The document describes the three-layer structure of rainforests, which consists of an emergent layer with the tallest trees up to 50-80m, a canopy layer of trees 20-30m tall that block 90% of sunlight, and an undergrowth layer of shorter trees under 20m. Rainforest plants have adaptations like tall trunks to maximize sunlight exposure, waxy leaves to reduce water loss, and buttress roots to support heavy trunks in the wet climate. Lianas and epiphytes also grow in the canopy using trees for structure and sunlight.

1. Pg 76 to 77

3.  Rainforests have a three-layer structure.
 Emergent layer (50m)
 Canopy layer (30m)
 Undergrowth layer (20m)

4.  What are they?
 50m to 80m tall trees
 Emergent trees rise above the canopy.
 They are the tallest trees in the rainforest.
 How do they look like?
 Straight and smooth trunks.
 Very few branches.
 What are some examples?
 Tualang tree, Kapok tree

7.  What are they?
 20m to 30m tall trees
 They block 90% of the sunlight from reaching
the forest floor.
 They catch rain falling onto the rainforest.
 How do they look like?
 They form a continuous cover like an umbrella.
 They have large and waxy leaves.
 They grow very close to each other.
 What are some examples?
 GuavaTree, MangoTree

10.  Lianas and epiphytes
grow in the canopy.
 A liana is a thick, woody
vine that grow on the
ground and twine up a
tree to reach sunlight.
 Example : Monkey
LadderVine

11.  An epiphyte is a plant that grows on trees to
get more sunlight.
 Being high up helps epiphytes spread their
seeds and spores easily.
 Example : Orchids, ferns, mosses and lichens.

15.  What are they?
 Trees are 20m and shorter
 It is darkest here.
 Sunlight is blocked by the canopy.
 Forest floor is wet and covered with
decomposing leaves.
 How do they look like?
 Larger and broader leaves.
 Small and thin.
 Grow far apart from each other.
 What are some examples?
 Palm tree, Fungi

17. Pg 78

18.  Tropical rainforests live in a hot and wet
climate.
 The temperature is high.
 The rainfall is heavy.
 The rainforest plants can grow all year round.

19.  Adaptation is a word that means :
 “being able to change in order to survive”
 The rainforest plants adapt their features to
survive in the hot and wet climate.

20.  Features are the different parts that make up
a plant.
 The features of a rainforest plant include :
 Bark and branches
 Leaves
 Fruit and flowers
 Roots

21.  Adaptation
 Tall, straight trunks
 Branches are spread out.
 Reason :To help the trees obtain maximum
amount of sunlight.
 Adaptation
 Smooth bark
 Reason : Rainwater can flow easily from the
crown to the tree roots.

23.  Adaptation
 Broad leaves
 Reason :To get more sunlight for
photosynthesis.
 Adaptation
 Waxy, leathery or hairy leaves.
 Reason : Minimise loss of water through
transpiration because of the high
temperature.

24.  Adaptation
 Leaves have drip tips.
 Reason :To allow rainwater to run off
easily.This stops fungi and bacteria from
growing on the leaves.

26.  Adaptation
 Colourful and strong-smelling
 Reason :To attract insects and other
animals to disperse their seeds and for
pollination.
 This is because there is no wind in the
rainforest.

28.  Adaptation
 Rainforest trees have buttress roots
 Reason :To support the tall tree trunks which are very
heavy.
 Adaptation
 Rainforest trees have shallow roots.
 Reason :The roots are shallow because all the nutrients
are found on the forest floor surface.
 Water is also available on the surface so the roots do
not need to dig down.