ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED DYE AND METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING ORANGE PEEL AS AN A...Ajay Singh
This document discusses dyes and their adsorption using orange peel extract. It provides information on types of dyes and their harmful effects on wastewater. The document then describes an experiment where Congo red dye and methylene blue dye were adsorbed using orange peel extract over different time intervals. The percentage removal of Congo red dye was highest (23.25%) at 100 minutes, while methylene blue dye reached the highest removal rate (11.25%) at 20 minutes. In conclusion, the percentage dye removal increased with contact time and further experiments could explore additional dyes and adsorbents.
WATER ANALYSIS /Water quality testing p.k.kPUSHPA KHOLA
This document discusses water quality testing parameters and methods. It notes that water contains contaminants and periodic testing is needed to ensure safety. Key physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are examined, including odor, temperature, pH, total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, chloride, fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, oil and grease, and dissolved oxygen. Methods like titration, spectrophotometry, and incubation are described. Indian drinking water standards provide guidelines for parameters like TDS, pH, and hardness. Equipment used in analysis includes spectrophotometers, pH/TDS meters, COD digesters, and TSS filter assemblies. Regular water testing
This document provides information about biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) including:
1. BOD is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose organic waste in water. A high BOD level indicates a large amount of decomposable organic waste.
2. The key difference between biochemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand is that BOD measures oxygen used to oxidize inorganic materials like sulfides in addition to decomposing organic matter, while biological oxygen demand only measures oxygen used for decomposing organic substances.
3. BOD tests are used to determine pollution levels, design treatment methods, and evaluate treatment plant performance by measuring how much oxygen is depleted during the decomposition of organic matter.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDAVPatel2
The document discusses various types of water pollution from industrial waste. It begins with an introduction to water pollution and categories of pollutants in industrial waste, which include inorganic and organic pollutants. It then discusses specific waste from the pharmaceutical industry, including waste from production processes and solid wastes. The document also covers different methods for treating industrial waste, including physical, chemical and biological methods. Finally, it discusses ways to measure oxygen demand and pollution levels in water, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) testing methods.
1. The document discusses hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and trivalent chromium [Cr(III)], describing levels of Cr(VI) detected in California groundwater and regulations to limit it.
2. Methods for treating chromium-contaminated water are reviewed, including precipitation, filtration, ion exchange, and nanotechnology. Analytical techniques like colorimetric analysis and back titration are also summarized.
3. Results are presented from treating a high-level chromium sample using various treatment methods, showing reductions in chromium concentration but not reaching regulated levels.
ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED DYE AND METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING ORANGE PEEL AS AN A...Ajay Singh
This document discusses dyes and their adsorption using orange peel extract. It provides information on types of dyes and their harmful effects on wastewater. The document then describes an experiment where Congo red dye and methylene blue dye were adsorbed using orange peel extract over different time intervals. The percentage removal of Congo red dye was highest (23.25%) at 100 minutes, while methylene blue dye reached the highest removal rate (11.25%) at 20 minutes. In conclusion, the percentage dye removal increased with contact time and further experiments could explore additional dyes and adsorbents.
WATER ANALYSIS /Water quality testing p.k.kPUSHPA KHOLA
This document discusses water quality testing parameters and methods. It notes that water contains contaminants and periodic testing is needed to ensure safety. Key physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are examined, including odor, temperature, pH, total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, chloride, fluoride, phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, oil and grease, and dissolved oxygen. Methods like titration, spectrophotometry, and incubation are described. Indian drinking water standards provide guidelines for parameters like TDS, pH, and hardness. Equipment used in analysis includes spectrophotometers, pH/TDS meters, COD digesters, and TSS filter assemblies. Regular water testing
This document provides information about biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) including:
1. BOD is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose organic waste in water. A high BOD level indicates a large amount of decomposable organic waste.
2. The key difference between biochemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand is that BOD measures oxygen used to oxidize inorganic materials like sulfides in addition to decomposing organic matter, while biological oxygen demand only measures oxygen used for decomposing organic substances.
3. BOD tests are used to determine pollution levels, design treatment methods, and evaluate treatment plant performance by measuring how much oxygen is depleted during the decomposition of organic matter.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDAVPatel2
The document discusses various types of water pollution from industrial waste. It begins with an introduction to water pollution and categories of pollutants in industrial waste, which include inorganic and organic pollutants. It then discusses specific waste from the pharmaceutical industry, including waste from production processes and solid wastes. The document also covers different methods for treating industrial waste, including physical, chemical and biological methods. Finally, it discusses ways to measure oxygen demand and pollution levels in water, including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) testing methods.
1. The document discusses hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and trivalent chromium [Cr(III)], describing levels of Cr(VI) detected in California groundwater and regulations to limit it.
2. Methods for treating chromium-contaminated water are reviewed, including precipitation, filtration, ion exchange, and nanotechnology. Analytical techniques like colorimetric analysis and back titration are also summarized.
3. Results are presented from treating a high-level chromium sample using various treatment methods, showing reductions in chromium concentration but not reaching regulated levels.
This document discusses procedures for sampling air and solid waste pollutants. It describes various methods for sampling gaseous and particulate air pollutants including grab sampling, absorption, adsorption, filteration, sedimentation, and electrostatic precipitation. It also discusses procedures for sampling solid waste which involves systematically reducing a truckload of waste into a representative 100-200kg sample through quartering and selecting diagonal blocks. The sample is then separated into individual components and analyzed to determine percentage distributions and densities.
This document describes a method for determining ammonia in the atmosphere using an indophenol method. Air is bubbled through a dilute sulfuric acid solution to collect ammonia as ammonium sulfate. The ammonium sulfate is then analyzed colorimetrically by reaction with phenol and sodium hypochlorite to produce a blue indophenol dye, with sodium nitroprusside as a catalyst. The absorbance is then measured at 630nm and the concentration of ammonia is calculated based on a standard curve. Precision decreases over storage time as the collected liquid samples begin to change.
Rapid Industrialization specially in developing industry in recent years causes the heavy waste water pollution due to release of heavy metal into water stream.
Chromium and lead being carcinogenic in high dosage represent threat to human health as well as flora and fauna of various water bodies.
Pollution of river stream, lakes by Heavy metal industry poses a threat to human as well as aquatic flora and fauna.
Heavy metals like lead comes under toxic category while chromium though comes under micronutrient category its excess intake is toxic to human. In human body, metals enter through animal feed, green fodder, drinking water, pharmaceutical medicines, etc.
Excessive intake of chromium by humans leads to hepatic and renal damage, capillary damage, gastrointestinal irritation and central nervous system irritation.
Maximum acceptable concentration of lead and chromium in drinking water recommended by WHO is 0.05 mg/lit respectively.
Because of above said reasons it is very much required to remove these metals before discharge into surrounding.
Chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, electro flotation, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, adsorption, biological separation are various types of removal method of heavy metals. Out of these methods we will review about adsorption.
This presentation discusses water chemistry and drinking water quality in India. It provides background on water sources in rural India and key water quality issues. These issues include overextraction of groundwater leading to shortages, and contamination putting millions of people at health risks. The presentation then examines the critical water quality parameters to test like alkalinity, hardness, arsenic, chloride, coliform, pH, fluoride, iron and turbidity. It describes the testing methods and instruments used and health impacts of parameter levels outside acceptable limits. The goal is to assess water quality and safety for drinking.
This document provides information about the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test for measuring organic matter in wastewater. It discusses that COD measures the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic material using potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid. COD and BOD both measure how much oxygen water will consume, but COD can oxidize more material so values are higher than BOD. The document outlines the COD test procedure and calculations for determining COD levels in wastewater samples. It also discusses standards, sources of BOD and COD, and limitations of the COD test.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
This document discusses conventional and biological methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It outlines various sources of heavy metal pollution and factors that affect heavy metal removal. Primary methods for removing heavy metals from water include physical and chemical processes, while biological methods include adsorption, the use of activated carbon, agricultural residues, and nanotechnology. Adsorption is recognized as a promising option due to its low cost and ease of use. Both conventional and biological methods should be improved to develop safe and environmentally friendly water treatment techniques.
This document discusses chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing. COD testing measures the amount of organic matter in water by determining the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the matter. Potassium dichromate is commonly used as the strong oxidizing agent. The COD test procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the COD level in mg/L. COD testing provides faster results than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing and oxidizes a wider range of compounds, though the results do not directly correlate to 5-day BOD levels.
Presented by Richard Whiting at TWCA annual convention www.twca.org March, 2012 Seven Seas Water Corporation Bahamas-BVI-Florida-Mexico-Netherlands Antilles-Trinidad & Tobago-TCI-USVI
The biological oxygen demand (BOD) measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms to break down organic matter in water. Water with a high BOD cannot replenish oxygen fast enough to support aquatic life, potentially causing suffocation. BOD is normally measured over 5 days, with polluted water having a BOD above 5 parts per million. Thermal pollution degrades water quality by changing the ambient temperature, such as from careless discharge of heated water by industries or removing shading vegetation.
The document discusses adsorption as a wastewater treatment method. It covers the classification of adsorption, common adsorbent materials like activated carbon, and applications of adsorption such as in water and wastewater treatment plants. Recent developments discussed include using modified adsorbents like nano-based materials and biomass-derived carbons, which can have enhanced adsorption capabilities compared to traditional adsorbents. The conclusion emphasizes that adsorption is a relatively affordable treatment option and that further research on green technologies could make safer water access more sustainable.
Anoxic Selector Single Stage Nitrification Process Waste Water Plant Theory a...njcnews777
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Annual Water Quality Training Conference. Practical application of Nitrification and Denitrification at a new or existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Principles and Theory.
The document describes the results of tests conducted on a water sample collected from the lawn at PDPU campus to analyze pH, COD, and TSS. The pH was found to be 5.97. For COD analysis, the sample was digested and titrated, finding a COD of 67.2 mg/L. For TSS, the sample was filtered, dried, and weighed, but no result is reported.
The document summarizes treatment methods for waste from the pulp and paper industry. It describes the various sources and characteristics of effluents from pulp and paper production. It then outlines the typical treatment scheme, including screening to remove solids, sedimentation to settle out particles, biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, and tertiary treatments like ozonation or membrane filtration to remove additional contaminants. The goal is to reduce COD, BOD, color, and other pollutants before releasing the treated water.
This document provides information on the history, properties, sources, health effects, and regulation of arsenic. It discusses how arsenic was first isolated in the 13th century and has since been used for industrial and medicinal purposes. Both inorganic and organic forms of arsenic are described. The mechanisms by which arsenic interferes with cellular processes and causes toxicity and carcinogenicity are summarized. Examples of acute and chronic arsenic poisoning in humans are given. The EPA standard for arsenic in drinking water and calls for FDA regulation of arsenic levels in foods are also mentioned.
This document discusses various types and sources of water pollution. It defines water pollution as changes in water quality from physical, chemical, or biological factors that harm living organisms. The main types of water pollutants discussed are infectious agents, oxygen-demanding wastes, inorganic pollutants, organic chemicals, sediment, and thermal pollution. Agricultural runoff, industrial waste, and mining are identified as leading causes of water pollution. Prevention and treatment of sewage as well as regulation are discussed as ways to reduce water pollution.
This document discusses the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions using adsorption onto pongamia glabra flower (PGF). It describes batch adsorption experiments that tested the effects of parameters like solution pH, contact time, initial phenol concentration, adsorbent concentration and temperature on phenol removal. Maximum phenol removal was observed at pH 6 and equilibrium was reached after 6 hours of contact time. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models fit the adsorption isotherms. Kinetic studies showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The study demonstrated PGF's potential for removing phenol from water.
The document discusses biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) which are measurements of water quality. BOD refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a set period of time. Higher BOD levels mean less dissolved oxygen is available to aquatic life. BOD is impacted by temperature, sewage, nutrients, turbidity, and natural processes. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds in water, and COD values are always greater than BOD. The document provides details on measuring and calculating BOD and COD levels.
This document discusses water chlorination. It begins with an introduction to chlorination, explaining that it is a process used to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microbes in water. Section two discusses the history of chlorination, including its discovery and first uses. Section three explains the process of chlorinating water through shock chlorination. Section four covers the biochemistry of chlorine and how it kills pathogens. Section five notes some potential drawbacks, such as the production of disinfection byproducts. The final section describes how to chlorinate water at home through following CDC guidelines.
Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that is more effective than chlorine at killing microorganisms in swimming pools. It also eliminates chloramines that cause unpleasant odors and irritation. Using ozone improves water clarity and reduces health risks from chlorine byproducts. The document discusses the benefits of ozone over chlorine for swimming pool water treatment and disinfection.
This document discusses procedures for sampling air and solid waste pollutants. It describes various methods for sampling gaseous and particulate air pollutants including grab sampling, absorption, adsorption, filteration, sedimentation, and electrostatic precipitation. It also discusses procedures for sampling solid waste which involves systematically reducing a truckload of waste into a representative 100-200kg sample through quartering and selecting diagonal blocks. The sample is then separated into individual components and analyzed to determine percentage distributions and densities.
This document describes a method for determining ammonia in the atmosphere using an indophenol method. Air is bubbled through a dilute sulfuric acid solution to collect ammonia as ammonium sulfate. The ammonium sulfate is then analyzed colorimetrically by reaction with phenol and sodium hypochlorite to produce a blue indophenol dye, with sodium nitroprusside as a catalyst. The absorbance is then measured at 630nm and the concentration of ammonia is calculated based on a standard curve. Precision decreases over storage time as the collected liquid samples begin to change.
Rapid Industrialization specially in developing industry in recent years causes the heavy waste water pollution due to release of heavy metal into water stream.
Chromium and lead being carcinogenic in high dosage represent threat to human health as well as flora and fauna of various water bodies.
Pollution of river stream, lakes by Heavy metal industry poses a threat to human as well as aquatic flora and fauna.
Heavy metals like lead comes under toxic category while chromium though comes under micronutrient category its excess intake is toxic to human. In human body, metals enter through animal feed, green fodder, drinking water, pharmaceutical medicines, etc.
Excessive intake of chromium by humans leads to hepatic and renal damage, capillary damage, gastrointestinal irritation and central nervous system irritation.
Maximum acceptable concentration of lead and chromium in drinking water recommended by WHO is 0.05 mg/lit respectively.
Because of above said reasons it is very much required to remove these metals before discharge into surrounding.
Chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, electro flotation, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, adsorption, biological separation are various types of removal method of heavy metals. Out of these methods we will review about adsorption.
This presentation discusses water chemistry and drinking water quality in India. It provides background on water sources in rural India and key water quality issues. These issues include overextraction of groundwater leading to shortages, and contamination putting millions of people at health risks. The presentation then examines the critical water quality parameters to test like alkalinity, hardness, arsenic, chloride, coliform, pH, fluoride, iron and turbidity. It describes the testing methods and instruments used and health impacts of parameter levels outside acceptable limits. The goal is to assess water quality and safety for drinking.
This document provides information about the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test for measuring organic matter in wastewater. It discusses that COD measures the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic material using potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid. COD and BOD both measure how much oxygen water will consume, but COD can oxidize more material so values are higher than BOD. The document outlines the COD test procedure and calculations for determining COD levels in wastewater samples. It also discusses standards, sources of BOD and COD, and limitations of the COD test.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
This document discusses conventional and biological methods for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It outlines various sources of heavy metal pollution and factors that affect heavy metal removal. Primary methods for removing heavy metals from water include physical and chemical processes, while biological methods include adsorption, the use of activated carbon, agricultural residues, and nanotechnology. Adsorption is recognized as a promising option due to its low cost and ease of use. Both conventional and biological methods should be improved to develop safe and environmentally friendly water treatment techniques.
This document discusses chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing. COD testing measures the amount of organic matter in water by determining the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the matter. Potassium dichromate is commonly used as the strong oxidizing agent. The COD test procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the COD level in mg/L. COD testing provides faster results than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing and oxidizes a wider range of compounds, though the results do not directly correlate to 5-day BOD levels.
Presented by Richard Whiting at TWCA annual convention www.twca.org March, 2012 Seven Seas Water Corporation Bahamas-BVI-Florida-Mexico-Netherlands Antilles-Trinidad & Tobago-TCI-USVI
The biological oxygen demand (BOD) measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic organisms to break down organic matter in water. Water with a high BOD cannot replenish oxygen fast enough to support aquatic life, potentially causing suffocation. BOD is normally measured over 5 days, with polluted water having a BOD above 5 parts per million. Thermal pollution degrades water quality by changing the ambient temperature, such as from careless discharge of heated water by industries or removing shading vegetation.
The document discusses adsorption as a wastewater treatment method. It covers the classification of adsorption, common adsorbent materials like activated carbon, and applications of adsorption such as in water and wastewater treatment plants. Recent developments discussed include using modified adsorbents like nano-based materials and biomass-derived carbons, which can have enhanced adsorption capabilities compared to traditional adsorbents. The conclusion emphasizes that adsorption is a relatively affordable treatment option and that further research on green technologies could make safer water access more sustainable.
Anoxic Selector Single Stage Nitrification Process Waste Water Plant Theory a...njcnews777
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) Annual Water Quality Training Conference. Practical application of Nitrification and Denitrification at a new or existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Principles and Theory.
The document describes the results of tests conducted on a water sample collected from the lawn at PDPU campus to analyze pH, COD, and TSS. The pH was found to be 5.97. For COD analysis, the sample was digested and titrated, finding a COD of 67.2 mg/L. For TSS, the sample was filtered, dried, and weighed, but no result is reported.
The document summarizes treatment methods for waste from the pulp and paper industry. It describes the various sources and characteristics of effluents from pulp and paper production. It then outlines the typical treatment scheme, including screening to remove solids, sedimentation to settle out particles, biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, and tertiary treatments like ozonation or membrane filtration to remove additional contaminants. The goal is to reduce COD, BOD, color, and other pollutants before releasing the treated water.
This document provides information on the history, properties, sources, health effects, and regulation of arsenic. It discusses how arsenic was first isolated in the 13th century and has since been used for industrial and medicinal purposes. Both inorganic and organic forms of arsenic are described. The mechanisms by which arsenic interferes with cellular processes and causes toxicity and carcinogenicity are summarized. Examples of acute and chronic arsenic poisoning in humans are given. The EPA standard for arsenic in drinking water and calls for FDA regulation of arsenic levels in foods are also mentioned.
This document discusses various types and sources of water pollution. It defines water pollution as changes in water quality from physical, chemical, or biological factors that harm living organisms. The main types of water pollutants discussed are infectious agents, oxygen-demanding wastes, inorganic pollutants, organic chemicals, sediment, and thermal pollution. Agricultural runoff, industrial waste, and mining are identified as leading causes of water pollution. Prevention and treatment of sewage as well as regulation are discussed as ways to reduce water pollution.
This document discusses the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions using adsorption onto pongamia glabra flower (PGF). It describes batch adsorption experiments that tested the effects of parameters like solution pH, contact time, initial phenol concentration, adsorbent concentration and temperature on phenol removal. Maximum phenol removal was observed at pH 6 and equilibrium was reached after 6 hours of contact time. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models fit the adsorption isotherms. Kinetic studies showed the process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The study demonstrated PGF's potential for removing phenol from water.
The document discusses biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) which are measurements of water quality. BOD refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a set period of time. Higher BOD levels mean less dissolved oxygen is available to aquatic life. BOD is impacted by temperature, sewage, nutrients, turbidity, and natural processes. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds in water, and COD values are always greater than BOD. The document provides details on measuring and calculating BOD and COD levels.
This document discusses water chlorination. It begins with an introduction to chlorination, explaining that it is a process used to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microbes in water. Section two discusses the history of chlorination, including its discovery and first uses. Section three explains the process of chlorinating water through shock chlorination. Section four covers the biochemistry of chlorine and how it kills pathogens. Section five notes some potential drawbacks, such as the production of disinfection byproducts. The final section describes how to chlorinate water at home through following CDC guidelines.
Ozone is a powerful disinfectant that is more effective than chlorine at killing microorganisms in swimming pools. It also eliminates chloramines that cause unpleasant odors and irritation. Using ozone improves water clarity and reduces health risks from chlorine byproducts. The document discusses the benefits of ozone over chlorine for swimming pool water treatment and disinfection.
Chloromethanes namely methyl chloride (CH3Cl), methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), Chloroform (CHCl3) and Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) are produced by direct chlorination of Cl2 in a gas phase reaction without any catalyst.
This document discusses trihalomethanes (THM) in drinking water in Phoenix, Arizona. It notes that the City of Phoenix has a goal of implementing "safe-yield" of its water sources by 2025 to balance groundwater withdrawals. It also discusses various water treatment plants and networks that aim to meet water demands. The document provides background on THM, which were first discovered in 1974 and regulated in 1979, and notes some health effects. It also discusses factors that influence THM levels and various mitigation techniques, such as using chloramines instead of chlorine to reduce THM formation.
The document discusses chloramination as a method for disinfection in drinking water treatment. It describes how chloramination works and the key parameters to monitor for process control. The most reliable method for chloramination control is to monitor both monochloramine concentration as the target disinfectant, as well as free and total ammonia levels. Other parameters like free chlorine can provide supplementary information but are not the primary focus. Close monitoring and control of chloramination is important to maintain water quality and avoid issues in the distribution system.
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70-100% were achieved for most contaminants at a chelator to metal ion ratio of 4:1 after 1 hour of treatment.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrates
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70% were achieved for most contaminants when using a 1:1 molar ratio of chelator to metal ions.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrogen as nitrates and nit
Disinfection chlorination chlorination derived by productssoumyatk
The document discusses sewage disinfection and the wastewater treatment process. It explains that the goal of wastewater treatment is to provide water free from pathogens, but primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment cannot remove 100% of waste and pathogens. Disinfection is needed to destroy remaining pathogens. The two main disinfection methods are physical (e.g. heating) and chemical (e.g. chlorination, ozonation). Chlorine is widely used for disinfection due to its availability, low cost, and ability to provide residuals that protect distribution systems. However, chlorine reactions can form harmful byproducts like trihalomethanes. Factors like water quality, temperature, pH, and contact time
Chloramine is used as an alternative to chlorine for disinfecting drinking water. It forms less harmful disinfection byproducts but also has significant disadvantages including potential short and long term health effects, being less effective at killing pathogens, corroding pipes and leaching lead into water, and posing homeland security risks. More effective filtration of raw water before disinfection could reduce disinfection byproduct formation and avoid the need for chloramine.
This document summarizes a presentation on sustainable remediation of soils and groundwater contaminated by chlorinated solvents. It discusses:
1. The widespread historical use of chlorinated solvents like PCE, TCE, and vinyl chloride in industry, which led to their release into the environment through production, use, storage and disposal.
2. The environmental and health challenges posed by chlorinated solvents, which are dense, immiscible liquids that can sink and persist in groundwater for decades. PCE contamination in particular can spread over large areas.
3. Treatment technologies for contaminated sites, including containment, pump-and-treat, and in situ chemical/biological transformations. Sustainable re
hazardous waste mangement in pulp and paper industryarvind kumar
While there is little doubt that humankind’s increasing of natural law has brought us
increased life expectancy and higher quality of life for more people than ever known
before. This has brought the risk of global calamity and impairment of human health.
Hazardous waste management has become an international problem. The
environmental and Human Health consequences of the residuals and wastes: not
understood and recognized. Developments in science, epidemiology, toxicology and
analytical chemistry enabled to recognize. Dioxins and Furan are the major toxic or
hazardous material produced from pulp and paper mill effluent.
Water treatment describes processes used to make water acceptable for various end uses like drinking, industrial processes, and medical purposes. The goal is to remove or reduce contaminants so the water is fit for its intended use. Processes can include physical separation methods like settling and filtration, chemical processes like disinfection and coagulation, and biological processes used in wastewater treatment. Proper water treatment is important for public health by providing safe drinking water and returning water to the environment without ecological impacts.
Pesticides can persist in the environment for long periods and accumulate in living organisms. They are linked to serious health effects in humans and other species. Pesticides enter aquatic environments through various pathways like agricultural use, dumping of waste, and atmospheric deposition. Their fate depends on factors like solubility, adsorption, and bioaccumulation. Pesticides can have ecological impacts like death, reproductive inhibition, immune suppression, and physiological effects in organisms as well as human health impacts through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Persistent organic pollutants are resistant to degradation, can undergo long-range transport and bioaccumulation, and have impacts on health and environment.
This document discusses waste water treatment methods and processes. It begins with an introduction to organic matters found in water and sources of organic pollution. It then describes various waste water treatment methods including physical, chemical and biological processes. Preliminary waste water treatment steps are also outlined, including primary treatment involving screening and sedimentation, and secondary treatment using activated sludge processes with aeration and sedimentation. Key terms involved in waste water treatment like coagulation, filtration and sludge treatment are defined.
This document discusses waste water treatment methods. It covers organic matters found in water like natural organic matter from plant and microbial sources, and anthropogenic organic matter from human sources. It then discusses various waste water treatment methods like physical, chemical and biological methods. The physical methods include sedimentation, aeration and filtration. The chemical methods include chlorination, oxidation and neutralization. The biological methods include aerobic and anaerobic processes using microorganisms. It also discusses preliminary waste water treatment steps like primary treatment using gravity settling to separate solids and liquids.
This document defines and discusses various types and causes of water pollution. It begins by defining pollution and water pollution. The main causes of water pollution are identified as sewage, industrial effluents, synthetic detergents, agrochemicals, oil and waste heat. Specific point and non-point sources of pollution are outlined. The effects of water pollution on health and aquatic life are also summarized. Finally, some measures to control water pollution like treatment of waste water and restoration of polluted water bodies are mentioned.
The document discusses various methods of water disinfection and their limitations. It focuses on chlorine disinfection and outlines health and safety issues with chlorine such as formation of carcinogenic byproducts. A new product called DiamondOxide is introduced as a safer alternative, consisting of a pure chlorine dioxide solution that is a powerful disinfectant without harmful byproducts. It is effective at biofilm removal and killing all waterborne microorganisms. The document provides details on its use, dosage, effectiveness and advantages over traditional chlorine disinfection.
This document provides an overview of disinfection and fluoridation processes in water treatment. It discusses the use of chlorine for disinfection, including disinfection kinetics and mechanisms of inactivation. Emergency disinfection procedures during disasters or plant failures are also covered. For fluoridation, the document outlines fluoride chemistry, history, practice including dosage determination, feed systems, safety precautions and more. The presentation was given by a group of 5 students to the Civil Engineering department at Baghlan University in Afghanistan on June 19, 2019.
Chlorinated benzenes, including chlorobenzene (CB) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) are widely used as chemical intermediates and solvents
across industry. Soil contaminated with these compounds was treated in a pilot-scale trial in 6m3 cells. Air was drawn through each cell and
exhausted via an activated carbon (GAC) filter system. The trial objective was to stimulate native microflora with nutrients and varying levels
of organic amendments (0%, 12% and 35%). Initial soil DCB concentrations varied from <1 /><5% of the chlorinated benzenes were removed by volatilization
and 90% removed by biodegradation. Laboratory shake flask trials confirmed that the soils in the pilot-scale treatment contained a microbial
consortium capable of mineralizing CB and DCB. This consortium was capable of mineralizing both CB and DCB with up to 50% of carbon added
as chlorinated benzene substrate being recovered as CO2 and up to 44% of organic chlorine being released as chloride ion in mineralization tests,
further confirming these chlorinated benzenes were biodegraded. The study confirms that vented ex-situ biotreatment processes for chlorinated
benzenes can be achieved without excessive losses from volatilization and that naturally occurring microflora can be readily stimulated with aeration
and nutrients.
Grouting is carried out for three main reasons: 1) to reduce leakage under dams, 2) to reduce uplift pressures, and 3) to strengthen jointed rock foundations. There are two main types of grouting: 1) consolidation grouting which is used to strengthen foundation rock with low pressure injections, and 2) curtain grouting which is used to reduce both leakage and uplift pressures with deeper injections near the heel of a dam. Grouting methods include intrusion, compaction, permeation, jet, and compensation grouting which are used for different soil types and purposes like seepage control, groundwater control, and soil stabilization.
Groundwater can become polluted from both human activities and natural conditions. Some sources of groundwater pollution include sewer leakage from poor infrastructure, liquid industrial wastes discharged into pits and ponds, oil field brines containing salts and metals, and spills of chemicals, oils, foodstuffs, and sewage onto the ground surface. Spills can introduce pollutants like benzene and other hydrocarbons into the aquifer. Groundwater pollution has negative impacts like threatening human and environmental health, damaging infrastructure, and incurring fines.
This document discusses the recycling of demolished concrete. It defines recycling as collecting materials that would otherwise be waste and reusing them for new purposes. When concrete structures are demolished, the rubble can be recycled rather than sent to landfills. The concrete is crushed and sorted, with smaller pieces used as aggregate in new construction projects and larger pieces used for retaining walls and erosion control. Research shows recycled concrete can make up around 35% of new concrete mixes with only small reductions in strength, though durability may be reduced. The document also outlines the benefits of recycling concrete such as reducing environmental impacts and construction costs.
This document summarizes information about fire fighting, including the fire triangle, classes of fire, fire extinguishers, and fire safety systems. It discusses the three elements of the fire triangle as oxygen, fuel, and heat. It describes the different classes of fire from A to D. It also explains different types of fire extinguishers like water, dry powder, foam, and CO2 extinguishers. Finally, it provides details about fire safety systems like sprinklers, hose reels, hydrants, smoke detectors, fire alarm call points, and exit signs.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
2. the process of adding chlorine (Cl
2) or hypochlorite to water. This method
is used to kill certain bacteria and other
microbes in tap water as chlorine is
highly toxic. In particular, chlorination
is used to prevent the spread
of waterborne diseases such
as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
Chlorination
3. Chlorination
1- The process is economical and cheap .
2- It is harmless to human beings
.
3- It is reliable and effective .
4- Residual chlorine can be maintained in the water.
5- Easy to apply and ease to measure .
4. Disadvantages of Chlorination
* Formation of Trihalomethanes (THMs) , such
as carcinogen chloroform (CHCL3) .
* To avoid the formation of THMs , water
should be removed of organic impurities as
much as possible before chlorination .
5. Percolate
A perchlorate is the name for a chemical compound
containing the perchlorate ion, ClO−The preponderance
of perchlorates are produced commercially
Perchlorate salts are mainly used for propellants,
exploiting properties as powerful oxidizing agents.
Perchlorate contamination in the environment has been
extensively studied as it has effects on human health.
Perchlorate has been linked to its negative influence on
the thyroid gland
6. Most perchlorates are colorless solids that are soluble
in water. Four perchlorates are of primary
commercial interest: ammonium perchlorate
(NH4ClO4), perchloric acid (HClO4), potassium
perchlorate (KClO4), and sodium perchlorate
(NaClO4). Perchlorate is the anion resulting from the
dissociation of perchloric acid and its salts upon their
dissolution in water. Many perchlorate salts are
soluble in non-aqueous solutions.
7. The THMs forming
When chlorine is added to water with organic
material, such as algae, river weeds, and decaying
leaves, THMs are formed. Residual chlorine
molecules react with this harmless organic material
to form a group of chlorinated chemical compounds,
THMs. They are tasteless and odorless, but harmful
and potentially toxic. The quantity of byproducts
formed is determined by several factors, such as the
amount and type of organic material present in
water, temperature, pH, chlorine dosage, contact
time available for chlorine, and bromide
concentration in the water.
9. The organic matter in water mainly
consists of
1- humic substance, which is
the organic portion of soil
that remains after prolonged
microbial decomposition
formed by the decay of
leaves, wood, and other
vegetable matter
2- fulvic acid, which is a water
soluble substance of low
molecular weight that is
derived from humus .
10. Trihalomethanes (THMs)
THMs are a class of chemical compounds derived from
methane (CH4) in which 3 of the 4 H atoms have been
replaced by halogens Possibilities in drinking water
include CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3. But the most
prevalent is chloroform, CHCl3 .
11. The Oxidation of chlorine
+7+5+3+1-1
Chlorine
oxidation
state
perchlo
rate
Chlorat
e
chlori
te
hypoch
lorite
chlorid
e
Name
ClO−4ClO−3ClO-2
ClO−Cl-Formula
Structure
12. The byproduct concentration is mainly determined by the
amount of organic material in the source water. Water facilities
that draw water from surface water (lakes, rivers, and reservoirs)
produce water with higher levels of THMs than facilities with
groundwater (wells and springs) as their source of water. THM
concentrations range from 0.030 to 0.150 milligrams per liter
(mg/l) in surface water and 0.001 to 0.010 mg/l in groundwater.
The distribution of these four compounds varies with bromide
concentration in water. EPA is currently regulating THMs for
small communities as part of the Microbial/ Disinfection and
Disinfection Byproducts (M/DBP) Rules. Under these rules the
allowable THM concentrations are 0.080 mg/l of THMs .
The levels that THMs Present in water
13. exposure to THMs may pose an increased risk of cancer.
Two THMs, chloroform and dibromochloromethane, are
carcinogens; and another THM, bromodichloromethane,
has been identified as a mutagen, which alters DNA.
Mutagens are considered to affect the genetics of future
generations in addition to being carcinogenic. THMs may
be responsible for reproductive problems and miscarriage.
some study found a miscarriage rate of 15.7 percent for
women who drank five or more glasses of cold water
containing more than 0.075 mg/l THM, compared to a
miscarriage rate of 9.5 percent for women with low THM
exposure. In addition to these risks, THMs are linked to
bladder cancer, heart, lungs, kidney, liver, and central
nervous system damage .
The Health Effects of THMs
14. The Health Effects of THMs
THMS
Compound Adverse effects
CHCL3 Cancer, liver, kidney and adversely affect the
process of reproduction.
CHCLBr2 The kidney affects the nervous system, liver,
kidney and reproduction.
CHCL2Br Cancer, liver, kidney and affects the process
of reproduction
CHBr2 Cancer, nervous system, liver, kidney
15. The earlier THM regulations only applied to larger systems (those serving more
than 10,000 people). EPA, keeping the following factors in mind, believed that
exempting smaller systems would not negatively affect the health of small
community people because :
The THMs Regulation
a) The majority of smaller systems use groundwater as their source .
b) Small systems usually use less detention time and hence less
contact time .
c) Lack of required professional expertise to control the THMs and
the necessity of disinfection .
d) Small systems often use less chlorine .
16. Cleanup
There have been many attempts to eliminate
perchlorate contamination. Current
remediation technologies for perchlorate
have negative downsides of high costs and
difficulty in operation. Thus, there have
been interests in developing systems that
would offer economic and green alternatives.
17. Drinking water systems can reduce THM formation in
several ways. How to best treat and dispose of the
residual waste materials that result from wastewater
treatment processes (sewage sludge and domestic
septage, for example) is a hot topic in many small
communities. By managing these wastes as biosolids
in accordance with federal, state, and local
regulations, communities often can cost-effectively
recycle and beneficially apply these wastes to improve
soils or to rehabilitate land damaged by mining or
other industries
The THMs Reducing systems
18. Recommendations No.1
a) Reduce the organic material before hlorinating the water.
Treatment techniques, such as coagulation, sedimentation,
and filtration can remove most of the organic materials.
However, activated carbon can be used to remove greater
amounts of organic material than can be removed by other
techniques.
b) Optimize chlorine usage.
c) Change the point of chlorine addition in the treatment
series. If the point of chlorine addition is moved to a location
after sedimentation or filtration, THM production can be
reduced as these processes remove parts of the organic matter.
19. Recommendations No.2
d) Use alternative disinfection methods. Using a mixture
of chlorine and ammonia (chloramine) reduces THM
formation. Chloramine also disinfects, but doesn’t form
THMs. Ozone can be used along with chlorine and
chloramine. Chlorine dioxide is another alternative. The
combination of disinfectants not only reduces the
formation of THMs, but also maintains the residual
concentration in the distribution system. But changing
the disinfectant may alter the whole treatment process
and might affect the removal of other contaminants.
e) Other methods: These include filtration, aeration,
boiling, distillation, commercial home treatment systems
or filters, nanofiltration, activated . carbon filtering, or
leaving tap water standing in a pitcher in the fridge
overnight.