Triple junctions occur where three tectonic plates meet at a single point. They play an important role in plate tectonics and the evolution of plate boundaries. There are certain types of triple junctions that are dynamically stable over time, where the three velocity vectors representing motion along each plate boundary intersect at a single point. Unstable triple junctions have velocity vectors that do not intersect, causing the junction to evolve into a new plate configuration over time. Determining the stability of triple junctions provides insight into how they migrate and influence changes in plate boundaries and tectonic environments near the junction.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
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Hi I'm Misson Choudhury , A Post Graduate student, Graduated from Utkal university and Now pursuing my m.sc in applied geology at Bangalore university, Bangalore, i love geological mapping,drawing,hill climbing and tracking..
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Hi I'm Misson Choudhury , A Post Graduate student, Graduated from Utkal university and Now pursuing my m.sc in applied geology at Bangalore university, Bangalore, i love geological mapping,drawing,hill climbing and tracking..
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
This powerpoint includes:
Triangles and Quadrangles
Definition, Types, Properties, Secondary part, Congruency and Area
Definitions of Triangles and Quadrangles
Desarguesian Plane
Mathematician Desargues and His Background
Harmonic Sequence of Points/Lines
Illustrations and Animated Lines.
Geologic maps show the distribution of rock units at the sur.pdfactivefiren
Geologic maps show the distribution of rock units at the surface as well as structural features,
such as faults and folds. A geologic map is usually printed on top of a regular topographic map
(the base map) to help you locate yourself on the map. The base map is printed with light colors,
so it doesn't interfere with seeing the geologic features on the map. The geology is represented by
colors, lines, and symbols unique to geologic maps. Each color used on a geologic map
represents a different geologic unit. A unit is a specific type of rock of a specific age range (for
example, a Permian limestone, a contact late Triassic sandstone, etc). All exposures of rocks of
the same age and type are shown with the same color and are separated from other rocks by a
line representing the contact between them. The two main types of contacts shown on most
geologic maps are depositional contacts and faults. Where the original depositional contact
between geologic units is preserved, it is shown on the geologic map as a thin line. If the rocks are
in contact because of a fault, a thicker line is used to represent the fault, and the relative motion
along the fault, if known, is indicated by labeling the upthrown side and downthrown side of the
fault. For low angle (thrust) faults the teeth are on the upthrown (hanging wall) block. Each
geologic unit is assigned a set of letters to symbolize it on the map. Usually the symbol is the
combination of a capital letter followed by one or more small letters. The capital letter represents
the age (geologic period) of the unit. Examples include Q (Quaternary), K (Cretaceous), and C
(Cambrian). The small letters indicate either the name of the unit, if it has one, or the type of rock,
if the unit has no name. Many geologic units are named based on where their characteristics are
bestdisplayed, or where they were first studied. For example, Jm is the map symbol for the
Morrison formation, a stratigraphic unit of Jurassic age first studied near Morrison, Colorado but
exposed throughout Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah (the Morrison formation is the source of many
dinosaur fossils). Js would be unnamed shale (s for shale) that is Jurassic in age. Sedimentary
rocks form in broad, flat layers (beds) that may later be tilted or bent by tectonic forces. The spatial
orientation of tilted rock layers is described in terms of strike and dip. Strike is the compass
direction of a line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane (the surface of the Earth) and an
inclined surface (the titled rock layer). Dip is the angle between a horizontal plane and the inclined
surface and is always measured perpendicular to strike. On geologic maps " T " shaped-symbols
are used show the strike and dip of each rock unit. The top of the "T" is the line of strike and the
short arm of the " T " illustrates the dip direction in degrees. The higher the number, the steeper
the bed with 90 being perpendicular to the surface (vertical). In the example h.
2-1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
After reading this module, you should be able to …
2.01 Identify that if all parts of an object move in the same direction and at the same rate, we can treat the object as if it
were a (point-like) particle. (This chapter is about the motion of such objects.)
2.02 Identify that the position of a particle is its location as
read on a scaled axis, such as an x-axis.
2.03 Apply the relationship between a particle’s
displacement and its initial and final positions.
2.04 Apply the relationship between a particle’s average
velocity, its displacement, and the time interval for that
displacement.
2.05 Apply the relationship between a particle’s average
speed, the total distance it moves, and the time interval for
the motion.
2.06 Given a graph of a particle’s position versus time,
determine the average velocity between any two particular
times.
2-1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
After reading this module, you should be able to . . .
2.07 Given a particle’s position as a function of time,
calculate the instantaneous velocity for any particular time.
2.08 Given a graph of a particle’s position versus time, determine the instantaneous velocity for any particular time.
2.09 Identify speed as the magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity.
etc......
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. GLG412/598: GEOTECTONICS
SPRING 2006
PROFESSOR MATTHEW J. FOUCH
SUPPLEMENT TO HOMEWORK #2
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
(From Cox and Hart [1986])
Points where three plates meet, which are called triple junctions, are especially important
tectonically. An example of tectonic action near a triple junction is shown in cartoon form in
Figure 3-1, where the triple junction J is the point where the Pacific (P), Juan de Fuca (F), and
North America (N) plates meet. If the triple junction J moves up along the coast, point e will
find itself in a transform environment; if J is stationary or moves southward, e will remain in a
subduction environment. In this section we will show how to calculate the velocities of triple
junctions.
Figure 3-1: A triple junction marks the juncture of the Pacific plate (P), the Juan de Fuca plate
(F), and the North America plate (N). Two transforms and a trench meet at this triple junction. As
the triple junction moves northwestward, the tectonic environment at e will change from
subduction to transform in character.
First, however, let's ask ourselves an interesting topological question. What is the
maximum number of plates that can meet at a point? If the earth were cut like a pie, a large
number of plates could touch where the cuts all intersect; however, plate boundaries on the earth
look much more like random slices than pie cuts. Try creating some plates by drawing random
lines on a piece of paper. How many plates come into contact where two lines cross? Obviously
the answer is four. Your experiment of randomly cutting a plate has created not triple but rather
quadruple junctions.
2. GLG412/598
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
PAGE 2
On the real earth, four or more plates almost never come together at a point. Virtually all
multiple-plate junctions are triple junctions. To gain some insight into why this should be the
case, regard one of the random lines you drew as a transform, cut the paper along this line, and
slide the two sides past each other. The result will be to change all of the quadruple junctions
along the line into triple junctions. You have just shown that although quadruple junctions are
easy to conceptualize in a static mode, they are dynamically unstable. How about triple
junctions - are they dynamically stable? We will find that some are and some are not.
Triple junctions migrate along plate boundaries. Because they have velocities, much can
be learned about them by plotting their motions in velocity space. A useful analogy is the
following. Consider marbles rolling at different velocities along a boundary between two plates.
In velocity space what would be the locus of these velocities? It turns out that they fall on
straight lines (Box 3-1). The relation of these velocity lines to the velocity of the two plates
depends upon whether the boundary is a trench, transform, or ridge. Marbles rolling along
trenches plot in velocity space on a line passing through the velocity of the upper plate and
trending in the same direction as the trench. Marbles rolling along transforms plot in velocity
space on a line passing through the velocities of both plates and trending in the same direction as
the transform. Marbles rolling along the ridge between two diverging plates plot in velocity
space on the perpendicular bisector of the velocity vector between the two plates (Box 3-1).
(This assumes that spreading is symmetrical and perpendicular to the ridge.)
The trick in finding the velocity of a triple junction in velocity space is to recognize that
the triple junction remains on all three of the boundaries radiating from the junction. In effect it
is one marble rolling simultaneously along all three boundaries. Therefore the triple junction lies
at the intersection of three velocity lines in velocity space, each line describing the velocity of a
marble rolling along one boundary. Velocity space diagrams also indicate whether a triple
junction is stable: if the three velocity lines do not intersect, then the location of the triple
junction is not defined in velocity space, and the triple junction is unstable. If you project the
plate geometry of an unstable triple junction forward in time, you will find that it evolves into a
new plate geometry. In this regard, unstable triple junctions are like quadruple junctions: they
may be hypothesized (and may, in fact, exist) at an instant in time, but they are dynamically
unstable. An example of an unstable triple junction is shown in Figure 3-2. In the initial
configuration at time t0, the triple junction geometry is ridge-transform-ridge. Analysis in
velocity space shows that this is unstable. After a short time Δt, a new triple junction will have
evolved with the geometry transform-ridge-transform. Analysis (Figure 3-2) and intuition
indicate that this junction is dynamically stable. Some more examples of stable and unstable
triple junctions are given in Box 3-1.
3. GLG412/598
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
PAGE 3
Figure 3-2: The triple junction at t0 (upper figure) is shown by velocity analysis to be unstable
because velocity lines ac and ab do not intersect. At time t0 + Δt (lower figure), the triple junction
TJ has evolved from an unstable ridge-transform-ridge geometry to a stable transform-ridge-
transform geometry.
The growth of the San Andreas fault along the coast of California illustrates how
important the role of triple junctions can be. Initially the Farallon plate lay between the Pacific
(P) and North America (N) plates, and the San Andreas transform did not exist (time t1 in Figure
3-3). By 25 Ma (time t2) the San Andreas had formed, bounded on both its north and south ends
by triple junctions. The geometry of the northern junction was transform-transform-trench, that
of the southern junction was ridge-transform-trench. Because of this geometry, the northern
junction migrated northwest along the edge of the continent and the southern junction migrated
to the southeast. The growth of the San Andreas transform was a direct consequence of the
migration of these two triple junctions. Eventually (time t3) the geometry of the southern
junction changed to transform-transform-trench and the junction began to move toward the
north. Although these cartoons depart somewhat from historical reality, they serve to show how
important triple junctions can be in tectonic processes.
4. GLG412/598
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
PAGE 4
Figure 3-3: After the Pacific plate (P) has made contact with the North America plate (N), the
San Andreas transform begins to grow (t2). The triple junction (open circle) at the northwest end
of the transform migrates to the northwest relative to North America (open arrow) and the
southern triple junction migrates to the southeast. When the geometry of the southern triple
junction changes (t3) the southern junction begins to migrate toward the northwest.
5. GLG412/598
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
PAGE 5
Box 3-1: Velocities of Marbles Rolling Along Boundaries
Triple junctions migrate along the boundaries between pairs of plates as if they are marbles
rolling parallel to the boundaries. A marble (or triple junction) will remain on a plate boundary
if it has a velocity corresponding to any point on the dashed velocity line ab.
The velocity line ab for a trench is parallel to the trench and, because the trench moves with the
overthrust plate, it passes through the point in velocity space representing the overthrust plate.
This relationship does not require that the direction of convergence be perpendicular to the
trench.
The velocity line ab for a transform is parallel to the transform and, because the transform
doesn't move with respect to either plate, it lies along the line through both A and B showing the
relative velocity of plates A and B.
6. GLG412/598
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
PAGE 6
The velocity line ab for the ridge is parallel to the ridge. If spreading is symmetrical and
perpendicular to the trend of the ridge (as shown in this example), then ab is the perpendicular
bisector of the line segment AB showing the relative velocity of plates A and B.
7. GLG412/598
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
PAGE 7
Box 3-2: Migration of Triple Junctions
A triple junction is a point where the three plates, A, B, and C, meet. It is also the intersection of
the boundaries between the three pairs AB, BC, and AC. The velocity of any point moving
along one of these boundaries will lie on a line in velocity space (Box 3-1). Three such lines (ab,
bc, ac) describe the velocities of marbles moving with all possible velocities along the three
boundaries intersecting in a triple junction. Since the triple junction is like a single marble
rolling simultaneously along the three boundaries, it lies at the intersection of ab, bc, and ac. If
these lines intersect in a single point, the triple junction is stable. This means that as time
progresses, ridge, transform, and trench boundaries will remain the same and the angles between
them will not change. If ab, bc, and ac do not intersect at a single point, the triple junction is
unstable and will exist only for a moment, after which a different plate geometry will evolve
(Figure 3-2). The following examples and analyses should help.
1. Because ab and ac must both pass through A, this trench-transform-transform triple
junction is stable only because bc, which must pass through C, also passes through A.
This means that for a trench- transform-transform triple junction, the trench must have
the same trend as one of the transforms.
8. GLG412/598
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
PAGE 8
2. If the trench of a trench-transform-transform triple junction does not have the same
trend as one of the transforms, the triple junction is always unstable.
3. Because the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle always intersect in a single
point, ridge- ridge-ridge triple junctions are ideally stable.
9. GLG412/598
TRIPLE JUNCTIONS
PAGE 9
4. Because the sides of a triangle never intersect in a single point, transform-transform-
transform triple junctions are always unstable.
5. Because both bc and ac must pass through C, this ridge-trench-transform triple
junction is stable only if ab also passes through C or ac is equal to bc (trench and
transform have the same trend), as is shown here.