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This document defines key foreign exchange terms used by banks, including: - Exchange rates for cash, traveller's cheques, and telegraphic transfers when buying and selling foreign currency. - Value dates for inter-bank and customer transactions, including spot and forward settlement dates. - Direct and indirect quotes for foreign exchange rates. - The differences between inter-bank, market, TT, and bill rates when buying and selling foreign currency.
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Pre & post_shipment_finance[1]
This document provides an overview of pre-shipment and post-shipment export finance in India. It discusses the different stages and types of export finance, including packing credit, advances against payments and bills. It also outlines guidelines from the RBI and ECGC on providing export credit, the roles of these organizations, and financing options for software exports.
Functions of foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market facilitates the conversion of one currency into another, allowing for the transfer of purchasing power between countries. It provides credit for international trade by enabling payments over a three month period. Additionally, the market allows participants to hedge against foreign exchange risk through forward contracts that set the exchange rate for a future transaction.
Forex forward contracts
Foreign exchange forward contracts allow companies to hedge currency risk by locking in an exchange rate for a future date. The key terms are the forward rate set today and the settlement date when currencies are exchanged. A forward contract can be honored, rolled over to a new date, or cancelled by taking an opposite position. According to accounting standards, any premium/discount from the forward rate is amortized over the contract period, while exchange differences are recorded in profit and loss on the settlement date.
Fundamental analysis
This document discusses fundamental analysis techniques for evaluating stocks. It covers analyzing macroeconomic factors, industries, and individual companies. Fundamental analysis involves forecasting earnings, cash flows, and dividends to determine a stock's intrinsic value. It breaks down as 30-35% economic analysis, 15-20% industry analysis, and 30-35% company analysis. Key aspects covered include Porter's five forces model, industry life cycles, quantitative ratios like P/E, and qualitative factors. The overall aim is to understand factors that affect stock prices and identify undervalued stocks.
Fundamental analysis
Fundamental analysis is a method of evaluating securities that involves performing an analysis of the underlying company and industry. It examines factors like the overall economy, industry conditions, and the financial condition and management of companies to determine a company's intrinsic value. The analysis involves evaluating economic, industry, and company-specific factors to estimate future earnings and stock prices. Some key aspects of fundamental analysis include analyzing the economy, industry life cycles, and individual company financials and operations.
Global foreign exchange 1
The foreign exchange market allows for the trading of global currencies. It is decentralized and operates 24/7 globally via banks and other financial institutions. The US dollar, euro, Japanese yen and British pound are among the most heavily traded currencies, with over $5 trillion exchanged daily worldwide as of 2013. Factors like interest rates, inflation, economic conditions, and political situations can influence exchange rates. Participants in the forex market include banks, brokers, central banks, corporations and retail investors.
Fixed Exchange Rate | Economics
Currency is any form of money in general circulation in a country. Foreign exchange is money denominated in the currency of another country or a group of countries. Simply, an exchange rate is defined as the rate at which the market converts one currency into another. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Fixed Exchange Rate:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/international-economics/economic-policy-in-open-economy/fixed-exchange-rate/
Money Market
The Money Market is a place for large institutions and the government – to manage their short term cash needs.
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Pre & post_shipment_finance[1]
This document provides an overview of pre-shipment and post-shipment export finance in India. It discusses the different stages and types of export finance, including packing credit, advances against payments and bills. It also outlines guidelines from the RBI and ECGC on providing export credit, the roles of these organizations, and financing options for software exports.
Functions of foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market facilitates the conversion of one currency into another, allowing for the transfer of purchasing power between countries. It provides credit for international trade by enabling payments over a three month period. Additionally, the market allows participants to hedge against foreign exchange risk through forward contracts that set the exchange rate for a future transaction.
Forex forward contracts
Foreign exchange forward contracts allow companies to hedge currency risk by locking in an exchange rate for a future date. The key terms are the forward rate set today and the settlement date when currencies are exchanged. A forward contract can be honored, rolled over to a new date, or cancelled by taking an opposite position. According to accounting standards, any premium/discount from the forward rate is amortized over the contract period, while exchange differences are recorded in profit and loss on the settlement date.
Fundamental analysis
This document discusses fundamental analysis techniques for evaluating stocks. It covers analyzing macroeconomic factors, industries, and individual companies. Fundamental analysis involves forecasting earnings, cash flows, and dividends to determine a stock's intrinsic value. It breaks down as 30-35% economic analysis, 15-20% industry analysis, and 30-35% company analysis. Key aspects covered include Porter's five forces model, industry life cycles, quantitative ratios like P/E, and qualitative factors. The overall aim is to understand factors that affect stock prices and identify undervalued stocks.
Fundamental analysis
Fundamental analysis is a method of evaluating securities that involves performing an analysis of the underlying company and industry. It examines factors like the overall economy, industry conditions, and the financial condition and management of companies to determine a company's intrinsic value. The analysis involves evaluating economic, industry, and company-specific factors to estimate future earnings and stock prices. Some key aspects of fundamental analysis include analyzing the economy, industry life cycles, and individual company financials and operations.
Global foreign exchange 1
The foreign exchange market allows for the trading of global currencies. It is decentralized and operates 24/7 globally via banks and other financial institutions. The US dollar, euro, Japanese yen and British pound are among the most heavily traded currencies, with over $5 trillion exchanged daily worldwide as of 2013. Factors like interest rates, inflation, economic conditions, and political situations can influence exchange rates. Participants in the forex market include banks, brokers, central banks, corporations and retail investors.
Fixed Exchange Rate | Economics
Currency is any form of money in general circulation in a country. Foreign exchange is money denominated in the currency of another country or a group of countries. Simply, an exchange rate is defined as the rate at which the market converts one currency into another. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Fixed Exchange Rate:-
http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/international-economics/economic-policy-in-open-economy/fixed-exchange-rate/
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Export management ppt
1. Export management involves conducting export activities in an orderly, efficient, and profitable manner to increase exports and profits for exporters and satisfaction for importers.
2. Export management needs to be considered at both the national level for goals like earning foreign exchange and the business level for goals like higher profits.
3. Key aspects of export management for businesses include identifying export products and markets, conducting SWOT analyses, obtaining necessary licenses, managing costs, understanding foreign exchange rates, mitigating risks, and properly packing and labeling goods.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS
The document discusses international financial markets, specifically the foreign exchange market. It describes the different types of foreign exchange markets - spot, forward, futures, and options markets. It also discusses foreign exchange quotations, including direct and indirect quotations. Finally, it outlines some motives for borrowing and investing in foreign markets, such as obtaining lower interest rates or investing in currencies expected to appreciate.
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market allows individuals, banks, and firms to buy and sell currencies. It operates globally through telecommunications and includes spot, forward, futures, swap, and options contracts. Major participants include commercial banks, central banks, brokers, importers/exporters, speculators, and hedgers. The market facilitates international trade and investment by enabling currency exchange.
Foreign exchange market (forex market)
The foreign exchange market allows for the buying and selling of foreign currencies. It is an institutional arrangement where exporters sell foreign currencies they have earned and importers buy the currencies they need to pay for goods and services. The market includes a retail market where individuals and businesses trade smaller amounts of currency, a wholesale interbank market where large institutions trade larger sums, and a global decentralized electronic market. Factors that influence exchange rates include inflation rates, interest rates, trade balances, and economic and political conditions in the countries involved.
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) & Exchange Rate and Types
The document discusses exchange rate mechanisms and types of exchange rates. It provides details about:
1) The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) which is used by central banks to manage currency exchange rates relative to other currencies through fixed or floating exchange rates.
2) The notable European ERM introduced in 1979 to reduce exchange rate variability between European countries before adopting a single currency. It faced issues in 1992 when Britain withdrew.
3) Types of exchange rates including fixed rates which maintain stable rates, floating rates set by market forces, and managed floats where governments influence rate changes.
Import export procedures
1) The document outlines the 8-step procedure for importing goods into India, including obtaining an import license, procuring foreign exchange, placing orders, obtaining shipping documents, clearing customs, and making payment.
2) Key steps include obtaining an import license depending on the importer category, applying to exchange banks to release foreign currency, dispatching letters of credit to exporters, collecting shipping documents from exporters, and completing customs formalities and payments.
3) Importers must follow strict regulations set by the government and Reserve Bank of India regarding licenses, foreign exchange, customs, and payments for imported goods.
Introduction to Exchange Rate Mechanism, Spot- Forward Rate, Exchange Arithme...
Introduction to Exchange Rate Mechanism: Spot- Forward Rate, Exchange Arithmetic. -- Deriving the Actual Exchange Rate: Forwards, Swaps, Futures and Options. Guarantees in Trade: Performance, Bid Bond etc.
Spot and Forward Exchange Rate
The document discusses spot exchange rates, which are the prices for exchanging one currency for another for immediate delivery, usually within two business days. Spot exchange rates represent the price paid in one currency to purchase another currency. They are the prevailing rates in the foreign exchange market for currencies that are delivered immediately as opposed to a future date. Spot exchange rates make up 43% of total foreign exchange transactions and are prone to fluctuations from day to day. A spot contract is an agreement to exchange currencies at the spot rate for delivery within the standard settlement period, which is two business days after the trade date.
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market is the largest financial market in the world, with over $4 trillion traded daily. It allows currencies to be exchanged between countries, facilitating international trade and investment. The market involves commercial banks, central banks, brokers, and other entities buying and selling currencies constantly. The most heavily traded currencies are the US dollar, euro, Japanese yen, British pound, and Australian dollar. Participants trade in spot markets for immediate exchange or forward markets for future delivery. Factors like economic performance, interest rates, trade balances, and political events influence exchange rates between currencies.
Role of exim bank in export financing
The document discusses export financing provided by banks and EXIM Bank in India. It outlines various pre-shipment and post-shipment financing options available to exporters, including pre-shipment credit, post-shipment credit, supplier's credit, and buyer's credit. It also discusses working capital financing, term loans, project financing, and other facilities provided by EXIM Bank and commercial banks to support exports.
Balance of payment
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. It also includes capital transfers. The balance of payments aims to systematically record all these international transactions and ensure receipts and payments are balanced. A country may experience a surplus or deficit in its balance of payments depending on whether receipts from transactions exceed payments or vice versa. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
FUNCTIONS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
The foreign exchange market serves three main functions:
1) The transfer function allows for the purchasing power to be transferred between countries through credit instruments like bills of exchange, bank drafts, and telephonic transfers.
2) The credit function provides credit for foreign trade by acting as an intermediary between exporters and importers through purchasing bills of exchange, direct loans, and letters of credit.
3) The hedging function allows exporters and importers to cover exchange rate risks by agreeing on future sales and purchases at current prices and exchange rates, protecting them from potential losses caused by future exchange rate variations.
Foreign exchange market in India
The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be bought and sold and includes individuals, firms, brokers, banks, and central banks. It is a system rather than a physical place. Many currencies are traded, with the main functions being transferring purchasing power between countries, providing credit for international trade, and hedging against currency fluctuations. Foreign exchange markets are split into spot markets, where transactions are settled immediately, and forward markets, where the exchange rate is agreed now but the transaction occurs at a future date. The Foreign Exchange Management Act regulates foreign exchange transactions and restricts activities between residents and non-residents.
International Financial System
The document discusses key elements of international financial systems including:
1) It defines international finance and discusses topics like exchange rates and foreign direct investment.
2) The global financial system consists of institutions that operate internationally, as opposed to nationally or regionally, and includes organizations like the IMF and central banks.
3) Core elements of any financial system include money, banking institutions, financial markets, instruments, and services.
Unit 5 Foreign Exchange Rate
A fantastic PPT on the foreign exchange rate. The PPT includes meaning and concept of foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate, the systems of determining foreign exchange rate, depreciation of domestic, appreciation of domestic currency, devaluation and revaluation of domestic currency. This PPT also explain the role of RBI in managing the exchange rate by using the concept of managed floating. Just download it and make your concepts stronger. Happy Learning !!
Foreign exchange risk and hedging
Foreign exchange risk, also known as currency risk, refers to the financial risk posed by unexpected changes in exchange rates. It affects investors and businesses involved in international trade or foreign investments. There are three main types of foreign exchange exposure: transaction, economic, and translation. Transaction exposure involves existing foreign currency transactions, economic exposure impacts future cash flows and firm value, and translation exposure affects financial reporting due to exchange rate movements between periods. Companies can use hedging strategies like forward contracts, options, and money market operations to eliminate or reduce foreign exchange risk.
Economic exposure
Economic exposure refers to how sensitive a firm's performance and value are to fluctuations in exchange rates. It measures the impact of unexpected exchange rate changes on a firm's expected future cash flows. Managing economic exposure is more important for a firm's long-term success than transaction or translation exposure since it takes into account how exchange rates affect future revenues and costs. Economic exposure can be measured by forecasting how exchange rates will impact items on the income statement and assessing the overall effect on the firm's value. Firms manage economic exposure through initiatives like market selection, product strategy, input mix, and plant location.
methods of payment in international trade
The document discusses various payment methods in international trade, including cash-in-advance, letters of credit, and documentary collections. Cash-in-advance requires upfront payment but provides no risk to exporters. Letters of credit involve banks and shift risk between buyers and sellers. Documentary collections are less complex than letters of credit but provide limited recourse if payment is not made. The key methods, their characteristics, and transaction flows are outlined.
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Institutional investors like insurance companies, pension funds, and investment companies have been increasingly holding larger portions of US equities over the years. There are several economic, demographic, and regulatory reasons for this trend, including that institutional investors can achieve economies of scale. Insurance companies assume risks in exchange for premiums and include life, property-casualty, and reinsurance. Pension funds accumulate assets over employees' careers to fund their retirements and can be public or private with defined-benefit or defined-contribution plans. Investment companies pool investors' money across open-end, closed-end, and hedge funds.
L Pch19
1) Derivatives derive their value from underlying assets and are used for hedging, speculating, arbitrage, and diversification.
2) Common derivatives include forwards, futures, swaps, and options. Forwards are customized OTC contracts while futures are exchange-traded with standardized terms.
3) Interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and other swap agreements involve exchanges of cash flows between counterparties.
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Export management ppt
1. Export management involves conducting export activities in an orderly, efficient, and profitable manner to increase exports and profits for exporters and satisfaction for importers.
2. Export management needs to be considered at both the national level for goals like earning foreign exchange and the business level for goals like higher profits.
3. Key aspects of export management for businesses include identifying export products and markets, conducting SWOT analyses, obtaining necessary licenses, managing costs, understanding foreign exchange rates, mitigating risks, and properly packing and labeling goods.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS
The document discusses international financial markets, specifically the foreign exchange market. It describes the different types of foreign exchange markets - spot, forward, futures, and options markets. It also discusses foreign exchange quotations, including direct and indirect quotations. Finally, it outlines some motives for borrowing and investing in foreign markets, such as obtaining lower interest rates or investing in currencies expected to appreciate.
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market allows individuals, banks, and firms to buy and sell currencies. It operates globally through telecommunications and includes spot, forward, futures, swap, and options contracts. Major participants include commercial banks, central banks, brokers, importers/exporters, speculators, and hedgers. The market facilitates international trade and investment by enabling currency exchange.
Foreign exchange market (forex market)
The foreign exchange market allows for the buying and selling of foreign currencies. It is an institutional arrangement where exporters sell foreign currencies they have earned and importers buy the currencies they need to pay for goods and services. The market includes a retail market where individuals and businesses trade smaller amounts of currency, a wholesale interbank market where large institutions trade larger sums, and a global decentralized electronic market. Factors that influence exchange rates include inflation rates, interest rates, trade balances, and economic and political conditions in the countries involved.
Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) & Exchange Rate and Types
The document discusses exchange rate mechanisms and types of exchange rates. It provides details about:
1) The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) which is used by central banks to manage currency exchange rates relative to other currencies through fixed or floating exchange rates.
2) The notable European ERM introduced in 1979 to reduce exchange rate variability between European countries before adopting a single currency. It faced issues in 1992 when Britain withdrew.
3) Types of exchange rates including fixed rates which maintain stable rates, floating rates set by market forces, and managed floats where governments influence rate changes.
Import export procedures
1) The document outlines the 8-step procedure for importing goods into India, including obtaining an import license, procuring foreign exchange, placing orders, obtaining shipping documents, clearing customs, and making payment.
2) Key steps include obtaining an import license depending on the importer category, applying to exchange banks to release foreign currency, dispatching letters of credit to exporters, collecting shipping documents from exporters, and completing customs formalities and payments.
3) Importers must follow strict regulations set by the government and Reserve Bank of India regarding licenses, foreign exchange, customs, and payments for imported goods.
Introduction to Exchange Rate Mechanism, Spot- Forward Rate, Exchange Arithme...
Introduction to Exchange Rate Mechanism: Spot- Forward Rate, Exchange Arithmetic. -- Deriving the Actual Exchange Rate: Forwards, Swaps, Futures and Options. Guarantees in Trade: Performance, Bid Bond etc.
Spot and Forward Exchange Rate
The document discusses spot exchange rates, which are the prices for exchanging one currency for another for immediate delivery, usually within two business days. Spot exchange rates represent the price paid in one currency to purchase another currency. They are the prevailing rates in the foreign exchange market for currencies that are delivered immediately as opposed to a future date. Spot exchange rates make up 43% of total foreign exchange transactions and are prone to fluctuations from day to day. A spot contract is an agreement to exchange currencies at the spot rate for delivery within the standard settlement period, which is two business days after the trade date.
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market is the largest financial market in the world, with over $4 trillion traded daily. It allows currencies to be exchanged between countries, facilitating international trade and investment. The market involves commercial banks, central banks, brokers, and other entities buying and selling currencies constantly. The most heavily traded currencies are the US dollar, euro, Japanese yen, British pound, and Australian dollar. Participants trade in spot markets for immediate exchange or forward markets for future delivery. Factors like economic performance, interest rates, trade balances, and political events influence exchange rates between currencies.
Role of exim bank in export financing
The document discusses export financing provided by banks and EXIM Bank in India. It outlines various pre-shipment and post-shipment financing options available to exporters, including pre-shipment credit, post-shipment credit, supplier's credit, and buyer's credit. It also discusses working capital financing, term loans, project financing, and other facilities provided by EXIM Bank and commercial banks to support exports.
Balance of payment
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, as well as invisible items like services. It also includes capital transfers. The balance of payments aims to systematically record all these international transactions and ensure receipts and payments are balanced. A country may experience a surplus or deficit in its balance of payments depending on whether receipts from transactions exceed payments or vice versa. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
FUNCTIONS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
The foreign exchange market serves three main functions:
1) The transfer function allows for the purchasing power to be transferred between countries through credit instruments like bills of exchange, bank drafts, and telephonic transfers.
2) The credit function provides credit for foreign trade by acting as an intermediary between exporters and importers through purchasing bills of exchange, direct loans, and letters of credit.
3) The hedging function allows exporters and importers to cover exchange rate risks by agreeing on future sales and purchases at current prices and exchange rates, protecting them from potential losses caused by future exchange rate variations.
Foreign exchange market in India
The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be bought and sold and includes individuals, firms, brokers, banks, and central banks. It is a system rather than a physical place. Many currencies are traded, with the main functions being transferring purchasing power between countries, providing credit for international trade, and hedging against currency fluctuations. Foreign exchange markets are split into spot markets, where transactions are settled immediately, and forward markets, where the exchange rate is agreed now but the transaction occurs at a future date. The Foreign Exchange Management Act regulates foreign exchange transactions and restricts activities between residents and non-residents.
International Financial System
The document discusses key elements of international financial systems including:
1) It defines international finance and discusses topics like exchange rates and foreign direct investment.
2) The global financial system consists of institutions that operate internationally, as opposed to nationally or regionally, and includes organizations like the IMF and central banks.
3) Core elements of any financial system include money, banking institutions, financial markets, instruments, and services.
Unit 5 Foreign Exchange Rate
A fantastic PPT on the foreign exchange rate. The PPT includes meaning and concept of foreign exchange and foreign exchange rate, the systems of determining foreign exchange rate, depreciation of domestic, appreciation of domestic currency, devaluation and revaluation of domestic currency. This PPT also explain the role of RBI in managing the exchange rate by using the concept of managed floating. Just download it and make your concepts stronger. Happy Learning !!
Foreign exchange risk and hedging
Foreign exchange risk, also known as currency risk, refers to the financial risk posed by unexpected changes in exchange rates. It affects investors and businesses involved in international trade or foreign investments. There are three main types of foreign exchange exposure: transaction, economic, and translation. Transaction exposure involves existing foreign currency transactions, economic exposure impacts future cash flows and firm value, and translation exposure affects financial reporting due to exchange rate movements between periods. Companies can use hedging strategies like forward contracts, options, and money market operations to eliminate or reduce foreign exchange risk.
Economic exposure
Economic exposure refers to how sensitive a firm's performance and value are to fluctuations in exchange rates. It measures the impact of unexpected exchange rate changes on a firm's expected future cash flows. Managing economic exposure is more important for a firm's long-term success than transaction or translation exposure since it takes into account how exchange rates affect future revenues and costs. Economic exposure can be measured by forecasting how exchange rates will impact items on the income statement and assessing the overall effect on the firm's value. Firms manage economic exposure through initiatives like market selection, product strategy, input mix, and plant location.
methods of payment in international trade
The document discusses various payment methods in international trade, including cash-in-advance, letters of credit, and documentary collections. Cash-in-advance requires upfront payment but provides no risk to exporters. Letters of credit involve banks and shift risk between buyers and sellers. Documentary collections are less complex than letters of credit but provide limited recourse if payment is not made. The key methods, their characteristics, and transaction flows are outlined.
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2) Common derivatives include forwards, futures, swaps, and options. Forwards are customized OTC contracts while futures are exchange-traded with standardized terms.
3) Interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and other swap agreements involve exchanges of cash flows between counterparties.
Interest rate risk management what regulators want in 2015 7.15.2015
Areas covered in this section
Why Interest Rate Risk (IRR) should not be ignored
• Forward Rate Agreements (FRA’s) Forwards, Futures
• Swaps, Options
Why Bank Regulators continue to have a poor handle on interest rate risk
• Interest Rate Caps, floors, Collars
• LIBOR and UBS & Barclays rigging rates
• How should Financial Institutions determine which IRR vendor models are appropriate?
IRR Measurement methodologies are institutions
Forward Rate Agreement Calculation
Forward Rate Agreements, or FRAs, are a way for a company to lock in an interest rate today, for money the company intends to lend or borrow in the future.
Investment Banking
This document provides an introduction to financial derivatives. It defines derivatives as financial instruments whose price is dependent on an underlying asset. Common underlying assets include stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, and interest rates. Derivatives allow parties to mitigate risks related to price movements of these assets. The document discusses various types of derivatives including forwards, futures, options, and swaps. It also covers key concepts like hedging strategies, margin requirements, and historic derivative-related failures like Barings Bank and Metallgesellschaft.
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The document discusses bond pricing principles and analysis. It states that bond prices are determined by discounting the bond's future coupon payments and principal at the yield to maturity. It also explains that duration is a measure of a bond's price sensitivity to interest rate changes, and that convexity captures the non-linear nature of this relationship. The document contrasts passive bond management strategies like indexing and immunization versus active strategies that aim to identify mispriced bonds.
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Forward Rate Agreement ppt
1) Forward-forward contracts guarantee a certain interest rate on an investment or loan that begins on a future forward date and ends later.
2) Forward rate agreements (FRAs) are similar to forward contracts where two parties agree on a borrowing rate for a future period and the difference between the agreed rate and actual rate is settled at maturity.
3) Futures contracts are agreements to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price on a future date, with standardized terms, and can be settled through physical delivery or cash.
Flevy.com - Financial Derivatives - Forwards/Futures/Options
This is a partial preview of the document found here:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/financial-derivatives-103
Description:
Along with the basics of various financial derivatives required for risk management, it also covers various hedging strategies, comparisons, option valuation and brief on forward rate agreements.
All about futures and options
The derivatives market worth more than $516 trillion is experiencing a period of unwinding as worried investors pull out their cash. Several banks have reported major losses in the hundreds of millions to over a billion dollars from equity and currency derivatives. The unwinding or "Great Unwind" is a result of investors selecting higher risk investments in hopes of profiting from anticipated price movements but facing extraordinary losses when prices moved against them.
Types of futures contract
There are two main categories of futures contracts: commodity futures and financial futures. Commodity futures include metals, energy, grains and oil seeds, livestock, and food and fiber. Financial futures include eurodollar futures, U.S. treasury futures, foreign government debt futures, swap futures, forex futures, single stock futures, and index futures. Commodity futures prices are influenced by factors like supply, demand, weather conditions and economic trends, while financial futures provide ways to manage risks related to interest rates, currencies, stocks, and indexes.
Futures and Options
The document discusses the derivative market in India and risk management in banks. It defines derivatives and their various types like futures, options, and swaps. It explains how derivatives help banks manage risks like credit risk, interest rate risk, and liquidity risk. The history of derivatives trading in India is also summarized dating back to 1875. Key players in the market like hedgers, speculators, and arbitrageurs are identified along with their roles.
Futures And Forwards
Futures and forwards are contracts that require deferred delivery of an underlying asset or cash settlement at a future date. A future is a standardized contract traded on an exchange, while a forward is a customized over-the-counter contract. Forwards are useful when futures do not exist for certain commodities/financials or when standard futures terms do not match needs. Forwards involve counterparty risk while futures involve clearinghouse guarantees.
Forward and futures contracts
Futures and forward contracts lock in a price today for the purchase or sale of an asset in the future. Futures contracts are standardized and traded on exchanges, while forwards are negotiated privately. Both involve a short party committing to sell an asset and a long party committing to buy, with payment occurring at maturity. Margin requirements for futures ensure neither party defaults, as positions are marked to market daily and cash added or subtracted to offset price changes. Swaps involve exchanging cash flows, most commonly interest rate payments, with plain vanilla swaps exchanging fixed for floating rate obligations.
Derivatives market
The document provides an overview of derivatives markets, including the key terms and participants. It discusses how derivatives help transfer and hedge risks, facilitate price discovery, and catalyze economic activity. The main types of derivatives are forwards, futures, swaps, and options. Forwards and swaps are over-the-counter derivatives privately negotiated between parties, while futures and options are exchange-traded standardized contracts. Hedgers use derivatives to offset price risks, while speculators and arbitrageurs take positions to profit from price movements.
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This document provides an introduction to options, including the different types (calls and puts), how they work, key terminology, and factors that influence pricing. An option gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price on or before expiration. The buyer pays a premium to the seller for this right. Key terms discussed include strike price, expiration date, and long/short positions. Factors like time to expiration, volatility, and interest rates impact an option's price. The Black-Scholes model is commonly used to price options based on these variables.
Financial derivatives ppt
A derivative is a financial instrument whose value is derived from the value of another asset, known as the underlying. There are three main types of traders in the derivatives market: hedgers who use derivatives to reduce risk, speculators who trade for profits, and arbitrageurs who take advantage of price discrepancies across markets. Derivatives can be traded over-the-counter (OTC) or on an exchange, and provide various economic benefits such as risk reduction and enhanced market liquidity.
Financial derivatives ppt
The document discusses various types of financial derivatives including futures, forwards, options, and swaps. It explains that derivatives derive their value from underlying assets and are used to hedge risk or profit from price changes. Futures contracts are exchange-traded standardized agreements to buy or sell assets at a future date, while other derivatives like forwards and swaps are customized over-the-counter transactions.
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International foreign exchange transactions involve two steps: 1) purchasing foreign currency and 2) using that foreign currency to purchase goods or services abroad. Foreign exchange refers to foreign currencies and the exchange of one currency for another. The foreign exchange market exists globally to facilitate international trade and investment needs, trading over $1.5 trillion daily between central banks, corporations, banks, and individuals.
Forex Market.pptx
The foreign exchange market is where foreign currencies are bought and sold. Exporters sell foreign currencies when they receive payment in that currency for goods and services sold abroad, while importers buy foreign currencies to pay for goods and services from other countries. The document discusses various types of foreign exchange markets including the retail market where individuals can exchange currencies, the wholesale interbank market where large institutions trade currencies, and the factors that influence exchange rates between currencies.
FOREX.pptx
The foreign exchange market allows buyers and sellers to exchange one currency for another. It facilitates international trade by enabling parties to convert cash from one country into another's currency. Exporters sell foreign currencies they receive in exchange for their goods, while importers buy foreign currencies to pay for goods they purchase from abroad. The market includes a retail market where individuals and businesses trade smaller amounts of currency, as well as a wholesale interbank market where larger institutions exchange massive amounts of currency.
Foreign exchange rates & quotes
There are two types of foreign exchange quotations: European and American. European quotations give the price of a currency in terms of units of another currency, while American quotations give the price in terms of dollars per unit of another currency. Direct quotes give the home currency price per unit of foreign currency, while indirect quotes give the opposite. Cross rates can be calculated using exchange rates between two currencies and a third currency. The TT buying rate is used for clean inward or outward remittances, while the bill buying rate factors in exchange and forward margins to account for delays in collection. The bill selling rate adds an exchange margin to the base rate to cover document handling costs.
DIPLOMA 2 IN BANKING AND FINANCE JAN-JUN 2017
The document discusses foreign exchange markets and transactions. It covers:
1. The foreign exchange market facilitates the exchange of one country's currency for another's at determined rates. Transactions involve agreeing to deliver a set amount of one currency in exchange for another currency.
2. The market has two tiers - an interbank market of large transactions between banks, and a retail market of client transactions. It allows purchasing power to be transferred internationally, credit to be provided for trade, and foreign exchange risk to be minimized.
3. Common transaction types in the interbank market include spot transactions for almost immediate delivery, outright forwards for future delivery at an established rate, and swaps which involve a spot and forward transaction simultaneously
Fem
The foreign exchange market is a global decentralized market for trading currencies. It involves the exchange of one currency for another at an agreed exchange rate. Factors like inflation, interest rates, current account deficits, public debt, terms of trade, and political stability can influence exchange rates. The value of a currency is determined by the forces of supply and demand in the forex market.
Foreigh exchange rate Fluctiation
This ppt covers Foreign exchange rate Fluctuation in this the topics covered are Appreciation (or strengthening) of a currency, Spot transaction-Spot rate, forward market, forward transaction, currency option, currency swap, Exposure, Transaction exposure, forward exchange contract, Accounting treatment of forward contract
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tariff.pptx
The document provides information on foreign exchange and foreign exchange markets. It defines foreign exchange as the process of converting one national currency into another for international trade and transactions. The foreign exchange market allows for the buying and selling of currencies between countries and operates globally 24/7. Factors like imports, exports, currency demand and supply determine currency exchange rates in this decentralized market.
Introduction to treasury in banking
Slides on Introduction to Treasury Division in Banking, its Roles, Structure, Products, Equipment, Dealer and Brokers, Dealing Terminology,Dealer Code of Conduct, Money Market, Forex, Swap, Option, IRS, CCS, Derivatives, Types of Financial Markets, Forex Deal example
Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap involves the periodic exchange of interest payments between two parties, with no exchange of the underlying principal amount. One party pays a fixed interest rate while the other pays a floating rate, typically tied to a reference rate such as LIBOR. Interest rate swaps can be used by companies and investors to hedge against interest rate risk and manage the costs associated with fixed versus floating rate financing. While swaps can be profitable if rates move as anticipated, they also carry risks of losses if rates move adversely.
Forex
This document provides an overview of foreign exchange, including:
1) It defines exchange rates and describes the foreign exchange market and its major actors such as central banks and commercial banks.
2) It considers different types of foreign exchange risk and instruments like forwards that can be used to manage this risk, as well as hedging and speculation strategies.
3) It discusses factors that influence exchange rates including fundamentals like balance of payments and technical factors like interest rate differentials.
Treasury functions in banks.ppt
The document discusses treasury functions in banks. It covers the structure of treasury including front, mid, and back offices. It also discusses various treasury products like merchant flows, forwards, options, swaps, and pricing of some options and swaps. The regulatory structure of treasury operations and key participants in treasury markets are also summarized.
Forex ppt
Foreign exchange refers to the exchange of one country's currency for another. The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be traded globally, 24 hours a day. Major participants include banks, brokers, and authorized dealers. Exchange rates are determined by supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. They can be fixed by governments or allowed to float based on market forces. Factors like economic performance, interest rates, trade balances, and political events influence exchange rate movements. Risks from exchange rate fluctuations must be managed through techniques like setting loss limits and controlling overall currency exposure.
Basic training india-forexadvisors
The Indian forex market has a daily volume of approximately $5 billion and trades between 9:00 am and 5:00 pm. The main trading centers are Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, and Chennai. Participants include individuals, corporations, banks, the RBI, brokers, and FEDAI. The forward market is active up to 1 year. The market is dominated by a few banks and exchange controls are being liberalized.
Kotak Securities Web.pdf
Encompasses the basic facts about the Currency Derivative Segment like currency and futures
market size, cross-currency rates, interest rates, etc. Shares the overall understanding of the market segments and talks about the target audience. Gives the operational details like documents required while opening the account, the margin required currency derivatives contract details, settlement, etc.
Currency corporates
Aditya Trading Solutions provides currency derivative trading services through over 200 locations across more than 150 cities and towns in India. The document defines currency futures, options, and range forwards, and compares currency futures to forwards. It also discusses contract specifications, practical uses of currency derivatives for hedging and speculation, and taxation implications.
Over view of crrency exchange& risk mgt
This document provides an overview of foreign exchange risk management. It discusses the different types of risks involved in cross-border transactions, including translation risk, transaction risk, economic risk, political risk, and interest rate risk. It then explains how derivatives like forward contracts, futures, options, currency swaps, and interest rate swaps can be used to manage currency risk and reduce the volatility of cash flows. The goal of risk management is to reduce uncertainty, lock in costs and revenues, and allow for better business and cash flow forecasting.
Foreign Exchange & Currency Derivatives.pptx
Currency Derivatives are available on four currency pairs viz. US Dollars (USD), Euro (EUR), Great Britain Pound (GBP) and Japanese Yen (JPY). Cross Currency ...
Foreign Exchange & Currency Derivatives.pptx
- Foreign exchange involves the trading of one currency for another between nations. The exchange rate is the price of one currency relative to another.
- The foreign exchange market is a global network where currencies are bought and sold. It operates 24/7 across different time zones.
- The primary functions of the foreign exchange market are to facilitate international trade and transfers of funds between countries, provide short-term credit to importers, and allow hedging against foreign exchange risk.
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
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"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.Recently uploaded (20)
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Tt+b
- 2. Cash Buying - Rate at which Foreign Currency Cash deposited by the customer is converted into rupees. Cash Selling - Rate applicable when a customer buys Foreign Currency Cash from the bank. Travellers cheques'(T.C.) Buying - Rate at which Foreign Currency Travellers cheques' deposited by the customer is converted into rupees. Travellers cheques'(T.C.) Selling - Rate applicable when a customer buys Foreign Currency Travellers' cheques from the bank. Telegraphic Transfer (T.T.) Buying - Rate at which a Foreign Inward Remittance received by Telegraphic Transfer is converted into rupees. Telegraphic Transfer (T.T.) Selling - Rate applicable when a customer sends an outward remittance through Telegraphic Transfer
- 3. What are value dates? A value date for a foreign transaction is a day on which the transaction takes place. For inter-bank the transaction dates are two types: Cash: Value today Tom: value tomorrow For customers the dates are two types: Spot: Settlement on second successive working day. Forward: Settlement at a pre-deiced future date beyond the second successive working day.
- 4. What is direct quote? A direct quote is where the price of foreign currency is quoted in terms of home currency. E.g. 1 USD = 48.48 INR (Rs.)
- 5. What is an indirect quote? An indirect quote is where exchange rate is quoted in terms of variable units of foreign currency as equivalent to a fixed number of units of home currency. Simply a reciprocal of direct quotes. E.g. USD 2.07 = Rs. 100
- 6. What are inter-bank rates and how are they different from market rates? Inter-bank as the name suggests are buying and selling rates between any two banks. Where as market rates are inter-bank rates plus the bank margins and commissions which generally depend on the amount of the exposure.
- 7. What is a TT? TT or telegraphic transfer is one of the mode for inward or outward remittance. It is the fastest mode of transfer where the buyers pays the bank the amount in home currency and the bank pays the equivalent in required foreign currency to the seller’s bank by a telegraphic code. Examples of transactions where TT rate is applied include payment or receipt of demand drafts, mail transfers, Telegraphic transfers etc. drawn on the bank. TT rate is used for all transactions that do not involve handling of documents by the bank.
- 8. What are TT buying and selling rates? TT buying rates are applied for purchase of foreign currency by banks. It is applied to a transaction that does not involve any delay in realization of foreign exchange by the bank. The rate is calculated by deducting from the inter-bank buying rate the exchange margin. Thus, all foreign inward remittances which are made payable in India are converted by applying this rate. TT selling rates is applied for selling foreign currency to the customer by the bank for effecting remittances outside India. This rate is calculated by adding exchange margin to the inter-bank selling rate.
- 9. What is bill rate? Bill buying or selling by any bank involves handling of documents by the bank. This rate is worse than the TT rate. In addition, the bank will also recover interest for the period for which the bank has lent the funds. Bill buying rate is applied when a foreign bill is purchased/negotiated/discounted. When a bill is purchased, the proceeds will be realized by the bank after the bill is presented to the drawee at the overseas centre. In the case of a usance bill, the proceeds will be realized on the due date of the bill, which includes the transit period and the usance period of the bill. Bill selling rate is applied for transaction involving transfer of proceeds of import bills. Even if the proceeds of import bills are remitted in foreign currency by way of DD, MT,TT, the rate to be applied is the bill selling rate (and not the TT selling rate).
- 10. What is Bid/Ask and spread? Bid is the inter-bank buying rate and Ask is the inter-bank selling rate. The difference between the two is spread. In periods of high volatility spread may be around 5-10 paise, where as in periods of stability spread may be 0.25-0.50 paise.
- 11. What is a forward rate? A forward rate is the rate offered for transaction beyond Spot date. Forward rate = Spot rate + (premium/Discount).
- 12. What are FRAs? Forward Rate Agreement is an agreement between two parties to buy/sell at pr determined price a pre determined rate. It is an agreement on forward contract on interest rates.
- 13. TT Buying rate Dollar / rupee spot buying rate Less exchange margin TT buying rate Rounded off to nearest multiple of 0.0025
- 14. Bills buying rate Dollar / rupee market spot buying rate Add forward premium Or Less forward discount Bills buying rate Less exchange margin
- 15. TT selling rate Dollar / rupee spot selling rate Add exchange margin for TT selling rate TT selling rate
- 16. Bills selling rate Dollar/ rupee spot selling rate Add exchange margin for TT selling rate TT selling rate Add exchange margin for bills selling rate Bills selling rate