highest and lowest points is known as the maximum fluctuation of energy. Larger flywheels can reduce speed fluctuations more, but require more space.
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The document discusses turning moment diagrams and flywheels. It provides details on:
1) Turning moment diagrams graphically represent the turning moment or crank effort at different crank angles. They are plotted with turning moment on the y-axis and crank angle on the x-axis.
2) Flywheels smooth out power delivery from engines to machines by storing excess energy during periods of high output and releasing it during periods of low output. This moderates fluctuations in engine speed.
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UNIT-I Turning Moment.ppt
1) Turning moment diagrams graphically represent the torque required at different crank angles in engines. They are used to analyze torque fluctuations and the role of the flywheel in maintaining uniform rotational speed.
2) Flywheels absorb energy when the engine produces excess torque and release energy when engine torque is insufficient, helping maintain constant rotational speed despite cyclic torque variations. Their moment of inertia determines how effectively they can reduce speed fluctuations.
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This document discusses various types of governors used to regulate engine speed. It describes centrifugal governors that use rotating balls to control engine speed based on centrifugal force. Specific governors discussed include the Watt, Porter, Proell, Hartnell, Hartung, Wilson-Hartnell, and Pickering governors. Equations are provided for each governor relating factors like ball mass, radius of rotation, spring stiffness, and centrifugal force to the governor's operation and ability to control engine speed under varying loads.
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iv. Theoretical head – capacity relationship,
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The document discusses turning moment diagrams, flywheels, and punching presses. It defines a turning moment diagram as a graphical representation of torque over crank angle. Flywheels store rotational energy and supply it when needed, such as in internal combustion engines. The coefficient of fluctuation describes energy fluctuations in a turning moment diagram. Flywheel design considerations include radius, thickness, speed, and stress. Punching presses use flywheels to supply energy for punching holes; the required energy depends on hole size, material thickness, and properties.
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3. It explains the four strokes of a typical four-stroke engine cycle and compares it to the two-stroke engine cycle.
Basic of engine
introduction
engine terminology
otto and diesel cycle
four stroke and two stroke
efficiency
fuel calculation
marine ic engine
6 stroke engine
Bhagawan Upreti presented on the six stroke engine. The six stroke engine adds two additional strokes to the traditional four stroke engine cycle to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. It captures waste heat from the four stroke cycle to power an additional exhaust and power stroke. This increases efficiency by 40% over a four stroke engine. Modifications are made to the crankshaft, camshaft, valves and timing to accommodate the extra strokes. While advantages include reduced fuel consumption and emissions, challenges include withstanding thermal stresses and needing separate water tanks for injection. Further development is ongoing to address issues and commercialize six stroke engine technology.
Six stroke engine
The document discusses different types of six-stroke engines, including the Brush Crower engine and Beare Head engine. The Brush Crower engine captures heat from the four-stroke cycle to power an additional two strokes using water injection. The Beare Head engine combines aspects of two-stroke and four-stroke engines by using ports and a rotary valve like a two-stroke in the cylinder head. Six-stroke engines provide benefits like increased efficiency and torque compared to four-stroke engines. However, they also present challenges such as initial starting problems due to low cylinder temperatures.
DIESEL ENGINES
The document summarizes the history and workings of a diesel engine. It discusses:
1. Otto invented the four-stroke engine in 1876, using a gas-air mixture. This became known as the Otto cycle.
2. A four-stroke diesel engine completes one cycle over four strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust - within two revolutions of the crankshaft.
3. It provides labeled diagrams of the engine and describes the processes that occur in each stroke of the four-stroke cycle.
Internal combution of Engine (two stroke and four stroke)
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2s vs 4s stroke engines (mechanical)
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Turning moment diagram
- 1. Theory Of Machines (2151902) Mechanical Department Sem.: 5th D (D2) Turning Moment Diagram Prepared By: Dubey Manish S. (160123119009)
- 2. INTRODUCTION • The turning moment diagram also known as crank effort diagram. • The turning moment diagram is the graphical representation of the turning moment or crank effort for various positions of crank. • It is plotted on Cartesian coordinates ,in which the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank .
- 3. Turning Moment Diagram for a Four stroke Cycle Internal Combustion Engine
- 4. Turning Moment Diagram for a Four stroke Cycle Internal Combustion Engine • We know that in a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine, there is one working stroke after the crank has turned through two revolutions, i.e. 720° (or 4 π radians). • Since the pressure inside the engine cylinder is less than the atmospheric pressure during the suction stroke, therefore a negative loop is formed as shown in Fig. • During the compression stroke, the work is done on the gases, therefore a higher negative loop is obtained. • During the expansion or working stroke, the fuel burns and the gases expand, therefore a large positive loop is obtained. In this stroke, the work is done by the gases.
- 5. • During exhaust stroke, the work is done on the gases, therefore a negative loop is formed. It may be noted that the effect of the inertia forces on the piston is taken into account.
- 6. Turning Moment Diagram for a Multi-Cylinder Engine
- 7. • A separate turning moment diagram for a compound steam engine having three cylinders ,and the resultant turning moment diagram is shown in Figure. • The resultant turning moment diagram is the sum of the turning moment diagrams for the three cylinders. • It may be noted that the first cylinder is the high pressure cylinder, second cylinder is the intermediate cylinder and the third cylinder is the low pressure cylinder. • The cranks, in case of three cylinders, are usually placed at 120° to each other.