This document discusses different types of solids found in environmental samples and their measurement. It defines total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, volatile solids, and fixed solids. Key points include: total solids are all solids in a sample, total suspended solids are filterable, total dissolved solids pass through a filter, and volatile solids are lost during ignition while fixed solids remain. The document provides methods for measuring total suspended solids, including filtration, drying, ignition, and calculations. It also discusses the environmental significance of different solids measurements.

1. SOLIDS ANALYSIS
LEC -4 FEB 27/2018

2. Total Solids
Total Dissolved SolidsTDS
TS
Total Suspended SolidsTSS
FSS
VSS
Fixed S.S.
Volatile S.S.
Filtration
filtrate retained matter
ignition
METHODS SOLIDSTREATMENT

3. WHAT ARETHE SOLIDS ARE?
In environmental engineering, solids are measured in:
Drinking water
Polluted water
Domestic and industrial wastewater
Sludge's produced in treatment processes

4. SOLIDS CLASSIFICATION
 Total Solids (TS) :All solids in water sample
 Total Suspended Solids (TSS): The amount of filterable solids in a water
sample, filters are dried and weighed.
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): nonfilter able solids that pass through a filter
with a pore size of 2.0 micron after filtration the liquid is dried and residue
weighed
 Volatile Solids (VS): those solids lost in heating to 500 o
C.
 Fixed Solids (FS): The remaining solids after ignited volatile solids are the
Fixed (inorganic) solids
Several of these fractions have significance in environmental engineering
applications:

5. SOLIDS CLASSIFICATION
 Several of these fractions have
significance in environmental
engineering applications:
 TDS (saltiness) is important with
respect to drinking water and
irrigation;
 TSS (as turbidity) is used as a standard
for safe drinking water consumption;
 VSS (organic matter) provides a
measure of a water to consume
oxygen, its rough approximation of
the amount of organic matter

6. TOTAL SOLIDS

7. TOTAL SOLIDS

8. SUSPENDEDVS DISSOLVED

9. 1. Insert glass
fiber filter
2. Seat filter 3. Dry briefly
103 deg.
C
4. Ignite in muffle furnace
550 deg. C for 15 minutes
5. Cool in drying oven
briefly 6. Cool in desiccator
to room temperature
7. Weigh crucible
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE OF THE TOTAL
SUSPENDED and THE VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS

10. 8. Pour measured
volume of sample in
crucible.
9. Filter
with
vacuum.
10. Wash graduate,
crucible, and
filter with
distilled water.
11. Dry crucibles plus solids
for one hour at 103 º C.
12. Cool in desiccator
to room temperature
13. Weigh crucible plus
suspended solids.
14. Ignite in muffle furnace at
550 deg. C for 15 minutes
15. Cool in drying oven
briefly
16. Cool in desiccator
to room temperature
17. Weigh crucible
plus ash.
MEASUREMENTPROCEDUREOFTHE
TOTALSUSPENDEDandTHEVOLATILE
SUSPENDEDSOLIDS

11. OTHER FILTER APPARATUSOTHER FILTER APPARATUS
Filter Apparatus Used is
Optional As Long As
Specified Filters Are Used

12. Volatile vs fixed

14. SOLIDS CALCULATION

15. Where:
A = weight of the filter paper, g
B = weight of the filter paper + residue dried at 105 o
C
C = weight of the filter paper + residue upon ignition at 550 o
C
CALCULATIONS:

16. Weight of solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and solids - Wt. of Crucible (dish)
Weight of volatiles, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and solids - Wt. of Crucible
(dish) and ash
CALCULATIONS:

17. Q1) SUSPENDED SOLIDS EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following
data:
Sample Volume = 25 mL
Weight of Crucible = 18.1450 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 18.1482 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 18.1456 grams
1) Suspended Solids, mg/L =Wt. Dry Solids, grams
Sample Volume, mL
X 1,000,000
= 18.1482 g
25 mL
X 1,000,000
=
0.0032 g
25 mL
X 1,000,000
= 128 mg/L
- 18.1450 g

18. SUSPENDED SOLIDS EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following data:
Sample Volume = 25 mL
Weight of Crucible = 18.1450 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 18.1482 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 18.1456 grams
2) Volatile Sus. Solids, mg/L =Wt. Volatile Solids, grams
Sample Volume, mL
X 1,000,000
= 18.1482 g
25 mL
X 1,000,000
=
0.0026 g
25 mL
X 1,000,000
= 104 mg/L
- 18.1456 g

19. Q2) SUSPENDED SOLIDS PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following data:
Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL

20. Q2) Solution
Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L
given the following data:
Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL
Suspended Solids, mg/L = Wt. Dry Solids, grams
Sample Volume, mL
X 1,000,000
= 21.0301 g - 21.0256 g
50 mL
X 1,000,000
=
0.0045 g
50 mL
X 1,000,000
= 90 mg/L

21. Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L
given the following data:
Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL
Volatile Sus. Solids, mg/L = Wt. Volatile Solids, grams
Sample Volume, mL
X 1,000,000
= 21.0301 g - 21.0263 g
50 mL
X 1,000,000
=
0.0038 g
50 mL
X 1,000,000
= 76 mg/L
Q2) Solution

22. Q3) PRACTICE PROBLEM
Given the following data:
Weight of dish = 48.6212 g
100 ml of sample is placed in the dish and evaporated. New weight of
dish and dry solids = 48.6432 g
The dish is placed in 550 o
C furnace, then cooled. New weight =
48.6300 g.
Find the total, volatile and fixed solids?

23. = (220) 10-6
g/ml
= (220) 10-3
mg/ml
= 220 mg/l

24. Q4) A 25 ml water sample is placed in in a dish that wt. 50g, after evaporation
and drying at 103o
C, and cooling in desiccator, the dish wt. 50.02g. Then the dish
is fired at 550o
C for one hour, after which it weighs 50.005g. Estimate total solids
(TS), volatile solids (VS) and fixed solids (FS) of the water sample.

25. 3. Determine the concentration of the volatile solids (VS)
VS = Wt. of solids after evaporation - Wt. of solids after ignition
= 50.02 – 50.005
= 0.015 g = 0.015 g x 1000 mg/g = 15 mg
Conc. = 15 mg / 25 ml x 1000000
= 600 mg/L
4. Determine the concentration of the fixed solids:
FS = TS – VS
= 800 – 600 = 200 mg/l

26. VOLATILE SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER

27. VOLATILE SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER
Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry solids - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)
Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry solids - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)
Percentage Of Total Solids

28. Percentage Of Volatile Solids
Weight of dry solids – weight of ash, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry
solids - Wt. of Crucible (dish) and ash

29. Q5) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a sludge
sample given the following data:
Wt. of Dish = 104.55 grams
Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 199.95 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 108.34 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 106.37 grams
% Total Solids =
Wt. of Dry Solids, g
Wt. of Wet Sludge, g
X 100%
=
108.34 g - 104.55 g
199.95 g - 104.55 g
X 100%
=
3.79 g
95.40 g
X 100%
= 0.040 X 100%
= 4.0 %

30. % Volatile Solids =
Wt. of Volatile Solids, g
Wt. of Dry Solids, g
X 100%
=
108.34 g - 106.37 g
108.34 g - 104.55 g
X 100%
=
1.97 g
3.79 g
X 100%
= 0.520 X 100%
= 52.0 %

31. Work Calculations on Separate Paper
Answers Given on Next Slides
Total Solids Practice Problem
Q6) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a
sludge sample given the following data:
Wt. of Dish = 106.52 grams
Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 187.16 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 109.46 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 107.96 grams

32. Q6) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a
sludge sample given the following data:
Wt. of Dish = 106.52 grams
Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 187.16 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 109.46 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 107.96 grams
% Total Solids =
Wt. of Dry Solids, g
Wt. of Wet Sludge, g
X 100%
=
109.46 g - 106.52 g
187.16 g - 106.52 g
X 100%
=
2.94 g
80.64 g
X 100%
= 0.036 X 100% = 3.6 %

33. % Volatile Solids =
Wt. of Volatile Sludge, g
Wt. of Dry Solids, g
X 100%
=
109.46 g - 107.96 g
109.46 g - 106.52 g
X 100%
=
1.50 g
2.94 g
X 100%
= 0.510 X 100% = 51.0 %

34. SETTELABLE SOLIDS

35. ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLIDS

36. ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLIDS

37. ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLIDS

38. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; TDS
Summary of Method
Prepare Filter Apparatus and Evaporating Dish
Filter Measured Volume of Sample
Rinse Filter Apparatus
Transfer ALL Filtrate to Evaporating Dish
Evaporate to Dryness
Dry Residue at 180° C
Cool and Weigh
Calculate TDS, mg/L

39. Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dried residue - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; TDS