The document provides details about engine basics, including:
1. It outlines 12 lesson goals related to explaining engine operation, classifying engines, calculating compression ratio, describing displacement, listing engine parts, and comparing 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines.
2. The lesson content covers topics such as the evolution of vehicles, engine classification, operation of 4-stroke engines, firing order, engine measurements, construction overview, operation of 2-stroke engines, and comparisons between engine types.
3. The document provides definitions and explanations of key engine terms and components to help understand engine operation, including discussions of cylinders, pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, and the four-stroke cycle
Engine, classification of heat engine, classification of IC engine, component of IC engine, four stroke engine and 2- stroke engine, petrol and diesel engine, comparisons, terminology related to engine
The document discusses engine classification and operation. It explains that engines are classified based on factors like cylinder arrangement, valve configuration, fuel type and cooling method. It then describes the four-stroke cycle of a gasoline engine involving the intake, compression, power and exhaust strokes. It also discusses concepts like displacement, compression ratio, torque and horsepower.
The document discusses powertrain systems for vehicles. It covers calculating the necessary engine power to move a vehicle based on factors like weight, speed, transmission losses, and overcoming slopes. Key points covered include selecting the appropriate engine size based on the work needs and efficiency, basic engine components, diesel engine systems, and combustion stages. Formulas are provided to calculate engine power needed based on road resistance and available traction. An example calculation is given to determine the necessary engine power for a specific off-road vehicle scenario.
This document provides information on internal combustion engines, including:
1. It defines internal combustion engines and classifies them based on where combustion occurs, fuel used, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and more.
2. It describes the basic components of an IC engine like the cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and camshaft.
3. It explains the four strokes of a typical four-stroke engine cycle and compares it to the two-stroke engine cycle.
difination and explaintion of 2 strike vs 4stroke enginees including defination, ragulation types of and examples explation for educations and projects
This document provides an overview of farm machinery engine systems. It discusses the classification and components of internal combustion engines, including differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The fuel, lubrication, ignition, cooling and governor systems are also mentioned. Tractor systems such as power transmission, steering, brakes and hydraulics are briefly covered. The summary discusses the key components and cycles of petrol and diesel engines in 2-3 sentences.
The document discusses the parts and functioning of a four-stroke engine. It explains the four strokes of intake, compression, power, and exhaust. The intake stroke draws fuel and air into the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the valves close and piston compresses the fuel-air mixture. The power stroke ignites the mixture, pushing the piston. Finally, in the exhaust stroke, the spent gases are pushed out. It also lists key engine parts like the piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, valves, and spark plug. The document provides steps for measuring and adjusting tappet clearance to regulate the valves.
Engine, classification of heat engine, classification of IC engine, component of IC engine, four stroke engine and 2- stroke engine, petrol and diesel engine, comparisons, terminology related to engine
The document discusses engine classification and operation. It explains that engines are classified based on factors like cylinder arrangement, valve configuration, fuel type and cooling method. It then describes the four-stroke cycle of a gasoline engine involving the intake, compression, power and exhaust strokes. It also discusses concepts like displacement, compression ratio, torque and horsepower.
The document discusses powertrain systems for vehicles. It covers calculating the necessary engine power to move a vehicle based on factors like weight, speed, transmission losses, and overcoming slopes. Key points covered include selecting the appropriate engine size based on the work needs and efficiency, basic engine components, diesel engine systems, and combustion stages. Formulas are provided to calculate engine power needed based on road resistance and available traction. An example calculation is given to determine the necessary engine power for a specific off-road vehicle scenario.
This document provides information on internal combustion engines, including:
1. It defines internal combustion engines and classifies them based on where combustion occurs, fuel used, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and more.
2. It describes the basic components of an IC engine like the cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and camshaft.
3. It explains the four strokes of a typical four-stroke engine cycle and compares it to the two-stroke engine cycle.
difination and explaintion of 2 strike vs 4stroke enginees including defination, ragulation types of and examples explation for educations and projects
This document provides an overview of farm machinery engine systems. It discusses the classification and components of internal combustion engines, including differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The fuel, lubrication, ignition, cooling and governor systems are also mentioned. Tractor systems such as power transmission, steering, brakes and hydraulics are briefly covered. The summary discusses the key components and cycles of petrol and diesel engines in 2-3 sentences.
The document discusses the parts and functioning of a four-stroke engine. It explains the four strokes of intake, compression, power, and exhaust. The intake stroke draws fuel and air into the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the valves close and piston compresses the fuel-air mixture. The power stroke ignites the mixture, pushing the piston. Finally, in the exhaust stroke, the spent gases are pushed out. It also lists key engine parts like the piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, valves, and spark plug. The document provides steps for measuring and adjusting tappet clearance to regulate the valves.
This document provides information about 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It defines a 2-stroke engine as completing its cycle in one crankshaft revolution, while a 4-stroke engine takes two revolutions. The basic parts of each engine are described, along with their working principles. Advantages of 2-stroke engines include higher power density, while disadvantages include lower fuel efficiency. A comparison notes that 4-stroke engines have higher volumetric efficiency but lower power density than 2-stroke engines.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including:
- Common engine classifications such as two-stroke vs four-stroke engines and differences between petrol and diesel engines.
- Explanations of engine terminology like compression ratio, swept volume, indicated power, brake power, and thermal efficiency.
- Descriptions of the Otto and diesel thermodynamic cycles that spark ignition and compression ignition engines are based on.
- Comparisons of key engine parameters and how they relate to performance metrics like power, torque, and fuel consumption.
The document discusses engine classification and operation. It explains that engines are classified by characteristics like number of strokes, cylinder arrangement, valve configuration, and fuel type. A four-stroke gasoline engine operates through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes as the piston moves up and down in the cylinder. The engine converts the chemical energy in fuel to heat and then mechanical power to move the vehicle.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of I.C. engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and cylinder configuration. It also describes the basic components and workings of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines, and between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines are outlined.
The document discusses different types of prime movers and internal combustion engines. It defines prime movers as initial sources of motive power that receive and modify force to drive machinery. Heat engines are described as machines that convert heat into useful work. Internal combustion engines are classified based on fuel type, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, cylinder configuration, and arrangement. Key components of internal combustion engines like the cylinder, piston, valves, and crankshaft are also explained. The four strokes of a four-stroke engine - intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes - are summarized.
This document provides information on internal combustion (I.C.) engines, including:
- I.C. engines can be two-stroke or four-stroke, with four-stroke being more common. They work by combusting fuel inside cylinders to power pistons.
- In a four-stroke engine, the piston completes an intake, compression, power, and exhaust stroke per cycle. In a two-stroke, it completes the cycle in two strokes.
- Other topics covered include engine components, engine types and cycles, differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, and differences between diesel and petrol engines.
IC engines(2 stroke/4 stroke),Engine terminology and major components,Power transmission drives(belt ,gear ,rope ,chain),Clutch, Brake,CRDI,MPFI& HYBRID
Two laboratory reports were summarized:
1. A report on studying a two-stroke spark ignition engine, discussing its working principle, cycle, design parameters, types, parts, and comparing it to a four-stroke engine. The two-stroke was found to have more power strokes but lower efficiency.
2. A report on studying a rotary Wankel engine, explaining its four-stroke cycle arranged around an oval, types, parts, and concluding it is widely used with advantages over piston engines.
The document provides an introduction to internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic differences between internal and external combustion engines and classifications of internal combustion engines based on fuel, cycle of operation, and combustion process. It then describes the basic parts and working principles of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines as well as 2-stroke petrol engines. Key differences between petrol and diesel engines are also highlighted. The document concludes by defining common terminology used in internal combustion engines.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including their classification, operation, and differences between engine types. It discusses four-stroke petrol and diesel engines in detail, describing the four strokes of each cycle. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. Two-stroke engines are also summarized and compared to four-stroke engines. Various engine efficiencies are defined.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are different types of internal combustion engines classified by fuel, strokes, ignition, cycle, number of cylinders, and cooling method. The key parts include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel. A four-stroke engine intakes air/fuel, compresses it, combusts it to push the piston, and exhausts gases over two revolutions, while a two-stroke engine does this in one revolution.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are several types of internal combustion engines including four-stroke gasoline engines, two-stroke gasoline engines, diesel engines, and rotary engines. Engines can also be classified based on their fuel, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, and cylinder arrangement. The key parts of an internal combustion engine include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel.
This document provides an overview of gasoline engine operation, parts, and specifications. It explains how a four-stroke engine operates through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes how engines are classified based on characteristics like cylinder arrangement and valve configuration. Key engine parts like the block, heads, and rotating assembly are introduced.
The document provides an overview of heat engines and internal combustion engines. It defines heat engines as machines that convert heat energy into mechanical energy through combustion. Internal combustion engines are heat engines where combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder. The key components and terminology of internal combustion engines are described. The four stroke cycle of spark ignition engines and compression ignition engines is summarized. Two stroke engines that complete the cycle in two strokes are also introduced. Examples calculating engine specifications like displacement, clearance volume, and compression ratio are included.
The document summarizes key aspects of internal combustion engines. It describes that internal combustion engines generate power through the combustion of fuel within a piston-cylinder arrangement. The most common type is the reciprocating, spark-ignited, four-stroke gasoline engine used in automobiles and lawn mowers. The document then outlines the history and development of internal combustion engines from the early experiments in the 1680s to modern configurations. It provides details on the operation and components of typical four-stroke gasoline engines.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of IC engines based on fuel used, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, speed, number of cylinders, and cylinder position. It describes the four-stroke cycles of Otto petrol and diesel engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. The document also compares two-stroke and four-stroke engines, discussing their cycles, revolutions, power strokes, flywheels, ports/valves, lubrication, efficiencies, and applications. Indicated power, mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption are defined.
Internal Combustion Engine
There are two main types of heat engines: internal combustion engines and external combustion engines. In an internal combustion engine, fuel combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder and the hot gases directly power the piston. This includes gasoline/petrol engines. The four strokes of a petrol engine are: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. In the intake stroke, air/fuel mixture enters the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the mixture is compressed. In the power stroke, combustion powers the piston. In the exhaust stroke, spent gases are pushed out.
The document provides definitions and descriptions of key components and processes in internal combustion engines. It discusses the four main components - block, cylinder head, crankshaft and pistons. It also summarizes the four strokes of the internal combustion engine cycle: 1) intake/suction stroke, 2) compression stroke, 3) combustion, 4) power/exhaust stroke. The compression and combustion processes are described in detail.
This document provides information about 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It defines a 2-stroke engine as completing its cycle in one crankshaft revolution, while a 4-stroke engine takes two revolutions. The basic parts of each engine are described, along with their working principles. Advantages of 2-stroke engines include higher power density, while disadvantages include lower fuel efficiency. A comparison notes that 4-stroke engines have higher volumetric efficiency but lower power density than 2-stroke engines.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including:
- Common engine classifications such as two-stroke vs four-stroke engines and differences between petrol and diesel engines.
- Explanations of engine terminology like compression ratio, swept volume, indicated power, brake power, and thermal efficiency.
- Descriptions of the Otto and diesel thermodynamic cycles that spark ignition and compression ignition engines are based on.
- Comparisons of key engine parameters and how they relate to performance metrics like power, torque, and fuel consumption.
The document discusses engine classification and operation. It explains that engines are classified by characteristics like number of strokes, cylinder arrangement, valve configuration, and fuel type. A four-stroke gasoline engine operates through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes as the piston moves up and down in the cylinder. The engine converts the chemical energy in fuel to heat and then mechanical power to move the vehicle.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of I.C. engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and cylinder configuration. It also describes the basic components and workings of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines, and between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines are outlined.
The document discusses different types of prime movers and internal combustion engines. It defines prime movers as initial sources of motive power that receive and modify force to drive machinery. Heat engines are described as machines that convert heat into useful work. Internal combustion engines are classified based on fuel type, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, cylinder configuration, and arrangement. Key components of internal combustion engines like the cylinder, piston, valves, and crankshaft are also explained. The four strokes of a four-stroke engine - intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes - are summarized.
This document provides information on internal combustion (I.C.) engines, including:
- I.C. engines can be two-stroke or four-stroke, with four-stroke being more common. They work by combusting fuel inside cylinders to power pistons.
- In a four-stroke engine, the piston completes an intake, compression, power, and exhaust stroke per cycle. In a two-stroke, it completes the cycle in two strokes.
- Other topics covered include engine components, engine types and cycles, differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, and differences between diesel and petrol engines.
IC engines(2 stroke/4 stroke),Engine terminology and major components,Power transmission drives(belt ,gear ,rope ,chain),Clutch, Brake,CRDI,MPFI& HYBRID
Two laboratory reports were summarized:
1. A report on studying a two-stroke spark ignition engine, discussing its working principle, cycle, design parameters, types, parts, and comparing it to a four-stroke engine. The two-stroke was found to have more power strokes but lower efficiency.
2. A report on studying a rotary Wankel engine, explaining its four-stroke cycle arranged around an oval, types, parts, and concluding it is widely used with advantages over piston engines.
The document provides an introduction to internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic differences between internal and external combustion engines and classifications of internal combustion engines based on fuel, cycle of operation, and combustion process. It then describes the basic parts and working principles of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines as well as 2-stroke petrol engines. Key differences between petrol and diesel engines are also highlighted. The document concludes by defining common terminology used in internal combustion engines.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including their classification, operation, and differences between engine types. It discusses four-stroke petrol and diesel engines in detail, describing the four strokes of each cycle. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. Two-stroke engines are also summarized and compared to four-stroke engines. Various engine efficiencies are defined.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are different types of internal combustion engines classified by fuel, strokes, ignition, cycle, number of cylinders, and cooling method. The key parts include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel. A four-stroke engine intakes air/fuel, compresses it, combusts it to push the piston, and exhausts gases over two revolutions, while a two-stroke engine does this in one revolution.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are several types of internal combustion engines including four-stroke gasoline engines, two-stroke gasoline engines, diesel engines, and rotary engines. Engines can also be classified based on their fuel, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, and cylinder arrangement. The key parts of an internal combustion engine include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel.
This document provides an overview of gasoline engine operation, parts, and specifications. It explains how a four-stroke engine operates through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes how engines are classified based on characteristics like cylinder arrangement and valve configuration. Key engine parts like the block, heads, and rotating assembly are introduced.
The document provides an overview of heat engines and internal combustion engines. It defines heat engines as machines that convert heat energy into mechanical energy through combustion. Internal combustion engines are heat engines where combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder. The key components and terminology of internal combustion engines are described. The four stroke cycle of spark ignition engines and compression ignition engines is summarized. Two stroke engines that complete the cycle in two strokes are also introduced. Examples calculating engine specifications like displacement, clearance volume, and compression ratio are included.
The document summarizes key aspects of internal combustion engines. It describes that internal combustion engines generate power through the combustion of fuel within a piston-cylinder arrangement. The most common type is the reciprocating, spark-ignited, four-stroke gasoline engine used in automobiles and lawn mowers. The document then outlines the history and development of internal combustion engines from the early experiments in the 1680s to modern configurations. It provides details on the operation and components of typical four-stroke gasoline engines.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of IC engines based on fuel used, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, speed, number of cylinders, and cylinder position. It describes the four-stroke cycles of Otto petrol and diesel engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. The document also compares two-stroke and four-stroke engines, discussing their cycles, revolutions, power strokes, flywheels, ports/valves, lubrication, efficiencies, and applications. Indicated power, mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption are defined.
Internal Combustion Engine
There are two main types of heat engines: internal combustion engines and external combustion engines. In an internal combustion engine, fuel combustion occurs inside the engine cylinder and the hot gases directly power the piston. This includes gasoline/petrol engines. The four strokes of a petrol engine are: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. In the intake stroke, air/fuel mixture enters the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the mixture is compressed. In the power stroke, combustion powers the piston. In the exhaust stroke, spent gases are pushed out.
The document provides definitions and descriptions of key components and processes in internal combustion engines. It discusses the four main components - block, cylinder head, crankshaft and pistons. It also summarizes the four strokes of the internal combustion engine cycle: 1) intake/suction stroke, 2) compression stroke, 3) combustion, 4) power/exhaust stroke. The compression and combustion processes are described in detail.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
4. Lesson Goals
After finishing this content you will be able to:
1. Explain how a four-stroke cycle gasoline engine operates.
2. List the various characteristics by which vehicle engines are classified.
3. Discuss how a compression ratio is calculated. Explain how engine size is determined.
4. Describe how displacement is affected by the bore and stroke of the engine.
5. List the engine parts
6. Explain the difference between 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines
5. Lesson Content
1. Evolution of the motor vehicle
2. Design of the motor vehicle
3. General Introduction
4. Classification of engines
5. Engine Operation
6. The Firing order or firing interval
7. Engine measurement
8. Engine construction overview
9. Two Stroke Engine’s Operation
10.Comparison between two stroke and four stroke engines
11.Working principle of diesel engine
12.Comparison between Diesel and gasoline engines
15. General Introduction
Engine : Engines use energy to produce power. The chemical energy in
fuel is converted to heat energy by the burning of the fuel at a con trolled
rate. This process is called combustion.
16. GeneralIntroduction
The purpose and function of an engine is to convert the heat energy
of burning fuel into mechanical energy. In a typical vehicle, mechanical energy
is then used to perform the following:
• Propel the vehicle.
• Power the air-conditioning system and power steering.
• Produce electrical power for use throughout the vehicle.
purpose and function
17. GeneralIntroduction
1-Internal combustion engine
If engine combustion occurs
within the power chamber
2-External combustion engine
itself, such as a steam engine
burns fuel outside of the engine
All cars use internal combustion engine
19. Classification of engines
According to No of Strokes
Four Stroke Two Stroke
Cycle (Power)
Two
Revolutions
Of the Crankshaft
One
Revolutions
Of the Crankshaft
22. According to the system of Ignition
Spark Ignition Engines Compression Ignition Engines
Spark Plug
Gasoline Engines
Combustion
Diesel Engines
Combustion
Compression
Classification of engines
In which the engine starts combustion
Process by use of a spark plug
In which engine starts combustion process when
the air-fuel mixture self ignites due to high temperature
In the combustion chamber caused by compression
23. According to the system of Cooling
Water Cooled Air Cooled
Classification of engines
25. Engine Operation
FOUR-STROKE CYCLE OPERATION
Engine cycles are identified by the number of piston strokes required to complete the cycle.
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust
During one stroke, the crankshaft rotates 180 degrees (1/2
revolution).
A cycle is a complete series of events that continually repeats. Most
automobile engines use a four-stroke cycle.
One engine Cycle
26. Engine Operation
What is a Piston Stroke ?
The stroke of an engine is the distance the piston travels from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center
(BDC). This distance is determined by the throw of the crankshaft.
The longer this distance is, the greater the amount of air-fuel mixture that can be drawn into the cylinder.
The more air-fuel mixture inside the cylinder, the more force will result when the mixture is ignited.
TDC
BDC
Stroke
27. Engine Operation
FOUR-STROKE CYCLE OPERATION
Intake stroke: The intake valve is open and the piston inside
the cylinder travels downward, drawing a mixture of air and
fuel into the cylinder.
Compression stroke: As the engine continues to rotate,
the intake valve closes and the piston moves upward in
the cylinder, compressing the air-fuel mixture
Power stroke: When the piston gets near the top of the cylinder,
the spark at the spark plug ignites the air-fuel mixture,
which forces the piston downward.
Exhaust stroke: The engine continues to rotate, and the piston
again moves upward in the cylinder. The exhaust valve
opens, and the piston forces the residual burned gases out of
the exhaust valve and into the exhaust manifold and exhaust
system.
Hint:
Each cycle (four strokes) of events requires that the engine crankshaft make
two complete revolutions, or 720 degrees (360 degrees * 2 + 720 degrees).
Each stroke of the cycle requires that the crankshaft rotate 180 degrees.
28. Engine Operation
THE 720-DEGREE CYCLE
The greater the number of cylinders, the closer together the power strokes of
the individual cylinders will occur. The number of degrees that the crankshaft
rotates between power strokes can be expressed as an angle.
To find the angle between cylinders of an engine, divide the number of cylinders
into 720 degrees.
Angle with 3 cylinders: 720/3 = 240 degrees
Angle with 4 cylinders: 720/4 = 180 degrees
Angle with 5 cylinders: 720/5 = 144 degrees
Angle with 6 cylinders: 720/6 = 120 degrees
Angle with 8 cylinders: 720/8 = 90 degrees
Angle with 10 cylinders: 720/10 = 72 degrees
29. The Firing order or firing interval
• The firing order is the sequence of power delivery of each cylinder in a multi-cylinder
reciprocating engine.
• This is achieved by sparking of the spark plugs in a gasoline engine in the correct order, or by
the sequence of fuel injection in a Diesel engine.
1-2-4-3 1-3-4-2
The common firing order of 4 stroke 4 cylinder IC engine is 1-3-4-2 and 1-2-4-3.
1-2-4-3
31. Engine measurement
ENGINE SIZE
1- Bore: The diameter of a cylinder is called the bore. The larger the bore, the greater the area on
which the gases have to work. Pressure is measured in units, such as pounds per square inch (PSI).
Engine size is determined by the number of cylinders, the cylinder diameter, and the amount of
piston travel per stroke.
This distance is determined by the throw of the crankshaft.
32. ENGINE SIZE
2- Piston Displacement: Engine size is described as displacement. Displacement is the cubic inch (cu.
in.) or cubic centimeter (cc) volume displaced or how much air is moved by all of the pistons.
• Volume the piston displaces as it travels from BDC to TDC
• Found by comparing cylinder diameter and piston stroke
The formula is:
Cubic inch displacement = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 * Stroke * Number of cylinders
R = Radius of the cylinder or one-half of the bore.
𝝅𝑹𝟐 part is the formula for the area of a circle.
Engine measurement
33. DEFINITIONS:
Force
• Pushing or pulling action
• Measured in pounds or newtons
• When a spring is compressed, an outward movement
and force is produced
Force, Work and Power
Engine measurement
34. Work
• achieved when a certain amount of mass (weight) is
moved a certain distance by a force.
• Measured in foot-pounds or joules
• Formula for work:
work = distance moved × force applied
Force, Work and Power
DEFINITIONS:
Engine measurement
35. power
• The term power means the rate of doing work.
• Power equals work divided by time.
• Measured in foot-pounds per second or per minute
• Formula for power:
power =
distance × force
time
Force, Work and Power
Engine measurement
36. Force= P × Ap
Work = F × D
Power =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Combustion Products (Gases)
D
Mechanical Energy
Force, Work and Power
Engine measurement
37. Compression Ratio
Compression ratio (CR)
Is the ratio of the volume in the cylinder above the piston when the piston is
at the bottom of the stroke to the volume in the cylinder above the piston
when the piston is at the top of the stroke.
This engine has eight times the volume at BDC, producing an 8:1
compression ratio
Engine measurement
38. Compression Ratio
Formula for compression ratio:
compression ratio =
cylinder volume at BDC
cylinder volume at TDC
Hint:
Any time an engine is
modified, the compression ratio should
be checked to make sure it
is either the same as it was originally.
Engine measurement
39. Engine Torque
Definition of torque: The definition of torque is a force (lb) applied to an object
times the distance from that object (ft). Therefore, based on the definition of the term,
torque should be:
Torque = Force × Distance
Torque is the term used to describe a rotating force that
may or may not result in motion.
Engine measurement
40. Engine Torque
Torque at crankshaft:
• Rating of the turning force at the engine
crankshaft
• When combustion pressure pushes the piston
down, a strong rotating force is applied to the
crankshaft
Engine measurement
41. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
BLOCK All automotive and truck engines are constructed
using a solid frame, called a block. A block is constructed of
cast iron or aluminum and provides the foundation for most of
the engine components and systems.
ROTATING ASSEMBLY Pistons are installed in the block and
move up and down during engine operation. Pistons are connected
to connecting rods, which connect the pistons to the crankshaft. The
crankshaft converts the up-and-down motion of the piston to rotary
motion, which is then transmitted to the drive wheels and propels
the vehicle.
CYLINDER HEADS All engines use a cylinder head to seal the
top of the cylinders, which are in the engine block. The cylinder
head also contains both intake valves that allow air and fuel into the
cylinder and exhaust valves.
42. 1. Cylinder Block
2. Cylinder & Cylinder Liner
3. Cylinder Head
4. Camshaft
5. Valve
6. Push rod
7. Piston
8. Piston Rings
9. Connecting rod
10. Crank Shaft
11. Combustion Chamber
12. Spark Plug
13. Water Jacket
14. Intake Manifold
15. Exhaust Manifold
16. Oil Pan (Sump)
17. Crankcase
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
43. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
1. Cylinder Block
• is the body of the engine that containing the
cylinders, Coolant passages and Lubricating
Passages
• It is formed by casting
• Covered with water jacket or cooling fins
• Made from cast iron or aluminum alloy
Characteristics
1. High Rigidity To withstand high pressure
2. High conductivity to dissipate heat
3. low coefficient of expansion To resist shrinkage
44. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
2. Cylinder & Cylinder liner
Is the cylindrical hollow space inside the cylinder block that contains
the piston
In smaller Engines
The Cylinder, water jacket & the frame are made as one piece.
In larger Engines
These parts are manufactured separately
The cylinders are provided with liners To be replaced
easily in case of wear
45. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
Cylinder liner (Cylinder Sleeve)
Is a metal pipe shaped inserts that fit into the cylinder block
They act as Cylinder walls for the piston to slide up & down on.
Is made from high quality materials as grained cast iron or nickle cast iron
or nickel chromium cast iron.
Dry liner Wet liner
Types of cylinder liner
2. Cylinder & Cylinder liner
46. The outside of a dry sleeve touches the walls of the cylinder block which provides support for
the sleeve.
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
2. Cylinder & Cylinder liner
Dry liner
When a cylinder is damaged, the original cylinder must be bored
almost as large as the outside of the sleeve. Then, the sleeve is pressed
into the oversized hole. This allows the use of the original piston size.
47. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
2. Cylinder & Cylinder liner
Wet liner
• Have a flange at the top.
• The cylinder head gasket keeps the top of the sleeve
from leaking
• A rubber of copper o-ring is used at the bottom of a
wet sleeve to prevent coolant leakage into the
crankcase
48. • Is mounted on the top of the cylinder block to confines the pressure
of combustion and directs it down the piston.
• It contains the spark plug, fuel injectors, and valves.
• It is made of cast iron or aluminum alloy.
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
3. Cylinder Head
The cylinder head are sealed to the cylinder block to prevent gases
from escaping by the use of a head gasket on liquid-cooled engines
49. Intake port of air & exhaust ports of burned gases are cast into the cylinder head.
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
3. Cylinder Head
50. Valve guides and seats are machined through the cylinder head for the valves. The
valves fit into and slide in these guides.
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
3. Cylinder Head
Valve Seats
Valve guide
51. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
4. Cam Shaft
• Is a rotating shaft that used for opening and closing
valves at the proper time of the cycle.
• It is driven by the crankshaft at half its speed by a belt or
chain in 4 stroke engine
• As the camshaft rotates, the cam lobe exerts a thrust
against the valve that overcomes the valve spring
pressure & the gas pressure in the cylinder, causing the
valve to open.
52. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
4. Camshaft
• Overhead Camshaft Engine (OHC)
• The Valve train consist of the valves, camshaft,
and other associated parts
• The cylinder head houses the camshaft
Single Overhead Camshaft (SOHC)
Double Overhead Camshaft (DOHC)
53. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
4. Camshaft
Single Overhead Camshaft (SOHC)
1. Directly through the lifters
Single Overhead Camshaft (SOHC)
2. By rocker arm
54. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
4. Camshaft
• Has a cam for the intake valves and
one for the exhaust valves.
• DOHC are frequently used on engines
that have more than two valves per
cylinder
Double Overhead Camshaft (DOHC)
55. 4. Camshaft
Double Overhead Camshaft (DOHC)
1. Directly through the lifters
Double Overhead Camshaft (DOHC)
2. By rocker arm
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
57. 4. Camshaft
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
Pushrod Engines (Overhead valve Engines)
• The cam is in the cylinder block.
• Consist of the valves, camshaft, valve lifter, pushrod &
rocker arm.
• The cam acts on a valve lifter, which in turn acts on a
pushrod to move the rocker arm and open the valve.
58. Cam follower (valve tappets) or (valve lifters)
4. Camshaft
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
59. Intake Valve
• Intake valves control the inlet of cool, low-
pressure induction
• Made of materials such as chrome, nickel, or
tungsten steel.
Exhaust Valve
• Exhaust valves handle hot, high-pressure
exhaust gases.
• This means that exhaust valves are exposed to
more severe operating
• conditions.
• Made of more heat resistant metals such as
nichrome, silicon-chromium, or cobalt-chromium
alloys.
5. Valves
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
60. 5. Valves
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
The valve is held in place and is positioned in the head by the valve guide. The portion
of the valve that seals against the valve seat in the cylinder head is called the valve face.
PARTS INVOLVED
• A valve spring holds the valve against the seat.
• The valve keepers (also called locks ) secure the
spring retainer to the stem of the valve. For valve
removal, it is necessary to compress the spring and
remove the valve keepers. Then the spring, valve
seals, and valve can be removed from the head.
61. Valve stem
Valve head
Valve seat
Connects to the valve to the mechanical
elements in the engine that operate the
valve by creating a force to move
Contains a fillet that leads into a seat face
that is machined at a specified angle to
match the machining of the valve seat to
which it will match.
Is heavily impacted by heat & Corrosion,
which is why, as a rule, it is hard-faced with
special alloys.
5. Valves
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
62. 5. Valves
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
INTEGRAL SEATS
Valve Seats
INSERT SEATS
Integral valve seats are machined directly
into the cast-iron cylinder head and are
induction hardened to prevent wear.
Insert valve seats are a separate part that is
interference fitted to a counterbore in the
cylinder head.
63. 5. Valves
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
VALVE SPRINGS
A valve spring holds the valve against the seat when the valve is not being opened.
One end of the valve spring is seated against the head.
A retainer and two split keepers hold the spring
in place on the valve.
64. 5. Valves
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
VALVE SIZE RELATIONSHIPS
The intake valve is larger than the exhaust valve because the intake charge is being
drawn into the combustion chamber at a low speed due to differences in pressure
between atmospheric pressure and the pressure (vacuum) inside the cylinder. The
exhaust is actually pushed out by the piston and, therefore, the size of the valve does not
need to be as large, leaving more room in the cylinder head for the larger intake valve.
65. • Metal rod which transfer force from the lifter to the rocker arm.
• Used in cam-in-block engine.
5. Push Rod
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
66. Transfer the valve train motion to the valve.
6. Rocker Arm
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
67. 7. Piston
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
• Is a cylinder mass that transfers the pressure forces in the combustion
chamber to the crankshaft.
• the top surface of the piston is called the crown which can either be flat
or of a concave shape.
• pistons are made of cast iron or steel or aluminum alloy.
Characteristics:
1. Rigidity to withstand high pressure
2. Good heat conductivity to dissipate heat
3. low coefficient of expansion
4. light
69. 8. Piston Rings
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
Compression rings
• Metal rings that seal between the piston and the cylinder wall
to prevent high pressure gases from escaping into the
crankcase.
Oil rings
• Below the compression rings
• Prevent oil from escaping into the combustion chamber.
General Functions:
1. Compression gas sealing (Compression ring)
2. Lubricating oil film control(Oil ring)
3. Heat transfer
4. Support piston in the cylinder
70. • Connecting the piston with the rotating crankshaft and help in
converting the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion at
the crankshaft.
• It connected to the piston using a pin
• Made of steel or aluminum alloy
8. Connecting Rod
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
71. Power from expanding gases in the combustion chamber is delivered to the crankshaft through
the piston, piston pin, and connecting rod. The connecting rods and their bearings are attached
to a bearing journal on the crank throw.
9. Crankshaft
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
The crankshaft includes the following parts.
1. Main bearing journals
2. Rod bearing journals
3. Crankshaft throws
4. Counterweights
5. Front snout
6. Flywheel flange
7. Keyways
8. Oil passages
72. Is the space in the cylinder between the cylinder head and the piston face
9. Combustion Chamber
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
73. 10. Spark Plug
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-
ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing
combustion pressure within the engine.
74. 11. Exhaust Manifold
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
Is a part of the engine that collects engine exhaust gases from the cylinders.
75. 12. Intake Manifold
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
Is a part of the engine that supplies the fuel/air mixture to the cylinders.
76. 13. Oil pan
ENGINE CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW
The oil pan is where engine oil is used for lubricating the engine. Another name for the oil pan is a
sump . As the vehicle accelerates, brakes, or turns rapidly, the oil tends to move around in the pan.
78. Two Stroke Engine’s Operation
TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
In such engines, the whole sequence of events i.e. suction,
compression, power and exhaust are completed in two strokes
of the piston and in one complete revolution of the crankshaft.
There is no valve in this type of engine. Air movement (charge)
takes place through holes called ports in the cylinder.
The crankcase of the engine is air tight in which the crankshaft
rotates.
79. When the piston moves up the cylinder, it covers two of the ports,
the exhaust port and the transfer port, which are normally almost
opposite to each other.
This traps a charge of fresh mixture in the cylinder and further
upward movement of the piston compresses this charge.
Further movement of the piston also uncovers a third port in the
cylinder suction port.
More fresh mixture is drawn through this port into the crankcase.
Just before the end of this stroke, the mixture in the cylinder is
ignited as in the four stroke cycle.
Two Stroke Engine’s Operation
TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
First stroke (suction + compression)
80. Two Stroke Engine’s Operation
TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
Second stroke (Power + exhaust)
The rise in pressure in the cylinder caused by the burning gases forces the
piston to move down the cylinder.
Further downward movements of the piston uncover first the exhaust
port and then transfer port.
When the piston goes down, it covers and closes the suction port,
trapping the mixture drawn into the crankcase during the previous stroke
then compressing it.
This allows the burnt gases to flow out through exhaust port. Also the
fresh mixture under pressure in the crankcase is transferred into the
cylinder through transfer port during this stroke.
82. Four stroke engine Two stroke engine
one power stroke for every two
revolutions of the crankshaft
one power stroke for each
revolutions of the crankshaft
Particulars
1. No. of power stroke
Small
Large
(about 1.5 times of 4 stroke)
2. Power for the same
cylinder volume
Valve mechanism is
Present
Ports instead of valves
3. Valve mechanism
Complicated and expensive Simple construction, and are
cheap
4.
Construction and cost
Little High (about 15% more)
5. Fuel consumption
Easy Difficult
6. Removal of exhaust gases
Good Poor
7. Durability
High Low
8. Stability of operation
Equipped with an independent
lubricating oil circuit
Using fuel, mixed with
lubricating oil
9. Lubrication
Comparison between two stroke and four stroke engines
Little Much
10. Oil consumption
Not so much Much because of mixed fuel
11. Carbon deposit inside cylinder
83. On the intake stroke, the piston passes TDC, the intake
valve(s) opens, and filtered air enters the cylinder, while the
exhaust valve(s) remains open for a few degrees to allow all
of the exhaust gases to escape from the previous combustion
event.
On the compression stroke, after the piston passes BDC,
the intake valve(s) closes and the piston travels up to TDC
(completion of the first crankshaft rotation).
On the power stroke, the piston nears TDC on the
compression
stroke and diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder by the
injectors. During this power stroke, the piston passes TDC
and the expanding gases force the piston down, rotating the
crankshaft.
{On the exhaust stroke, as the piston passes BDC, the
exhaust
valve(s) opens and the exhaust gases start to flow out of
the cylinder. This continues as the piston travels up to TDC,
pumping the spent gases out of the cylinder.
Working principle of diesel engine
84. Diesel engine petrol engine
Its compression ratio varies from 14:1 to 22:1 Its compression ratio varies from 5:1 to 8:1
It uses diesel oil as fuel. It uses petrol (gasoline)
Only air is sucked in cylinder in suction stroke.
Mixture of fuel and air is sucked in the cylinder in
suction stroke.
It has got ‘fuel injection pump’ and injector
It has got no fuel injection pump and injector,
instead it has got carburetor and ignition coil.
Fuel is injected in combustion chamber where
burning of fuel takes places due to heat of
compression.
Air fuel mixture is compressed in the combustion
chamber when it is ignited by an electric spark.
Engine weight per horse-power is high. Engine weight per horsepower is comparatively low.
Operating cost is low. Operating cost is high.
Comparison between diesel engine and petrol engine
85. Stroke Piston
travel
Exhaust valve Intake valve
Intake
Power Down close
Compression Up close
Exhaust
Choose the correct answer
On a four-stroke engine, during the compression stroke, which
statement
is correct?
A • Pressure will increase but temperature will remain constant.
B • Pressure and temperature will remain constant.
C • Pressure will remain constant but temperature will increase.
D • Pressure and temperature will increase in the cylinder.
How many revolutions will the camshaft do if the crankshaft rotates 80
times ?
A • 100 B • 160 C • 80 D • 40
Which one of the following statements in relation to the four-stroke
cycle is
false?
A • The inlet valve opens on the exhaust stroke.
B • The exhaust valve opens on the firing stroke.
C • Valve overlap occurs when both inlet and exhaust valves are open.
D • The inlet valve opens on the induction stroke.
The camshaft is turned by the………………
A . Flywheel b . Crankshaft
C . Connecting rod d . Crank case
The engine converts heat energy to ……………………
Cylinder head contains
a- Intake manifold ports b- Combustion chamber
c- Cooling system d- All of the above
The crank shaft rotates ......... the revelations of the CAM shaft
a- Half b- Equal
c- Twice d- None of the above
Cylinder head is fixed ....... the engine block
a- Above b- Next to
c- Under d- Inside
The timing belt( or timing chain ) is a joint between ...... and .......
Fixed parts of the engine are...................
Complete The table
The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase.
The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the
head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is
then converted into useful mechanical power.
The throw is the distance from the centerline of the crankshaft to the centreline of the crankshaft rod journal. The throw is one-half of the stroke.
In a liquid-cooled engine, a cylinder head also contains passages, matching
those of the cylinder block, that allow coolant to circulate in the head.