This document discusses trihalomethanes (THM) in drinking water in Phoenix, Arizona. It notes that the City of Phoenix has a goal of implementing "safe-yield" of its water sources by 2025 to balance groundwater withdrawals. It also discusses various water treatment plants and networks that aim to meet water demands. The document provides background on THM, which were first discovered in 1974 and regulated in 1979, and notes some health effects. It also discusses factors that influence THM levels and various mitigation techniques, such as using chloramines instead of chlorine to reduce THM formation.
The Effects of Pipe Material and Age on the Formation of Disinfection By – Pr...Marwan Haddad
This document describes a study on the effects of pipe material and age on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the Nablus water network in Palestine. Samples were taken from various locations in the network including sources, reservoirs, and the distribution system. The samples were analyzed for levels of trihalomethanes (THMs), a group of DBPs. The results showed that all but one sample had THM levels below the maximum contaminant levels set by the EPA and Palestinian standards, though one sample exceeded the EPA limit. The document provides background on water sources, treatment processes, the sampling plan and locations, analytical methods used to measure THMs, and a table of results.
This document summarizes research on the degradation of aquatic pollutants by sunlight and organic matter. Key findings include:
- Singlet oxygen produced indirectly by sunlight can degrade various pollutants like phenols and pharmaceuticals. The reaction rate depends on pH and water composition.
- Effluent from wastewater treatment plants contains organic matter that may degrade pollutants at higher rates than natural waters.
- Future work will focus on measuring reaction rates of singlet oxygen with pollutants in different waters, identifying degradation products, and comparing experimental and computed reaction rates.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
Assessment of physico chemical properties and sewage pollutionRaj111yqyqyq
1) The study analyzed physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of water samples from 8 locations along the River Gomti in Uttar Pradesh over different seasons and years.
2) Results showed the water quality was more polluted bacteriologically than chemically, with high levels of sewage indicator bacteria detected, revealing the water was microbiologically poor and unsafe.
3) The main causes of coliform pollution were identified as the total absence of wastewater treatment systems along the river and discharge of untreated industrial and domestic waste via drains.
This document summarizes a study that used solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect levels of bromoform (CHBr3) in municipal water supplies. A standard curve for CHBr3 was established using known concentrations. Water samples were then collected and analyzed using the curve to determine CHBr3 concentrations. The method achieved an R2 value of 0.99941, demonstrating high reproducibility. Future work could expand testing to other trihalomethanes and lower concentration levels to further ensure water safety.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the treatability of pharmaceuticals, PAHs, and pesticides during wet and dry weather flows at a wastewater treatment plant. During wet weather, higher masses of some pharmaceuticals and PAHs entered the plant, but significant reductions still occurred in secondary treatment. Hydraulic retention times and flow variations are being examined to further understand treatability. The document provides background on the targeted contaminants and describes their properties like solubility and sorption coefficients that influence treatability. It also describes the study site in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
The Effects of Pipe Material and Age on the Formation of Disinfection By – Pr...Marwan Haddad
This document describes a study on the effects of pipe material and age on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the Nablus water network in Palestine. Samples were taken from various locations in the network including sources, reservoirs, and the distribution system. The samples were analyzed for levels of trihalomethanes (THMs), a group of DBPs. The results showed that all but one sample had THM levels below the maximum contaminant levels set by the EPA and Palestinian standards, though one sample exceeded the EPA limit. The document provides background on water sources, treatment processes, the sampling plan and locations, analytical methods used to measure THMs, and a table of results.
This document summarizes research on the degradation of aquatic pollutants by sunlight and organic matter. Key findings include:
- Singlet oxygen produced indirectly by sunlight can degrade various pollutants like phenols and pharmaceuticals. The reaction rate depends on pH and water composition.
- Effluent from wastewater treatment plants contains organic matter that may degrade pollutants at higher rates than natural waters.
- Future work will focus on measuring reaction rates of singlet oxygen with pollutants in different waters, identifying degradation products, and comparing experimental and computed reaction rates.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
Assessment of physico chemical properties and sewage pollutionRaj111yqyqyq
1) The study analyzed physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of water samples from 8 locations along the River Gomti in Uttar Pradesh over different seasons and years.
2) Results showed the water quality was more polluted bacteriologically than chemically, with high levels of sewage indicator bacteria detected, revealing the water was microbiologically poor and unsafe.
3) The main causes of coliform pollution were identified as the total absence of wastewater treatment systems along the river and discharge of untreated industrial and domestic waste via drains.
This document summarizes a study that used solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect levels of bromoform (CHBr3) in municipal water supplies. A standard curve for CHBr3 was established using known concentrations. Water samples were then collected and analyzed using the curve to determine CHBr3 concentrations. The method achieved an R2 value of 0.99941, demonstrating high reproducibility. Future work could expand testing to other trihalomethanes and lower concentration levels to further ensure water safety.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the treatability of pharmaceuticals, PAHs, and pesticides during wet and dry weather flows at a wastewater treatment plant. During wet weather, higher masses of some pharmaceuticals and PAHs entered the plant, but significant reductions still occurred in secondary treatment. Hydraulic retention times and flow variations are being examined to further understand treatability. The document provides background on the targeted contaminants and describes their properties like solubility and sorption coefficients that influence treatability. It also describes the study site in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
Heavy metals like chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, and nickel were found to contaminate drinking water in Agra City, India. Chromium levels were highest, likely due to chrome tanning used in many local leather industries. Concentrations of chromium, copper, and lead exceeded permissible limits, posing health risks. Removing heavy metals using biotechnology methods like microorganisms that absorb metals was suggested to improve water quality and protect public health.
Gasoline station spillage its effect on ground waterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of gasoline station spillage on groundwater in Cagayan, Philippines. The study analyzed physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of groundwater samples from 17 gasoline stations. Key findings include: waste storage practices at stations were inadequate, with most disposing of waste improperly; total dissolved solids and other parameters like sulfate and chloride were within tolerable levels in most samples, though some exceeded standards; stations' groundwater generally contained traces of metals like iron and manganese. The study concluded spillage can be minimized if stations improve waste disposal practices.
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
Environmental Risks from bulk chlorine rev 4 3 16Nigel Harrison
This document summarizes an environmental risk assessment of potential chlorine releases from bulk storage installations at three Anglian Water treatment works. Six potential unmitigated accident scenarios were modeled and assessed as "Sub-MATTE", meaning they would not be considered major accidents to the environment. The assessment identified potential pathways between chlorine sources and environmental receptors. It determined severity levels and duration/recovery categories for receptors based on modeling and established tolerability thresholds. The document provides context on Anglian Water's COMAH regulations requirements and the chlorination systems. It outlines the accident scenarios modeled, including leak sizes and frequencies.
IUVA Paper UV OXidation for 1,4 Dioxane and BCEE removal at Artesian Water.Terrance (Terry) Keep
This document summarizes a treatability study conducted by Artesian Water Company to identify the most cost-effective treatment option for removing 1,4-dioxane from one of its wells. Three advanced oxidation process options were evaluated: UV-hydrogen peroxide using low pressure lamps, UV-hydrogen peroxide using medium pressure lamps, and ozone-hydrogen peroxide. Based on capital and operating costs, as well as non-economic factors, UV-hydrogen peroxide using low pressure lamps was selected as the recommended treatment option with an estimated 20-year present worth of $4.29 million.
This document provides information about groundwater contamination at the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It discusses the Air Force's efforts to investigate and treat 11 groundwater plumes and monitor additional areas through its Installation Restoration Program. While some exposure pathways have been eliminated by connecting residences to municipal water, the Air Force also tests private wells and ponds in the area for contamination. The primary health risk is from ingesting contaminated groundwater, but as long as exposure pathways are addressed, there is no risk to human health.
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in the bottom sediments and aquatic macrophytes of the River Nun at AmasomaAxises was investigated in December, 2017. This was done to establish the existing levels of TPH in the River in order to ascertain the degree of its threat to the environment. Benthic samples were collected close to the shore with the aid of a hand trowel and put in aluminum foils, while macrophyte samples were collected by hand pulling and transported in plastic bags for laboratory analysis. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excell® tool pack. Regression analysis was employed in order to determine the correlation between TPH in bottom sediments with that in plant tissues (leaf, stem and root). Analysis of variance was employed at the 95% confidence level to determine the degree of significance in interaction of TPH between sediments and macrophyte tissues and between macrophyte tissues (leaf, stem, and root). Duncan multiple range test was use to compare means. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated for TPH in order to estimate the absorption rate of TPH between sediments and plant tissues (leaf, stem and root). Results indicate that TPH were recorded in sediments and plant tissues. TPH concentrations were greater in plant tissues than in sediments. Concentration of TPH showed concentrations indicating that root> stem> leaf in most stations. The relationships between the TPH attributes indicated strong association between Leaves and stem (r2 = 0.92). Strong negative association was also observed between sediment and stem (r2 = -0.83) while sediment and leaves (r2 = -0.64) had moderate negative relationship. It can be concluded that the River Nun at AmasomaAxises is mildly polluted due to land based activities and therefore there is a need to enact water use regulatory ordinances to protect its ecology. Sediment organisms and plants are vital links to man in the food chain. This may portend danger in the future.
This document describes the development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to estimate the ecotoxicity of ionic liquids expressed as EC50 values for the bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The QSAR was developed using a training set of 96 data points for ionic liquids containing 9 different cations and 17 different anions. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to correlate molecular descriptor values with experimental and literature EC50 values. The resulting QSAR model can estimate ecotoxicity values for new ionic liquids in the range of log EC50 from -0.23 to 5.00 based on their molecular structure.
Application of Non-Thermal Plasma to the Treatment of Effluent Discharged Int...IJERA Editor
Most rivers in urban areas of developing countries are the destinations of effluents discharged from industries.
This is the case of River Choumlou (in Bafoussam-West Region, Cameroon) which receives all discharges from
“Brasseries du Cameroun”, Bafoussam branch. The objective of this work was to determine the level of organic
contaminants in water samples and to treat the polluted samples using the non-thermal gliding arc plasma. Nonthermal
plasma consists of charged particles, radicals and excited molecules. The aim was to show the interest
of such a process for cleaning up of surface waters (real effluent) and to cope with the protection of our
environment. Due to the fact that pollution of streams and rivers from the discharge of sewage and industrial
wastes poses a major problem to the environment, the researchers were particularly interested in investigating
the oxidizing and acidifying properties of non-thermal plasma on polluted surface water. Samples were
collected upstream and downstream from the brewery’s effluent outlet. Samples taken at the point R1
(downstream) were first analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods in order to determine the
organoleptic, physico-chemical and organic parameters. These samples were then exposed to the gliding
discharge in humid air for a time period of between 3-30 minutes. After 30 minutes of exposure, a decrease in
turbidity (24.09%), BOD5 (44.93%) and COD (48.92%) were observed resulting in transparency apparition;
with a decrease in pH (7.9 to 3) due to the formation of acidifying species in solution. These results reflect a
considerable reduction in the pollution load of the water collected at R1. This work shows that the effectiveness
of the Gliding Arc in wastewater treatment is attributed to the oxidizing power of the hydroxyl radical and
acidifying power of the nitrogen monoxide radical formed in the plasma. Despite the low rate of reduction of
COD and BOD5 in 30 min, it can be said that the plasma alone and post-discharge phenomenon (without
catalyst or coupling) allows a good reduction of surface water by reducing effectively and appropriately organic
matter.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
This document summarizes a study on the effect of increasing sewage waste on microbe populations in the River Yamuna in India. Water quality parameters like BOD, ammonia, chlorides and sulphates indicated high levels of organic pollution, especially at sites downstream from urban and industrial areas. Populations of coliform bacteria and algae like Ulothrix, which thrive in polluted conditions, were highest where pollution loads were also highest. In contrast, populations of microbes like Paramecium, Difflugia and Cyclops declined significantly with increasing pollution, especially during summer months when pollution concentrations were highest due to lower water levels. The results suggest heavy pollution is negatively impacting the river's ecological balance.
The document discusses elevated levels of ammonia in drinking water sources in parts of the United States, including Iowa. While ammonia itself is not harmful, its conversion to nitrite and nitrate through nitrification can cause water quality issues. An innovative biological treatment process was developed using a patented aeration contactor design. A pilot study of this process in Palo, Iowa successfully reduced ammonia levels from an average of 3.3 mg/L to nondetectable levels. This led to the construction of a full-scale treatment plant in Palo to document the process. The plant includes monitoring and additions of phosphate to enhance biological activity based on pilot study results.
This study evaluated the potential impacts of recycling filter backwash water (FBWW) on coagulation chemistry. Three bench-scale processes were tested: no recycle, recycle of untreated FBWW, and recycle of alum-treated FBWW. Preliminary results showed enhanced removal of organic materials like total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, UV-254, and turbidity as the percentage of FBWW recycle increased. Zeta potentials at constant coagulant dosages indicated unique trends for each source water, suggesting removal mechanisms beyond just charge neutralization. Improved flocculation and sedimentation were also observed, possibly due to increased bonding sites from introduced FBWW during coagulation. Further analysis of specific water quality parameters and
This document provides an overview of a project assessing natural organic matter (NOM) and ptaquiloside levels in Irish drinking waters. The project aims to map high risk catchments, monitor selected catchments, estimate NOM and ptaquiloside concentrations, assess risks to humans, and develop recommendations. Study sites were selected in areas with bracken, high rainfall, peat soils, and vulnerable groundwater. Water samples are being collected and analyzed for NOM, nutrients, and disinfection byproducts. The document discusses initial sampling results and monitoring programs at selected public water supplies and group water schemes experiencing trihalomethane exceedances.
This study analyzed the chemical characteristics of wastewater from five collectors in an urban area in Romania over a two-week period. Samples were tested for organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, nutrients, pH, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, aluminum, iron, and cadmium using standard analytical methods. The results showed that wastewater quality varied between sites and depended on whether the source was domestic, industrial, or mixed. Correlation analysis identified relationships between pollutant concentrations that could help select appropriate wastewater treatment methods for each site.
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70-100% were achieved for most contaminants at a chelator to metal ion ratio of 4:1 after 1 hour of treatment.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrates
Gasoline station spillage its effect on ground waterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of gasoline station spillage on groundwater in Cagayan, Philippines. The study analyzed physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of groundwater samples from 17 gasoline stations. Key findings include: waste storage practices at stations were inadequate, with most disposing of waste improperly; total dissolved solids and other parameters like sulfate and chloride were within tolerable levels in most samples, though some exceeded standards; stations' groundwater generally contained traces of metals like iron and manganese. The study concluded spillage can be minimized if stations improve waste disposal practices.
1. Three wastewater samples from unconventional drilling operations in West Texas were analyzed using various analytical techniques including GC-MS, ICP-OES, HPLC-HRMS, IC, and tests for TOC/TN, conductivity, and pH.
2. Several compounds known to be components of hydraulic fracturing fluid were detected in two of the wastewater samples, including 2-butoxyethanol, alkyl amines, and cocamide diethanolamines, toluene, and o-xylene.
3. Proper management of the large volumes of wastewater generated from unconventional drilling operations will be important due to both the quantity and variable quality of the wastew
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
Environmental Risks from bulk chlorine rev 4 3 16Nigel Harrison
This document summarizes an environmental risk assessment of potential chlorine releases from bulk storage installations at three Anglian Water treatment works. Six potential unmitigated accident scenarios were modeled and assessed as "Sub-MATTE", meaning they would not be considered major accidents to the environment. The assessment identified potential pathways between chlorine sources and environmental receptors. It determined severity levels and duration/recovery categories for receptors based on modeling and established tolerability thresholds. The document provides context on Anglian Water's COMAH regulations requirements and the chlorination systems. It outlines the accident scenarios modeled, including leak sizes and frequencies.
IUVA Paper UV OXidation for 1,4 Dioxane and BCEE removal at Artesian Water.Terrance (Terry) Keep
This document summarizes a treatability study conducted by Artesian Water Company to identify the most cost-effective treatment option for removing 1,4-dioxane from one of its wells. Three advanced oxidation process options were evaluated: UV-hydrogen peroxide using low pressure lamps, UV-hydrogen peroxide using medium pressure lamps, and ozone-hydrogen peroxide. Based on capital and operating costs, as well as non-economic factors, UV-hydrogen peroxide using low pressure lamps was selected as the recommended treatment option with an estimated 20-year present worth of $4.29 million.
This document provides information about groundwater contamination at the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR) in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. It discusses the Air Force's efforts to investigate and treat 11 groundwater plumes and monitor additional areas through its Installation Restoration Program. While some exposure pathways have been eliminated by connecting residences to municipal water, the Air Force also tests private wells and ponds in the area for contamination. The primary health risk is from ingesting contaminated groundwater, but as long as exposure pathways are addressed, there is no risk to human health.
This study analyzed nutrient and bacterial concentrations in Bowne Park Pond over time. Algal blooms were previously observed, indicating potential eutrophication. Water samples were tested for nutrients and bacteria using various methods. Results showed high nutrient levels, likely due to surface runoff during heavy rainfall. Total coliform levels increased from 18 to 24 hours of incubation. Enterococcus levels remained relatively constant, suggesting it may be a more stable indicator of contamination than E. coli or total coliform. Future studies are needed to determine if the pond is prone to eutrophication, and if remedial actions are required to protect the marine habitat and public.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in the bottom sediments and aquatic macrophytes of the River Nun at AmasomaAxises was investigated in December, 2017. This was done to establish the existing levels of TPH in the River in order to ascertain the degree of its threat to the environment. Benthic samples were collected close to the shore with the aid of a hand trowel and put in aluminum foils, while macrophyte samples were collected by hand pulling and transported in plastic bags for laboratory analysis. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Microsoft Excell® tool pack. Regression analysis was employed in order to determine the correlation between TPH in bottom sediments with that in plant tissues (leaf, stem and root). Analysis of variance was employed at the 95% confidence level to determine the degree of significance in interaction of TPH between sediments and macrophyte tissues and between macrophyte tissues (leaf, stem, and root). Duncan multiple range test was use to compare means. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated for TPH in order to estimate the absorption rate of TPH between sediments and plant tissues (leaf, stem and root). Results indicate that TPH were recorded in sediments and plant tissues. TPH concentrations were greater in plant tissues than in sediments. Concentration of TPH showed concentrations indicating that root> stem> leaf in most stations. The relationships between the TPH attributes indicated strong association between Leaves and stem (r2 = 0.92). Strong negative association was also observed between sediment and stem (r2 = -0.83) while sediment and leaves (r2 = -0.64) had moderate negative relationship. It can be concluded that the River Nun at AmasomaAxises is mildly polluted due to land based activities and therefore there is a need to enact water use regulatory ordinances to protect its ecology. Sediment organisms and plants are vital links to man in the food chain. This may portend danger in the future.
This document describes the development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model to estimate the ecotoxicity of ionic liquids expressed as EC50 values for the bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The QSAR was developed using a training set of 96 data points for ionic liquids containing 9 different cations and 17 different anions. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to correlate molecular descriptor values with experimental and literature EC50 values. The resulting QSAR model can estimate ecotoxicity values for new ionic liquids in the range of log EC50 from -0.23 to 5.00 based on their molecular structure.
Application of Non-Thermal Plasma to the Treatment of Effluent Discharged Int...IJERA Editor
Most rivers in urban areas of developing countries are the destinations of effluents discharged from industries.
This is the case of River Choumlou (in Bafoussam-West Region, Cameroon) which receives all discharges from
“Brasseries du Cameroun”, Bafoussam branch. The objective of this work was to determine the level of organic
contaminants in water samples and to treat the polluted samples using the non-thermal gliding arc plasma. Nonthermal
plasma consists of charged particles, radicals and excited molecules. The aim was to show the interest
of such a process for cleaning up of surface waters (real effluent) and to cope with the protection of our
environment. Due to the fact that pollution of streams and rivers from the discharge of sewage and industrial
wastes poses a major problem to the environment, the researchers were particularly interested in investigating
the oxidizing and acidifying properties of non-thermal plasma on polluted surface water. Samples were
collected upstream and downstream from the brewery’s effluent outlet. Samples taken at the point R1
(downstream) were first analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods in order to determine the
organoleptic, physico-chemical and organic parameters. These samples were then exposed to the gliding
discharge in humid air for a time period of between 3-30 minutes. After 30 minutes of exposure, a decrease in
turbidity (24.09%), BOD5 (44.93%) and COD (48.92%) were observed resulting in transparency apparition;
with a decrease in pH (7.9 to 3) due to the formation of acidifying species in solution. These results reflect a
considerable reduction in the pollution load of the water collected at R1. This work shows that the effectiveness
of the Gliding Arc in wastewater treatment is attributed to the oxidizing power of the hydroxyl radical and
acidifying power of the nitrogen monoxide radical formed in the plasma. Despite the low rate of reduction of
COD and BOD5 in 30 min, it can be said that the plasma alone and post-discharge phenomenon (without
catalyst or coupling) allows a good reduction of surface water by reducing effectively and appropriately organic
matter.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed the concentration of nitrates in drinking water distribution systems in Kashan County, Iran. Water samples were taken from 25 sampling points in Kashan and 6 surrounding towns. The average nitrate concentration was found to be 17.5 mg/L, with a maximum of 27.4 mg/L and minimum of 9.5 mg/L. 68% of samples had nitrate concentrations below 20 mg/L, which is considered slightly contaminated, while 32% were between 20-45 mg/L, considered contaminated. No samples exceeded the WHO guideline of 45 mg/L. However, nitrate levels have been increasing over the past decade and continued agricultural and industrial activity could further drive up
This document summarizes a study on the effect of increasing sewage waste on microbe populations in the River Yamuna in India. Water quality parameters like BOD, ammonia, chlorides and sulphates indicated high levels of organic pollution, especially at sites downstream from urban and industrial areas. Populations of coliform bacteria and algae like Ulothrix, which thrive in polluted conditions, were highest where pollution loads were also highest. In contrast, populations of microbes like Paramecium, Difflugia and Cyclops declined significantly with increasing pollution, especially during summer months when pollution concentrations were highest due to lower water levels. The results suggest heavy pollution is negatively impacting the river's ecological balance.
The document discusses elevated levels of ammonia in drinking water sources in parts of the United States, including Iowa. While ammonia itself is not harmful, its conversion to nitrite and nitrate through nitrification can cause water quality issues. An innovative biological treatment process was developed using a patented aeration contactor design. A pilot study of this process in Palo, Iowa successfully reduced ammonia levels from an average of 3.3 mg/L to nondetectable levels. This led to the construction of a full-scale treatment plant in Palo to document the process. The plant includes monitoring and additions of phosphate to enhance biological activity based on pilot study results.
This study evaluated the potential impacts of recycling filter backwash water (FBWW) on coagulation chemistry. Three bench-scale processes were tested: no recycle, recycle of untreated FBWW, and recycle of alum-treated FBWW. Preliminary results showed enhanced removal of organic materials like total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, UV-254, and turbidity as the percentage of FBWW recycle increased. Zeta potentials at constant coagulant dosages indicated unique trends for each source water, suggesting removal mechanisms beyond just charge neutralization. Improved flocculation and sedimentation were also observed, possibly due to increased bonding sites from introduced FBWW during coagulation. Further analysis of specific water quality parameters and
This document provides an overview of a project assessing natural organic matter (NOM) and ptaquiloside levels in Irish drinking waters. The project aims to map high risk catchments, monitor selected catchments, estimate NOM and ptaquiloside concentrations, assess risks to humans, and develop recommendations. Study sites were selected in areas with bracken, high rainfall, peat soils, and vulnerable groundwater. Water samples are being collected and analyzed for NOM, nutrients, and disinfection byproducts. The document discusses initial sampling results and monitoring programs at selected public water supplies and group water schemes experiencing trihalomethane exceedances.
This study analyzed the chemical characteristics of wastewater from five collectors in an urban area in Romania over a two-week period. Samples were tested for organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, nutrients, pH, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, aluminum, iron, and cadmium using standard analytical methods. The results showed that wastewater quality varied between sites and depended on whether the source was domestic, industrial, or mixed. Correlation analysis identified relationships between pollutant concentrations that could help select appropriate wastewater treatment methods for each site.
Comparative Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals of Public...iosrjce
The study examined the physicochemical and heavy metal analysis of municipal water supply along
the distribution channels from source (raw water) to end user points of Kaduna metropolis. Water samples were
collected from the raw water sources of the treatment plants in the metropolis (Malali and Barnawa water
works), treated water from the treatment plant reservoirs, the three booster stations (Kawo, Lugard Hall and
Tudun Wada) and randomly from residential areas which includes; Malali, Barnawa, Tudun Wada, Marafa,
Kabala costain, Badiko, Kurmin Mashi and UnguwanSunusi area of the metropolis. The samples were analyzed
for pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium
hardness, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, DO, BOD, COD, iron and free CO2 using standard procedure described
by American public Health Association(APHA),heavy metals such as chromium, lead, nickel, copper and
cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy, The result obtained was compared with the
WHO and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria(SON). pH and
turbidity of all samples from raw water to treated water delivered to end users with mean values of pH of 5.67
for raw water and a range of 4.48-4.60 for treated water all falls above the permissible limit of 6.5-8.5, turbidity
values of 1883NTU for raw water and a range of 11.60-41.36NTU for treated water all falls above the
permissible limit of 5NTU for portable water other parameters were all within the standard limit, copper and
iron were detected in all samples but within the permissible limit ,lead ,chromium, nickel and cadmium were
above maximum permissible in all samples analyzed
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70-100% were achieved for most contaminants at a chelator to metal ion ratio of 4:1 after 1 hour of treatment.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrates
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
This document summarizes a study on using a modified downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor to remove toxic chemicals and biological pollutants from groundwater wells. Key findings include:
1) The DHS reactor was effective at removing various heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), nitrates, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliform bacteria from groundwater when used with an organic chelator.
2) Higher removal efficiencies of over 70% were achieved for most contaminants when using a 1:1 molar ratio of chelator to metal ions.
3) The DHS reactor also provided over 70% removal of nitrogen as nitrates and nit
This document discusses water quality monitoring and modeling. It covers the importance of monitoring to assess pollution levels, compare them to standards, and evaluate protection measures. Effective monitoring programs are designed to answer questions about adverse effects, environmental levels exceeding limits, trends in levels, and how far above background levels have risen. Chemical monitoring of water quality has advantages over biological monitoring like producing quantitative data and enabling frequent automated sampling. Water quality models have developed since the 1930s to simulate oxygen levels, incorporate other processes, and relate chemical and biological parameters to environmental variables. Nutrient models predict mass flows based on point and non-point sources and biological uptake.
Endophyte Assisted Phytoremediation of TCE and Derivatives Using Hybrid Popla...Steve Williams
This document summarizes a study on using hybrid poplar trees and their associated endophytic microbes to remediate trichloroethylene (TCE) and derivatives from contaminated groundwater. Researchers screened poplar endophytes and identified one that could degrade TCE into chloride ions. Field tests showed poplar trees inoculated with this endophyte had higher chloride levels in soil, indicating TCE degradation, compared to uninoculated trees. Monitoring wells near inoculated tree plots also showed decreasing TCE and PCE levels over time, demonstrating the endophyte-assisted phytoremediation approach.
Scope Of Work For The Four Mile Run Watershed Management...Haley Johnson
The document discusses water pollution in the Four Mile Run watershed in Northern Virginia. It notes that the watershed is heavily urbanized, replacing natural streams with storm sewers. This causes increased and faster surface runoff, which can cause flooding. The Northern Virginia Regional Commission supports local jurisdictions with flood control and drainage analyses. This includes flood frequency analyses and hydraulic modeling. The Four Mile Run Computer Model is used to simulate watershed hydrology and impacts of development on stormwater runoff and flooding.
The document summarizes research on using bromine to treat ballast water on ships as an alternative to chlorine. Bromine at 10 ppm was found to effectively prevent bacterial growth and inhibit phytoplankton photosynthesis, while having less detrimental environmental effects than higher concentrations or chlorine. While sodium thiosulfate seemed to neutralize bromine's effect on bacteria, it did not do so for phytoplankton. More research is still needed but bromine shows promise as an environmentally-friendly ballast water treatment.
The document discusses chloramination as a method for disinfection in drinking water treatment. It describes how chloramination works and the key parameters to monitor for process control. The most reliable method for chloramination control is to monitor both monochloramine concentration as the target disinfectant, as well as free and total ammonia levels. Other parameters like free chlorine can provide supplementary information but are not the primary focus. Close monitoring and control of chloramination is important to maintain water quality and avoid issues in the distribution system.
This presentation discusses the measurement of PFCs in drinking and tap water using LC-MS/MS. As contaminants of emerging concern, research on PFCs is ongoing to determine the impacts of these materials on human health and the environment. Perfluorinated compounds can be effectively and quickly measured directly from surface and drinking water using a modified configuration of the LCMS-8050. For more information, go to ssi.shimadzu.com and follow Shimadzu on Twitter @ShimadzuSSI. Thanks for viewing.
This document summarizes four references related to the impacts of fracking on communities and livestock.
The first reference discusses how fracking fluid injections can potentially contaminate underground aquifers through natural gas pathways. Simulation models show risks can be reduced through subsurface mapping, setback distances from faults, monitoring wells, and verifying properties post-fracking.
The second reference outlines ecological risks like surface water impacts from pollutants released during fracking construction. Activities may profoundly affect regions' ecosystems and organisms.
The third reference examines impacts on drinking water in Germany. It finds varying amounts of fracking fluid can contaminate water from accidents, but dilutions are usually below health limits. Data on impacts to
The document describes a study that aims to develop a green chemistry method for removing pollutants from aqueous or non-aqueous solutions using an aminopolycarboxylic acid. Specifically, the study involves synthesizing 3,3',3''-Nitrilotripropionic acid (NTP) from acrylic acid and β-Alanine using Michael Addition, and determining the stoichiometric ratio of NTP coordinating to Cupric chloride in a non-aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide medium using Job's Method of continuous variation. Analysis of absorption spectra at varying metal-ligand ratios showed a distinct peak emerging at a ratio of 1:9, providing a starting point for further optimization to determine the exact stoichi
This document evaluates the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ozone for disinfecting primary municipal wastewater effluents. Experiments tested different ozone concentrations and UV fluencies at varying pH levels. Ozone doses near 20 mg/min achieved 72-78% removal of fecal and total coliforms, and removed up to 36% of chemical oxygen demand (COD). UV achieved over 80% inactivation of bacteria. Both treatments were most effective against bacteria at pH levels other than 7. UV treatment had lower energy requirements than ozone treatment. The study demonstrates the potential for UV and ozone processes to generate safely reusable or releasable effluents from primary wastewater treatment.
Christmas Møller 2015. Modelling antibiotics transport in a waste stabilizati...Cathrine Christmas M
The document presents a dynamic model developed using STELLA software to describe the removal of antibiotics through a waste stabilization pond (WSP) system in Morogoro, Tanzania. The model simulates the removal of four antibiotics - trimethoprim, metronidazole, sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin - through processes like settling, outlet flow, hydrolysis, and photolysis. The model was calibrated using measured concentrations of trimethoprim in the dry season and validated against measurements in the rainy season, showing good agreement. A second validation against measurements of all four antibiotics showed some differences but identified settling and outlet flow as major removal processes for trimethoprim and sulfamethox
This document summarizes a study that assessed the ecological impacts of urban runoff from two catchments on receiving aquatic ecosystems using local periphyton communities. Periphyton were colonized for 2 weeks in rivers receiving runoff and in a non-receiving upstream reference site. The receiving communities were evaluated for photosynthetic efficiency and tolerance to copper, identified as a significant runoff stressor. The hypothesis tested was that runoff degrades communities by making them more sensitive to runoff stressors. Results indicated higher copper tolerance than water quality guidelines, showing the value of using local communities for site-specific ecological risk assessment of runoff impacts.
Long Island relies solely on groundwater for drinking water. Contamination from improper disposal of household hazardous waste and excess nutrients like nitrogen are negatively impacting water quality. Nitrogen levels are rising in all aquifers due to septic systems, sewage treatment plants, fertilizers, and agriculture. Common contaminants detected include volatile organic chemicals, MTBE, and pesticides. Over 100 pesticides have been found in drinking water wells. The top three pesticides detected are imidacloprid, atrazine, and metalaxyl. Pharmaceutical drugs are also emerging contaminants being detected in surface and groundwater. Proper disposal of wastes and reduction of hazardous chemicals is needed to protect Long Island's sole source aqu
This document summarizes the use of in situ chemical reduction (ISCR)-enhanced bioremediation to treat trichloroethylene (TCE) contamination at an industrial site in Portland, Oregon. TCE and manufactured gas plant (MGP) waste are present in the subsurface. An injection system using emulsified zero-valent iron and bacteria was installed to desorb TCE from MGP dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) and promote biological degradation. Monitoring shows TCE concentrations decreased in both groundwater and MGP DNAPL samples. Analysis using an effective solubility model indicates TCE has been removed from the non-aqueous phase through dissolution, consistent with the remediation goal
Bacteria & viral indicator contamination of stormwater - a multi-watershed studyTom Mahin
This document summarizes a study that analyzed stormwater samples from 18 locations across 4 watersheds in Massachusetts. A total of 131 samples were collected during 4 storm events and analyzed for various bacterial and viral indicators as well as water chemistry parameters. The results showed that enterococci levels were much higher than E. coli levels. Bacterial indicators correlated with each other but not with viral indicators. Viral indicators also did not correlate with water chemistry or land use. The study aimed to help prioritize stormwater enforcement and remediation efforts.
This document summarizes information about trichloroethylene (TCE) contamination of soil and groundwater. It discusses the physical and chemical properties of TCE that influence its behavior in the subsurface environment, including its density higher than water, low water solubility, and low soil organic carbon partitioning coefficient. These properties cause TCE to sink below the water table as dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) pools and plumes, making it difficult to remove with conventional pump and treat methods. The document also reviews reaction mechanisms for TCE such as oxidation, reduction, and dehalohydrolysis that are relevant to remediation technologies.
1. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
1
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
Disinfection By-Products Trihalomethanes in the City of Phoenix
CHCl3 CHBr3 CHBr2CL CHBrCL2
Abstract
Knowledge on the generallandscapeofCity of Phoenix “safe-yield” goals that will entail six treatment
plants and ultimately the regulation of disinfectant by products (DBPs) in the formation of trihalomethanes
(THM). Quantitative information is important in determining the maximum contaminantlevel (MCL)in
orderto follow the EPA Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Product Rule. This rule is notso “area-
specific” to the level of THM’s in a particular geographic area,butpopulation dependentas too much
ingestion can have mutagenic effects. The fate of THM and degradation pathways indicate mostly
volatization and half-life of >1 to 65 days in water with persistence of chloroform being highestand
bromoform lowest. Comparative studies in Haiti and Westminster emphasize the use of chloramines
instead of chlorines to result in free radicals. Modeling effective routes of mitigation have eliminated
ozonation to be limited to use in aquifers for recharged water.While redox conditions can suggestthe
bromination of THM’s, bromine substitution is bestused in treating seawater desalination. Energy-
intensive mitigation techniques are currenttechnology in such examples ofgranularactivated carbon,
aeration and biofilters. The promising newertechnologyis a greenerapproach thatuses solarpowered
mixing reducing THM levels to 71 ug/L to 46 ug/L.
2. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
2
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
The water managementplan in the Phoenix Sonoran Desertincorporate an area of 546 square miles.
Since there is an average precipitation of less than 8 inches peryear, Phoenix is noted as an area in a
consistentstate of drought.The landscape formanaging wateris extremely crucial and founded in
massive-scale facilities for storage and distribution projects that fall within the scope ofenvironmental
regulations for the Phoenix Active ManagementArea (just one of the several water planning and
regulating areas that follow the 1980 GroundwaterCode). According to the City of Phoenix water services
site, the goalis to implement“safe-yield” by 2025 by balancing groundwaterwithdrawals with recharged
water from aquifers. GroundwaterWells, Reclaimed WaterUtilization, 6000 miles of water mains over the
network of six treatment plants will facilitate to meetthe maximum daywater demands.Maximum peak
hourdemands are addressedthrough reservoirs,boosterstations, and pressure reducing valves to
provide emergencycapacity. Conservation requirements underthe GroundwaterCode are enforceable in
a series of five managementplans where proactive measures in the Arizona Assured Water Supply
(AWS) Rules became effective in 1995 to demonstrate 100 years of renewable water supplyfor
development. Table 1-1 provides the currentcapacities of the six treatment plants. (Water Services Site,
City of Phoenix,2011)
3. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
3
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
Table 1-1.
Facility Verde ValVista DeerValley 24th Street Union Hills Lake Pleasant Wells
CurrentCapacity (mgd) 50 130 150 140 160 80 28
Total mgd 739
It is noteworthy to considerthat water and sustainability are still considered critical now yet also in the
future with newertechnologies as the ecologyof commerce evolves since historical roots. Considerthe
following excerpt:
“The first documented drinking watertreatment can be found in Egyptian hieroglyphics,describing
procedures to purify water. The basic principles were the same then as they are today: boiling, chemical
treatment, and filtration were recommended treatments [Calderon,2000].”(Lantagne,2001).
Trihalomethanes (THM’s ) were first discovered in 1974.Manystudies were conducted in the 1970s;
THMS’s were the first of disinfection by-productDBP’s , it was thus regulated on Nov. 29, 1979 and limits
were established. THM are carcinogenic and can causeadverse pregnancyoutcomes.(Farren,2003).
4. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
4
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
Mutagenic activity was associated with an array of halogenated compounds and thus,spurred research of
35 waste treatment centers THM’s accounted for 50%on a weigh basis,25% accounted for haloacetics,
and aldehydes accounted for 7%. (Lily et al, 1997) According to the EPA website, some people who drink
water containing total trihalomethanes in excess ofthe MCL over manyyears could experience liver,
kidney, or central nervous system problems and increased risk ofcancer.
Therefore, with this background setfor newdevelopment,inevitably among all the removalof
environmentalcontaminants, trihalomethanes (THM) even moreso than haloacetic acids (HAAS) remain
a perpetualconcern as a result of disinfection byproducts, namely chlorine that has been added to prior to
discharge treat organic matter. Thus, heavily chlorinated to subsequentlydechlorinated.Organic
requirements of The Safe Water Drinking Act (SWDA) passed in 1987 is the same for surface water and
groundwater,and thus stringent requirements are imposed on drinking water standard revisions. Total
organic halide (TOX) is a speciation of THM )that can fluctuate by water quality and disinfection
conditions, yet the four trihalomethanes of concern are trichloromethane,bromoform,
bromodichloromethane,dibromochloromethane.
THM is related to non-pointsources,such as urban and land use;However,pointsources such as septic
systems are also associated with THM. These sources are more anthropogenic in nature. Eighty parts per
billion is the maximum contaminantlevel (MCL) allowed yet levels can vary with the water temperature,
5. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
5
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
pointof chlorination,seasonalwater supply,higherhumic acid concentration,higherpH (increase),higher
temperature, quantity of chlorine added,pointof chlorination,time in distribution system and other
treatment factors. (Latagne,2001) Rates of attenuation in THM can be used to determine reduction,yet
this method is highly dependenton geochemicalenvironments such aquiferstorage and recovery (ASR)
such as in the example of a reclaimed water ASR in South Australia (Pavelic, 2005).
This is a concentration limit that has been lowered significantly in the City of Phoenix.Generally, where
there is a high organic matter content, such as rivers and lakes,THM’s are generallyhighestin its use
towards 1)surface water that contains microbiologicalorganisms 2)treated water that has left the plantvia
main water pipes. (Dion, 2009). Chlorination is necessaryto preventoutbreak of waterborne diseases
such as cholera and typhoid fever, therefore the risks of outbreak without properdisinfection far outweigh
the risks from THM. It is difficult to find a particular point-source ofTHM, as pipelines extend along the
breadth of the city and thus a pointof chlorination can exist at the final destination, yet urban areas can
include such lands originally used for nitrate removal i.e. Tres Rios Wetland at 91st WWTP.
Although much is known aboutthe disinfection process,much less knowis the fate of THM’s. THM half-
lives varied from <1 to 65 days with the result of cholorform at its highestand bromoform at its lowest.
(Pavelic, 2005) Degradation pathways include nitrifying biofilters, bromine substitution, granularactivated
carbon and cometabolism. .(Pavelic, 2005) The EPA has set its standards for WTP’s systematically (80
6. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
6
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
parts per billion) according to the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products Rule in 2003.Stage 2
Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products in 2006 promulgated a minorcorrection in the method of analysis of
taking dualsample sets every 90 days in water systems serving 500 – 9,999 for compliance.
. Nitrosomonas europaea is an ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in biofilters that in batch culture
cometabalized. (Wahman,2005).Cometabolism is the simultaneous degradation oftwo compounds
where the secondarysubstrate is dependentupon the first; Subsequently, an enzyme can oxidize
pollutants such as chlorinated solvents and be used as a biologicalapproach to degradation ofhazardous
solvents. (Wahman,2011).
Comparative studies with an experimentin WorcesterPolytechnic Institute in December2001 madethe
following observation that chloroform was four times higherthe bromodichloromethane.(Latagne,2001).
The resulting conclusion in reducing THM is based on the latter measurable conditions and indicate that
using chloramines instead offree chlorines is more effective. Hence,in Haiti, trihalomethane formation in
rural household waterfiltration systems began concluding thatonly chloroform concentrations are
important; In addition, methods in Haiti also concluded thatsuch methods as bromine substitution were
more applicable in seawater.It was found that bromide is found in ocean waters nearthe ocean,and
therefore bromine is a more effective halogen substituting agentand can increase total THM yield in the
7. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
7
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
desalination process.(Baribeau etal,2006) Furthermore,granularactivated carbon is a common to filter
THM adsorption of CHBrCL2 and CHBr2Cl were higherthan cholorform. (Dion, 1997)
Mitigation practices for THM can include ozonation,sprayaeration, and Solar Bee mixers that eliminate
short-circuiting and thermal stratification while ensuring uniform distribution of disinfectant. Nevertheless,
ozonation is rarely used exceptin aquifer recharge,and mostgroundwaterrecharge is done with
chlorination. Furthermore,total organic halide (TOX) is a speciation of disinfection-by-products and
nonvolatile, whereas THM volatize. Neither active norpassive sampling apply. DBP’s Treatment of THM’s
involve reducing chlorine through enhanced coagulation,increasing the rate of coagulants such as ferric
instead of alum coagulants,and decreasing Ph levels to a 4 or 5, and reverse osmosis. (G.A Boorman,
1993)
New technologyis evidentin Yuma’s potable water storage tanks of 3MG. The tanks also serve as
colorful murals in the locallandscape.Located in an isolated
FIG. 1
8. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
8
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
area,the tanks are unique and creatve in the green approach thatthey are solar. Circulating tank water
allows the average concentration to drop from 21ug/L to 46ug/L.
In summary, the potential to have an average concentration of 46 ug/L in the MCL of THM through a
sustainable endeavorsuch as the Solar Bees creates an evolutionary example ofengineering through
renewable energysources thatcould satisfy cost- effective solutions in the future. Environomics discusses
the “economyof the environment”that could potentially eliminate pastmitigation techniques such as in
this example in Yuma to reduce THM’s with newertechnology. While this is experimental,current
mitigation techniques have been refined with granularactivated carbon and sprayaerators.Insofar,
aeration removalrates are 99.5 % in posttreatment of THM . Chlorine contactbasins,storage tanks,
redesign in influent piping and adding a spray nozzle system are the mostcost-effective currently. In
conclusion, much is known and published aboutTHM to meet EPA standards (Stage 2) in its reduction
and control, degradation pathway (volatization), a half-life of up to 65 years, and the propensity to use
chloramine instead of chlorination. Therefore, it will be interesting and noteworthy to “by-pass” such
energy-intensive mitigation techniques and pilot-testing assessments.Above all, Solar Bees are also
“picture perfect” artwork.
9. Lauren Overman
CHM 302 Spring 2015
Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
9
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
REFERENCES:
Baribeau,H., Boulos,L., Haileselassi, H., Crozes,G., Singer, P.C., Nichols, C., Schlesinger,S.A., Gullick,
R.A., Williams, S.L., Williams, R.L., Fountleroy, L., Andrews S.A. and Moffat, E. (2006).Formation and
Decay of Disinfection Byproducts in the Distribution System, AWWARF #2770
Brooke,Ethan; Collins, M. Robin. ( October 2011)Posttreament Aeration to Reduce THM. Journal-
American WaterWorks Association, v. 103 (10)84-86.
Dion-Fortier Al, Rodrigeuz MJ, Serodes J, Proulx F. (April 2009)Impact of water stagnation in residential
cold and hot water plumbing on concentrations of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. WaterRes.Jul; v.
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Lantagne,DanielS.(2001). Trihalomethane Formation in RuralHousehold WaterFiltration.
Massachusetts Institute Technology,DepartmentofCivil and EnvironmentalEngineering, 43-46.
Lilly, D., Patrick, Ross, M., Pegram,Rex., (1997).Trihalomethane Comparitive Toxicity: Acute Renaland
Hepatic Toxicity of Chloroform and BromodicholoromethaneFollowing Aqueous Gavage.Fundamental
and Applied Toxicology, v.40,101-110
Pavelic P, Nicholson BC, Dillon PJ, Barry KE. (2005).Fate of disinfection by-products in groundwater
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10. Lauren Overman
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Term Paper
Trihalomethanes
10
Arizona State University West Lauren O.
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