ABSTRACT: India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the states. The paper aims to examine the trends in area under cultivation, production and productivity of Groundnut in India by deploying orthogonal polynomial technique on the time series data of fifty years. It also analyses the area and productivity effect as preliminary determinants of production. The major issues and challenges relating to production and productivity of Groundnut have also been dealt with. Concluding remarks suggest some recommendations for augmenting the overall production and its consistency.
Trends in Area Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh: Fut...inventionjournals
India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the State. Uttar Pradesh being one of the most populous state in the country has been ranking amongst the top two states as far as mustard production is concerned. However it ranks 8 as far as the production and productivity groundnut is concerned. Groundnut oil being a major cooking medium and groundnut seeds an important ingradient in the processing sector, the paper aims to analyse trends in area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh with future business implications. Orthogonal polynomial technique has been deployed to examine the trends.
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Third bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) ...Tropical Legumes III
This is third bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) project, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and jointly implemented by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in close collaboration with partners in the national agricultural research systems (NARS) of target countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. TL III aims to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in drought-prone areas of the two regions through enhanced productivity and production of grain legumes.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
Wheat being major crop is great source of nutrition food in Pakistan. Despite its importance from economic and agricultural point of view, the government negligence, certain market and non market factors affected its production, consequently small farmers have suffered badly. A survey research study was conducted on wheat crop during 2014 to find out cultivated area, yield, farm production, stored, sold and price at Sakrand, Sindh. Results demonstrated that minimum cultivated area 01 acre, yield 22 mds acre-1 and production 45 mds farm-1 and maximum cultivated area 70 acres, yield 60 mds acre-1 and production 2800 mds farm-1 were recorded, while mean cultivated area 9.79 acres, yield 44.1 mds acre-1 and production 428.2 mds farm-1 were noted. In case of storage and quantity sold, the maximum 100 mds, minimum 15 mds and mean 52.71 mds stored by the farmers for family food purposes and greater grain yield 2725 mds, reduced 25 mds and mean 375.49 mds were sold. The higher price Rs. 1200 m-1, lower Rs. 950 m-1 and mean Rs. 106.36 m-1 were measured, while, more income Rs. 62563, reduced Rs. 18375 and average Rs. 37869.35 acre-1 were observed. In case of income farm-1, the highest Rs. 2861250, lowest Rs. 26500 and mean Rs. 399571.71 farm-1 were noted. Whereas, economic analysis of wheat showed average Rs. 51305 gross, 28976 net revenue and Rs. 1.29 benefit on invested rupee-1. The results depict that small farmers are producing lower quantity and getting lower wheat prices due to soil environmental and market factors. Government through policy intervention by subsidy for small farmers may enhance wheat productivity in the study area.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Trends in Area Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh: Fut...inventionjournals
India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the State. Uttar Pradesh being one of the most populous state in the country has been ranking amongst the top two states as far as mustard production is concerned. However it ranks 8 as far as the production and productivity groundnut is concerned. Groundnut oil being a major cooking medium and groundnut seeds an important ingradient in the processing sector, the paper aims to analyse trends in area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh with future business implications. Orthogonal polynomial technique has been deployed to examine the trends.
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Third bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) ...Tropical Legumes III
This is third bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) project, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and jointly implemented by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in close collaboration with partners in the national agricultural research systems (NARS) of target countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. TL III aims to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in drought-prone areas of the two regions through enhanced productivity and production of grain legumes.
Comparative economic analysis of hybrid vs conventional sunflowersanaullah noonari
Abstract
Sunflower is one of the four most important annual crops in the world grown for edible oil. In Pakistan although
it was introduced as an oilseed crop 40 years back but its expansion in acreage and production is fluctuating due
to various production and socioeconomic constraints. The comparison of total income gained, total costs
associated and profit gained from two sunflower activities. Higher income (155401 Rs.), higher costs (98677
Rs.) and higher profits (56724 Rs.) were gained in sowing hybrid sunflower but conventional sunflower gave
poor results lower income (75372 Rs.). Lower costs (57939 Rs.) and very low profits (17433 Rs.) were recorded.
The question of higher cost of cultivation existed, and was confirmed, mainly because of high seed cost and not
corresponding reduction in pesticide cost.
Keywords: Sunflower, edible oil, conventional, hybrid, Pakistan
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
Wheat being major crop is great source of nutrition food in Pakistan. Despite its importance from economic and agricultural point of view, the government negligence, certain market and non market factors affected its production, consequently small farmers have suffered badly. A survey research study was conducted on wheat crop during 2014 to find out cultivated area, yield, farm production, stored, sold and price at Sakrand, Sindh. Results demonstrated that minimum cultivated area 01 acre, yield 22 mds acre-1 and production 45 mds farm-1 and maximum cultivated area 70 acres, yield 60 mds acre-1 and production 2800 mds farm-1 were recorded, while mean cultivated area 9.79 acres, yield 44.1 mds acre-1 and production 428.2 mds farm-1 were noted. In case of storage and quantity sold, the maximum 100 mds, minimum 15 mds and mean 52.71 mds stored by the farmers for family food purposes and greater grain yield 2725 mds, reduced 25 mds and mean 375.49 mds were sold. The higher price Rs. 1200 m-1, lower Rs. 950 m-1 and mean Rs. 106.36 m-1 were measured, while, more income Rs. 62563, reduced Rs. 18375 and average Rs. 37869.35 acre-1 were observed. In case of income farm-1, the highest Rs. 2861250, lowest Rs. 26500 and mean Rs. 399571.71 farm-1 were noted. Whereas, economic analysis of wheat showed average Rs. 51305 gross, 28976 net revenue and Rs. 1.29 benefit on invested rupee-1. The results depict that small farmers are producing lower quantity and getting lower wheat prices due to soil environmental and market factors. Government through policy intervention by subsidy for small farmers may enhance wheat productivity in the study area.
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
This document analyzes the growth and instability of oilseed production, with a focus on groundnut, across districts in Odisha, India over two time periods: 1995-1996 to 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 to 2014-2015. It finds that while groundnut production experienced overall negative growth in the first period, the second period saw remarkable improvement in growth rates for both groundnut and total oilseed production across most districts. However, 9 districts still saw negative growth rates for groundnut in the second period. Instability in production generally improved over the two periods as well, but 13 districts faced high instability levels in the second period that require targeted policy interventions. The study aims to identify clusters of districts by instability levels to
Performance of wheat based intercropping as influenced by row proportions und...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted on various wheat based intercropping system in different row proportions under rainfed condition of Kaymore plateau at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Majhagawan, Satna in rabi season 2013 and 2014.The intercropping of wheat was done with chickpea, linseed and mustard with row proportions of 2:2, 4:2 and 6:2.The experiment was laid out in 3 replications containing 13 treatment combinations. The observations were recorded at 30,60,90 DAS and at maturity in sole as well as on intercrops. On the basis of results obtained the intercropping of wheat with chickpea proved to be superior in terms of wheat equivalent yield and economics.
The document discusses a study on the association between selected personal characteristics of rice farmers and their adoption of improved rice production technologies in Dungarpur district, Rajasthan, India. The study found that farmers' age, education level, family income, farm size, extension contacts, outlook, and economic motivation were not significantly associated with their adoption of improved rice production technologies. The study was conducted among 120 rice farmers across 10 villages in Dungarpur district selected based on maximum rice cultivation area. Personal characteristics like age, education, income, farm size, contacts with extension agents, progressive outlook, and profit motivation did not have any significant influence on farmers' adoption of new rice production methods.
An Overview of the System of Rice Intensification for Paddy Fields of MalaysiaRedmond R. Shamshiri
Objectives: The objective of this paper was to present a general overview of rice agronomic practices and transplanting operations by considering the interactions of soil, plant, and machine relationship in line with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation practice. Methods: Some of the problems challenging Malaysian rice growers, as well as yield increase and total rice production in the last four decades, were first addressed and discussed. The trend in the world rice production between 1961 and 2014 was used to predict the production in 2020 and to show that Southeast Asian countries are expected to increase their production by 27.2%. Findings: A consistently increasing pattern from 3.1 tons/ha during 1981 to 4.1 tons/ha in 2014 was observed in the rice yield of Malaysia due to the advances in technology and improved farming operations coupled with integrated management and control of resources. Various literature were reviewed and their findings of the best transplanting practices were summarized to discuss how SRI contributes to the production of higher rice yield with improved transplanting practices through a more effective root system. Our review shows that wider spacing, availability of solar radiation, medium temperature, soil aeration, and nutrient supply promote shorter Phyllochrons which increase the number of tillers in rice. In this regard, modification and development of a transplanter that complies with SRI specification require determination of optimum transplanting spacing, seed rate, and planting pattern to significantly improve yield. Improvement: It was concluded that for maximum yield, the SRI method in Malaysia should emphasize on the planting of one seedling per hill with space of 0.25 m for optimum water consumption, nutrient and pest management.
Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state Nigeria: S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state.
This document summarizes findings from a presentation on India's pulses production given at an IFPRI conference in 2016. It finds that while India is the world's largest producer and consumer of pulses, its domestic production has not kept up with rising demand, leading to a growing reliance on imports. Analysis of production data from 1980-2015 shows that overall pulses area, yield and production have grown, but area expansion contributed more to growth than yield increases. More recently, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, especially for Rabi pulses like gram, has been a key factor supporting higher production. The conclusion calls for policies to strengthen technology development, irrigation, price incentives and market access to help India sustain its pulses production growth.
Present Status and Future Prospectus of Agriculture in Jammu and Kashmiriosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The year 2016 is United Nations International Year of Pulses. Keeping this the slides present overview of pulses production, consumption and trade in India.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Estimating productivity gap and contribution of wheat productionsanaullah noonari
Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low
yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively.
Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less
quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured
through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre
between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per
acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error
of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium
yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively.
The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth
rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -
1.17%, 9.75% respectively.
Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Smart irrigation with water conservation structures can make Rajasthan lead producer of pulses feeding India and rest of world. Government of Rajasthan should be doing all for construction water preservation structures and ensuring smart irrigation system for farmers. Green Rajasthan with abundance of pulses is the mission of Centre for Agriculture and Rural Development ,New Delhi.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Agricultural Statistics, India (2013)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document is a preface and contents page for the "Pocket book on Agricultural Statistics 2013" published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
It provides an overview of the key economic and social indicators included in the pocket book, such as GDP growth rates, agricultural production indexes, inflation rates, trade data, and more. It also outlines the 14 statistical tables that will be included, covering topics like population trends, agricultural land use, crop production, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, imports/exports, and international comparisons.
The preface explains that the pocket book is intended as a quick reference guide for policymakers and ministry officials to access frequently used agricultural data
Economic Viability of Floriculture in Kashmir Himalayas: A Geographical Study...IRJET Journal
This document discusses infrastructural facilities for floriculture development in Kashmir, India. It finds that infrastructure in the study area is inadequate, as there are only 5 refrigerated vans and 14 walk-in cold rooms for storage, some of which are non-functional. There is also a lack of packing, post-harvest technology assistance for growers. Only 11 training rooms exist for floriculturists. The document aims to study current floriculture cultivation and recommend improvements like more storage, training facilities and support for growers.
The India Rice Bulletin provides rice yield forecasts for India at the state level. It uses crop growth simulation, weather analysis, remote sensing, and statistics to forecast yields. Rice is a staple crop for half the global population, with India as the second largest producer behind China. The bulletin analyzes eight agroclimatic zones in India and simulates rice growth using the WARM model within different administrative units and weather conditions. Future improvements may include disease modeling and calibrating weather data.
This document summarizes strategies for increasing pulses production and marketing in India. It finds that while production has increased, demand is growing faster due to population and income growth. To meet projected demand of 27 million tons by 2025, production will need to increase by at least 5% annually. Current government procurement and MSP policies are not effective at increasing farmer incomes or prices nationally. The document recommends market-based policies like price bands combined with improved infrastructure, contingency planning, futures markets, and new public-private partnership models to boost production and make India's pulses sector more competitive internationally.
ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES WITH THE PRICE FIXING IN SELLING ...Mohd Asif Shah
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the association between socioeconomic variables and price fixing in the sale of apples in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study found:
1) There was an association between age and price fixing, with mutual agreement most common among younger farmers and buyer impact most common among older farmers.
2) There was no association between gender and price fixing.
3) There was an association between education level and price fixing, with illiterate farmers most likely to agree mutually while more educated farmers saw more buyer impact.
4) The study used survey data and chi-square tests to analyze these relationships.
This document analyzes statistical data on coconut production in India from 1959-2021. It finds that coconut production, area, and yield have generally increased over time. Key points:
- India is the 3rd largest coconut producer globally, contributing around 22% of world production. Top states are Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.
- Between 1959-2021, coconut area increased from 705,000 ha to 2,174,000 ha, production increased from 4,685,000 tons to 20,778,000 tons, and yield increased from 6,644 kg/ha to 9,557 kg/ha.
- Projections estimate production reaching 23,666,000 tons by 2025
Agronomic status of Sesame/Thala (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivations in dry reg...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic practices of sesame cultivation in Sri Lanka. The study surveyed 251 farmers across 5 districts representing different agro-ecological zones. Results showed that sesame is mainly grown as a secondary crop during the Yala season to maintain agricultural lands. Many farmers were unaware of recommended varieties and cultivation practices. White seeded sesame was popular in the south while black seeded varieties were common in the north. Farmers primarily selected varieties based on availability and marketability. Sesame was cultivated on small plots with minimal agrochemical inputs. There is potential to expand sesame cultivation on degraded dry lands utilizing traditional organic practices.
This document analyzes the growth and instability of oilseed production, with a focus on groundnut, across districts in Odisha, India over two time periods: 1995-1996 to 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 to 2014-2015. It finds that while groundnut production experienced overall negative growth in the first period, the second period saw remarkable improvement in growth rates for both groundnut and total oilseed production across most districts. However, 9 districts still saw negative growth rates for groundnut in the second period. Instability in production generally improved over the two periods as well, but 13 districts faced high instability levels in the second period that require targeted policy interventions. The study aims to identify clusters of districts by instability levels to
Performance of wheat based intercropping as influenced by row proportions und...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted on various wheat based intercropping system in different row proportions under rainfed condition of Kaymore plateau at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Majhagawan, Satna in rabi season 2013 and 2014.The intercropping of wheat was done with chickpea, linseed and mustard with row proportions of 2:2, 4:2 and 6:2.The experiment was laid out in 3 replications containing 13 treatment combinations. The observations were recorded at 30,60,90 DAS and at maturity in sole as well as on intercrops. On the basis of results obtained the intercropping of wheat with chickpea proved to be superior in terms of wheat equivalent yield and economics.
The document discusses a study on the association between selected personal characteristics of rice farmers and their adoption of improved rice production technologies in Dungarpur district, Rajasthan, India. The study found that farmers' age, education level, family income, farm size, extension contacts, outlook, and economic motivation were not significantly associated with their adoption of improved rice production technologies. The study was conducted among 120 rice farmers across 10 villages in Dungarpur district selected based on maximum rice cultivation area. Personal characteristics like age, education, income, farm size, contacts with extension agents, progressive outlook, and profit motivation did not have any significant influence on farmers' adoption of new rice production methods.
An Overview of the System of Rice Intensification for Paddy Fields of MalaysiaRedmond R. Shamshiri
Objectives: The objective of this paper was to present a general overview of rice agronomic practices and transplanting operations by considering the interactions of soil, plant, and machine relationship in line with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation practice. Methods: Some of the problems challenging Malaysian rice growers, as well as yield increase and total rice production in the last four decades, were first addressed and discussed. The trend in the world rice production between 1961 and 2014 was used to predict the production in 2020 and to show that Southeast Asian countries are expected to increase their production by 27.2%. Findings: A consistently increasing pattern from 3.1 tons/ha during 1981 to 4.1 tons/ha in 2014 was observed in the rice yield of Malaysia due to the advances in technology and improved farming operations coupled with integrated management and control of resources. Various literature were reviewed and their findings of the best transplanting practices were summarized to discuss how SRI contributes to the production of higher rice yield with improved transplanting practices through a more effective root system. Our review shows that wider spacing, availability of solar radiation, medium temperature, soil aeration, and nutrient supply promote shorter Phyllochrons which increase the number of tillers in rice. In this regard, modification and development of a transplanter that complies with SRI specification require determination of optimum transplanting spacing, seed rate, and planting pattern to significantly improve yield. Improvement: It was concluded that for maximum yield, the SRI method in Malaysia should emphasize on the planting of one seedling per hill with space of 0.25 m for optimum water consumption, nutrient and pest management.
Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state Nigeria: S...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state.
This document summarizes findings from a presentation on India's pulses production given at an IFPRI conference in 2016. It finds that while India is the world's largest producer and consumer of pulses, its domestic production has not kept up with rising demand, leading to a growing reliance on imports. Analysis of production data from 1980-2015 shows that overall pulses area, yield and production have grown, but area expansion contributed more to growth than yield increases. More recently, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, especially for Rabi pulses like gram, has been a key factor supporting higher production. The conclusion calls for policies to strengthen technology development, irrigation, price incentives and market access to help India sustain its pulses production growth.
Present Status and Future Prospectus of Agriculture in Jammu and Kashmiriosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The year 2016 is United Nations International Year of Pulses. Keeping this the slides present overview of pulses production, consumption and trade in India.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Estimating productivity gap and contribution of wheat productionsanaullah noonari
Shaheed Benazirabad farmers were divided into groups named high yield group, medium yield group and low
yield group. The farmers applied an average of 45.27 kg, 45.82 kg and45.18 kg seed per acre respectively.
Though, there is not a very large difference in average seed used by both farmer groups but the later used less
quantity of wheat seed per acre to some extent. The impact of different factors on these groups was measured
through multiple liner regression models. It was found that there exists a yield gap of 17.84 mounds per acre
between high yield group and research station. The yield gap between medium and high group was 8.02 Mds per
acre while the yield gap between medium group and low yield group was 5.93 Mds per acre. The standard error
of estimates F-statics and R-square for high yield group was 0.0623, 2.470 and 0.398 respectively, for medium
yield group 0.0314, 3.231 and 0.486 respectively and for low yield group 0.056, 1.342 and 0.345 respectively.
The other objective of the study was to calculate the growth rate of wheat in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Sindh. The exponential function was used to calculate the growth rate. It was found during study that the growth
rate of wheat in Pakistan was 2.59%, 2.94% growth of wheat in Sindh and in District Shaheed Benazirabad was -
1.17%, 9.75% respectively.
Keywords: Wheat, Productivity, yield gap, F-statics, R-square, Benazirabad, Pakistan.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Smart irrigation with water conservation structures can make Rajasthan lead producer of pulses feeding India and rest of world. Government of Rajasthan should be doing all for construction water preservation structures and ensuring smart irrigation system for farmers. Green Rajasthan with abundance of pulses is the mission of Centre for Agriculture and Rural Development ,New Delhi.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Agricultural Statistics, India (2013)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document is a preface and contents page for the "Pocket book on Agricultural Statistics 2013" published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
It provides an overview of the key economic and social indicators included in the pocket book, such as GDP growth rates, agricultural production indexes, inflation rates, trade data, and more. It also outlines the 14 statistical tables that will be included, covering topics like population trends, agricultural land use, crop production, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, imports/exports, and international comparisons.
The preface explains that the pocket book is intended as a quick reference guide for policymakers and ministry officials to access frequently used agricultural data
Economic Viability of Floriculture in Kashmir Himalayas: A Geographical Study...IRJET Journal
This document discusses infrastructural facilities for floriculture development in Kashmir, India. It finds that infrastructure in the study area is inadequate, as there are only 5 refrigerated vans and 14 walk-in cold rooms for storage, some of which are non-functional. There is also a lack of packing, post-harvest technology assistance for growers. Only 11 training rooms exist for floriculturists. The document aims to study current floriculture cultivation and recommend improvements like more storage, training facilities and support for growers.
The India Rice Bulletin provides rice yield forecasts for India at the state level. It uses crop growth simulation, weather analysis, remote sensing, and statistics to forecast yields. Rice is a staple crop for half the global population, with India as the second largest producer behind China. The bulletin analyzes eight agroclimatic zones in India and simulates rice growth using the WARM model within different administrative units and weather conditions. Future improvements may include disease modeling and calibrating weather data.
This document summarizes strategies for increasing pulses production and marketing in India. It finds that while production has increased, demand is growing faster due to population and income growth. To meet projected demand of 27 million tons by 2025, production will need to increase by at least 5% annually. Current government procurement and MSP policies are not effective at increasing farmer incomes or prices nationally. The document recommends market-based policies like price bands combined with improved infrastructure, contingency planning, futures markets, and new public-private partnership models to boost production and make India's pulses sector more competitive internationally.
ASSOCIATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES WITH THE PRICE FIXING IN SELLING ...Mohd Asif Shah
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the association between socioeconomic variables and price fixing in the sale of apples in Kulgam district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The study found:
1) There was an association between age and price fixing, with mutual agreement most common among younger farmers and buyer impact most common among older farmers.
2) There was no association between gender and price fixing.
3) There was an association between education level and price fixing, with illiterate farmers most likely to agree mutually while more educated farmers saw more buyer impact.
4) The study used survey data and chi-square tests to analyze these relationships.
This document analyzes statistical data on coconut production in India from 1959-2021. It finds that coconut production, area, and yield have generally increased over time. Key points:
- India is the 3rd largest coconut producer globally, contributing around 22% of world production. Top states are Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.
- Between 1959-2021, coconut area increased from 705,000 ha to 2,174,000 ha, production increased from 4,685,000 tons to 20,778,000 tons, and yield increased from 6,644 kg/ha to 9,557 kg/ha.
- Projections estimate production reaching 23,666,000 tons by 2025
Agronomic status of Sesame/Thala (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivations in dry reg...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic practices of sesame cultivation in Sri Lanka. The study surveyed 251 farmers across 5 districts representing different agro-ecological zones. Results showed that sesame is mainly grown as a secondary crop during the Yala season to maintain agricultural lands. Many farmers were unaware of recommended varieties and cultivation practices. White seeded sesame was popular in the south while black seeded varieties were common in the north. Farmers primarily selected varieties based on availability and marketability. Sesame was cultivated on small plots with minimal agrochemical inputs. There is potential to expand sesame cultivation on degraded dry lands utilizing traditional organic practices.
Efficiency of paddy farms in india an empirical evidence of tbp area of karna...Alexander Decker
- The study examined the efficiency of paddy farms in the Tungabhadra Project (TBP) area of Karnataka state in India.
- It found that the majority (70%) of farmers operated at a medium efficiency level with respect to nitrogen usage, while 17% and 13% operated at low and high efficiency levels, respectively. A similar trend was observed for plant protection chemical usage.
- Farmers were using nitrogen and plant protection chemicals indiscriminately and in excess of recommended levels, indicating a need for training farmers in integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management practices for paddy cultivation in the TBP area.
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
effect of inorganic fertilizer and crop residue on carbohydrate and fat conte...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This study examined the effects of inorganic fertilizer and wheat crop residue on carbohydrate and fat content in basmati rice. A field experiment was conducted over two years using different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer (0-100% recommended dose) and wheat residue incorporation (0-5 tons/ha). Results showed that the highest levels of fertilizer (100% recommended dose) and wheat residue (5 tons/ha) led to the greatest increases in carbohydrate and fat content compared to the control treatments in both years. The maximum carbohydrate and fat levels were found in plots that received both the highest fertilizer and wheat residue levels. Increasing inorganic fertilizer and crop residue incorporation was found to positively
Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradeshijtsrd
Since the agricultural sector accounts for the lions share in the Net State Domestic Product and employs more than two third of the working population, its growth is vital for the growth of the State economy and consequently, the socio economic upliftment of the rural masses. From this perspective, it is interesting to make a critical appraisal of the changing profile of agriculture in Himachal Pradesh. The present section gives an account of the changes in agriculture sector of Himachal Pradesh. A change in cropping patterns has been taking place in the State as elsewhere in the country. The shift in cropping pattern is normally advantageous and indicates a dynamic economy. The change depends upon the crops involved and the multifarious stimuli such as the changing economic, technological, and institutional factors. Food crops include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit crops, and spices together accounted for 96.00 per cent of the total cropped area while non food crops shared the remaining. The area under fruit crops registered the highest increase i.e. 1.3 per cent in 1970 71 to 8.03 per cent in 2019 2020 followed by wheat, vegetables, maize, and spices. However, the area under two principal cereal crops i.e. paddy, barley, pulses and oilseeds are decreased. Pulses suffered a maximum decline, followed by barley, paddy, total non food crops and total oilseeds during the reference period. The decrease in area under pulses and oilseeds might not be immediately disadvantageous to the fanners because of the present low level output input ratio of these crops, but nevertheless, it has national repercussions. Dr. Sham Singh Bains | Mr. Devinder Kumar Atlas "Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49407.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/49407/land-utilization-and-cropping-pattern-in-himachal-pradesh/dr-sham-singh-bains
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
The document summarizes an expert review of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) program run by the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from 2009-2010. Key findings of the review include:
1) The program achieved widespread adoption of SRI practices, training over 56,000 small-holder farmers across 10 states.
2) SRI methods led to substantial increases in rice yields, especially during drought years, demonstrating the method's resilience to climate stress.
3) Capacity building efforts like an SRI e-group helped spread knowledge and influence policy discussions around SRI and small-holder farmers.
The document summarizes an expert review of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) program run by the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from 2009-2010. Key findings of the review include:
1) The program achieved widespread adoption of SRI practices, training over 56,000 small-holder farmers across 10 states.
2) SRI methods led to substantial increases in rice yields, especially during drought years, demonstrating the method's resilience to climate stress.
3) Capacity building efforts like an SRI e-group helped spread knowledge and influence policy discussions around SRI and small-holder farmers.
Growth and Instability of Area, Production, and Yield Under Rice Cultivation ...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed the growth and instability of rice cultivation area, production, and yield in Uttar Pradesh, India from 1991 to 2021. The study period was divided into three subperiods. The analysis found that rice production growth declined sharply during subperiod II (2000-2011) and instability was highest during this period as well. The study suggested developing rice varieties better suited to local soil and climate conditions to improve yields.
The document analyzes the adoption of farming technologies by vegetable farmers in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. It finds that most farmers are middle-aged with primary or secondary education. The majority have small landholdings, low annual incomes, and little access to credit or training. Regression analysis shows that education level, farm size, and innovativeness positively influence farmers' adoption of new technologies, while problems faced negatively affect adoption. The study aims to help extension workers promote appropriate technologies to overcome constraints faced by vegetable farmers.
APPLICATION OF GOAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH ON FINDING AN OPTIMAL LAND ALLOCATIO...orajjournal
Agriculture is the main contribution to the rural economy of Sri Lanka. This study is carried on finding optimal land allocation for cultivation using goal programming approach. Five crops namely Cowpea, Black gram, Finger Millet, Maize and Soya Bean were selected to the study. This land allocation is for
Anuradhapura District since it is the major agricultural district in Sri Lanka. Preemptive Goal Programming method is used in finding the optimal land allocation. Three goals are considered according to their priorities to seek the optimal solution. MS Excel Solver is used to implement the linear model. The
data was collected from Annual Reports of Department of Agriculture. According to the final results obtained by goal programming approach, all five crops are reached their expected production. But the extent in yala(Dry Season) and maha(Rainy Season) season is changed. Overall result shows that new allocation exceeds the production and profit as well as minimizing the production cost. This mathematical
model can easily be used on any other crop in any district by changing the variable coefficients and constraint values
Effect green-manuring-crops-fertilizer-economy-monetary-advantages-green-manu...Innspub Net
Three experiments were conducted at the Agronomy farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh, at 2015 to 2016 to increase cropping productivity by inclusion of green manure in existing cropping pattern, monetary advantages and fertilizer economy as well. Total productivity of different cropping pattern was evaluated in terms of rice equivalent yield (REY) and it was calculated from yield of rice combined with yield of mustard (rice equivalent yield). The highest REY (9.60 t ha-1 in 1st year) and (11.49 t ha-1 in 2nd year) was recorded from the cropping pattern; S. rostrata – T.aman – Mustard followed by C. juncea – T.aman – Mustard and S. aculeata – T.aman – Mustard respectively in 2015 and 2016. The lowest REY (6.02 t ha-1 in 1st year) and (6.98 t ha-1 in 2n year) was obtained from the cropping pattern; Fallow-T. Aman – Mustard. Inclusion of mustard during rabi season in S. rostrata (59.47% and 64.61% in 2015 and 2016 respectively) and C. juncea (41.47% and 49.14% in 2015 and 2016 respectively) increased REY that followed by V. unguiculata (45.70% and 54.15% in 2015 and 2016 respectively) and S. aculeata (40.86% and 32.0% for 2015 and 2016 respectively) compared to Fallow-T. Aman-Mustard cropping pattern. It is noted that inclusion of crops likes S. rostrata, C. juncea, S. aculeata and V. unguiculata showed higher REY than other crops as GM in GM-T. Aman-Mustard cropping pattern. The cost of production in situ green manure was lower than addition of similar quantities from external sources. This would also reduce the N requirement by 50% to obtain similar yields.
Production and Productivity Increase of Milch Animals through the Supply of G...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In India, fodder production is less than the demand and hence deficit is noticed in different states with varying per cent of deficit observed in many states. To alleviate the deficiency of green and dry fodder and to maximize the fodder production for increased a productivity of livestock was studied among 310 respondents of 23 non-delta districts of Tamil Nadu. The results showed that, gain among different types of faming, increased quantum of feeding and increased body weight gain and daily average milk yield among the indigenous as well as cross breed animals.
1) The document discusses innovative production technologies for maximizing rice productivity and profit, focusing on irrigated rice systems in Tamil Nadu, India. It describes techniques for crop establishment, nutrient management, soil-water-weed management, and direct wet seeded rice.
2) Key recommendations include using a modified rice mat nursery to produce robust 15-day old seedlings, transplanting these seedlings at wider spacing, and using site-specific nutrient management guided by the leaf color chart to optimize fertilizer application.
3) Adopting these integrated crop management practices can increase yields by 32-50% and profits by Rs. 12,000/ha compared to conventional methods.
Scaling technique and uses of scales in social sciencekrushna94
This document summarizes a presentation on agricultural waste management strategies. It begins by noting that India generates around 500 million tonnes of crop residue annually, with cereal crops like rice and wheat contributing most of this waste. The burning of crop residues releases greenhouse gases and pollutes the air. The document then discusses various impacts of agricultural wastes on the environment, such as fertilizer and pesticide runoff polluting water sources. It presents strategies for sustainable waste management like the 3R approach of reduce, reuse and recycle. ICAR initiatives for converting agricultural waste into useful products like biochar and foliar sprays are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing Pusa Decomposer capsules, which help in decomposing crop residue
Productivity of Horticulture in Remote Tribal Areas of Andhra Pradeshijtsrd
The present study reveals that horticultural crops i.e. mango, guava, banana, pineapple, etc. in remote agency area of Andhra Pradesh state, productivity of horticulture helps to reduce an extensive deforestation. The qualitative data collected from 45 key informants both sexes belonging to tribal population of the Kurnool, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts. For data collection, observation and interview methods employed. Appalanaidu Pappala "Productivity of Horticulture in Remote Tribal Areas of Andhra Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20253.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/20253/productivity-of-horticulture-in-remote-tribal-areas-of-andhra-pradesh/appalanaidu-pappala
An Assessment Of Economic Viability Of Jatropha Plantation In North East IndiaJim Webb
This document analyzes the economic costs and benefits of jatropha plantations in North-East India. It finds that jatropha plantations can provide positive returns through a cost-benefit analysis. Specifically:
1) The study assessed the profitability of jatropha plantations in four North-East Indian states through a cost-benefit analysis of establishment costs, maintenance costs, yield, and revenue from seed sales.
2) The analysis showed that jatropha plantations can be economically viable and profitable for farmers in the region, with investment payback periods of around five years under higher seed yield scenarios.
3) However, adequate state funding support is needed for operation and maintenance of the plantations
1) Horticulture is a key driver of India's economic development and contributes 30.4% to agriculture GDP. India is the world's largest producer of many fruits and vegetables.
2) Horticultural crop production has increased 7-fold in India, ensuring nutritional security and employment. Per capita consumption of fruits and vegetables remains below recommended levels.
3) Expenditure on horticultural products like vegetables and fruits has increased over 500% from 1987-88 to 2009-10 for both rural and urban households, indicating rising demand.
A Study on Occupational Mobility of Farmers of Ariylaur District of Tamil Nad...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study on occupational mobility among farmers in Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The study found that 11 factors were driving farmers to shift from agriculture to non-agricultural occupations. The top four factors were low income from agriculture, struggles marketing agricultural commodities, lack of water resources, and a desire for higher social status. The study also found correlations between low/unstable income and factors like poor soil fertility, variable monsoons, lack of timely inputs, and small landholdings. To reduce this occupational shift, the study recommends improving technologies for soil/water management, integrated farming systems, reclaiming degraded lands, improved extension services, and other measures to boost agricultural incomes and
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### Types of TDM
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### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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2. Trends In Area Production And Productivity Of Groundnut In India: Issues & Challenges
*Corresponding Author: Chandra Mohan Misra 2 | Page
A review of manuring of oilseed crops was done as early in 1934 by Vandhynathan and Panse in 1947 and
export committee on Manures and Fertilizers in 1953. These reviews indicate that the application of Nitrogen
was found beneficial for the yield of Groundnut in parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu,
additional yield being 7.5 to 12 kg per hectare for 1 kg of nitrogen. In Bihar, application of Nitrogen and
Phosphorous showed beneficial effect on the yield of crop.
Groundnut like other legumes is also very responsive to the application of micronutrients. The response
is high in soils deficient or marginal in nutrients like zinc, boron, Molybdenum and copper. Sekhar and
Associates (1978) studied the nutrient status of Groundnut in Punjab. The response to Zinc, Phosphorous and
Boron were very marked.
Saini and Associates (1975) reported that data from experiments in Ludhiana showed Molybdenum,
and Zinc increased the production. Muthuswamy and Sudararajan (1973) from Tamilnadu reported that Boron
treatment increased the yield significantly. Yadahallir and Associates (1970) reported that application of Boron,
Zinc, and Copper on red soils of Karnataka increased the yield of Groundnut.
The series of experiments conducted by ICAR during 1972-73 revealed that Sunflower proved more
remunerative in coastal alluvial soil in Jamnagar, medium black in Indore and Sholapur, and mixed red and
black in Kurnool. J. S. Kanwar and Associates (1983) observed that Groundnut out yielded Sunflower and
cereals like paddy and bajra and pulses like Arhar (tur) in all districts except in Indore and Gulbarga in
Karnataka.
Ma Cynthia Bantilan (2012) point out that huge inefficiencies exists both in Groundnut production and
processing sector in India and suggested that replacement of old varieties with improved varieties through
innovative seed system, adoption of low-cost technology to increase efficiency in production and also
recommend promotion of oil seed clusters to increase efficiency in processing sector. These are some measures
that can boost and stabilize the Groundnut production in India.
Experiences from some countries (Cameron) have revealed that high levels of technical efficiency of
groundnut crop can be obtained among small holders farmers. These differences in technical efficiency can be
attributed to various local factors like location specific technologies and their adoption, soil and weather
conditions and access to credit, road and extension.
Objectives
1. To analyze the trends in area, production and productivity of Groundnut in India
2. To address the issues and challenges responsible for low productivity and production of Groundnut
3. To suggest policy measures for enhancing the production and productivity of Groundnut
Methodology
We have used secondary data of Groundnut Area, Production and Productivity which has been
collected from statistics published by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. A fifty year time series has
been used to apply orthogonal polynomial technique to get trends in area production and productivity. In order
to know relative strength of area or productivity in production, Area and Productivity effect has been calculated
with the help of simple regression analysis. SPSS has been used for data processing and analysis. The trend
fitting by the use of the orthogonal polynomial has been simple as it does not assume any particular degree of
the polynomials. The tabulated values of the ξ have been obtained from the statistical table for the required
number of observations (N=50). If a polynomial of five degrees has to be fitted the final equation obtained
would be of the type:
Yt = a0 +a1 ξ1+a2 ξ2+a3 ξ3 +a4 ξ4+a5 ξ5+an ξn
Where Y' is the estimated trend value while a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 and the a5 are the constraints and Where Y'
is the estimated trend value while a0 , a1, a2, a3, a4 and the a5 are the constants and ξare the tabulated values of
the polynomials' for required number of observations.
Trends in Area under Cultivation
In order to get the best fit we have taken trend line of Groundnut area at 4th
degree of polynomial
corresponding to the equation below:
Yt= 2465.71+11.71 ξ1+11.36 ξ2+2.64 ξ3+2.26 ξ4+0.76 ξ5
The overall compound annual growth rate of area on actual and estimated basis over a period of fifty years has
shown a negative trend. Figure 1.1 illustrates the movement of trend of estimated values against the actual of the
area under cultivation
3. Trends In Area Production And Productivity Of Groundnut In India: Issues & Challenges
*Corresponding Author: Chandra Mohan Misra 3 | Page
Figure 1.1 Trends in Area under Groundnut in India
During the period 1964-65 to 2013-14 the actual area showed a growth rate of-0.499 per cent, while,
the estimated trend also grew at a rate of -0..499, indicating that area sown has declined. The fourth degree fit
apparently shows fluctuations in three phases as shown in the Table below:
Table 1.1: Phase wise Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of area under Groundnut
Source: Author’s Calculation on secondary data obtained from IndiaStat.com
In the first phase during the period 1964-65 to 1972-73 area grew at -1.488 per cent indicating that area
sown has declined. However, in the second phase during the period 1972-73 to 1989-90 area grew at 0.803 per
cent specifying that area sown has increased. Moreover, third phase during the period 1989-90 to 2013-14 again
shows a declining trend exhibiting the growth rate of -1.882.
Trends in Production
In order to get the best fit, we have taken Groundnut production trend line at fourth degree polynomial
corresponding to the equation:
Yt= 2136.97+24.76 ξ1+6.44 ξ2+0.35 ξ3+4.84 ξ4+2.63 ξ5
The overall compound annual growth rate of production on actual & estimated basis over a period of
fifty years has shown a positive trend. During the period 1964-65 to 2013 -14 the actual production showed a
growth rate of 0.702 per cent while, the estimated trend grew at a rate of .803 per cent, indicating that
production has increased. Figure 1.2 below shows actual and estimated values of Groundnut production
Figure 1.2 Trends in Production of Groundnut in India
The fourth degree fit apparently shows fluctuations in four phases. In the first phase during the period 1964-65
to 1969-70 production grew at -1.980 per cent indicating that production has declined as exhibited in the Table
Phase Period CAGR (%)
Phase 1 1964-65 to 1972-73 -1.488
Phase 2 1972-72to 1989-90 0.803
Phase 3 1989-90 to 2013-14 -1.82
4. Trends In Area Production And Productivity Of Groundnut In India: Issues & Challenges
*Corresponding Author: Chandra Mohan Misra 4 | Page
1.2 below. However, in the second phase during the period 1969-70 to 1993-94 production grew at 1.92 per
cent specifying that production has increased. Moreover, Third phase during the period 1993-94 to 2007-08
again showed a declining trend exhibiting the growth rate of -0.598. Furthermore, fourth phase during the period
2007-08 to 2013-14 again exhibited increasing trend and grew at a rate of 1.51 per cent.
Table 1.2: Phase wise Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of production of Groundnut
Phase Period CAGR (%)
Phase 1 1964-65 to 1969-70 -1.980
Phase 2 1969-70 to 1993-94 1.92
Phase 3 1993-94 to 2007-08 -0.598
Phase 4 2007-08 to 2013-14 1.51
Source: Author’s Calculation on secondary data obtained from IndiaStat.com
Trends in Productivity
In order to get the best fit, we have taken Groundnut productivity trend line at first degree polynomial
corresponding to the equation:
Yt= 44208306.64+1498934.76 ξ1+41685.69 ξ2+35338.86 ξ3+24543.88 ξ4+17445.81 ξ5
The overall compound annual growth rate of productivity on actual & estimated basis over a period of fifty
years has shown a positive trend as shown in the Figure1.3 below.
Figure 1.3 Trends in Productivity of Groundnut in India
During the period 1964-65 to 2013 -14 the actual productivity showed a growth rate of 0.803 per cent
while, the estimated trend grew at a rate of 1.308 per cent, indicating that productivity has been showing an
increasing trend. Despite the fact that area has shown continuously declining trend, production has sustained its
pace. The comparison of overall growth rates of actual and estimated values is attempted below.
Table 1.3: Compound Annual Growth Rate of Area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in India
1964-65 to 2013-14 Area Production Productivity
Overall Actual -0.499 % 0.702 % 0.803 %
Overall Estimated -0.499 % 0.803 % 1.308 %
Source: Author’s Calculation on secondary data obtained from IndiaStat.com
This has been possible due to increase in productivity of Groundnut which can be attributed to the
number of factors ranging from technological innovation to efficient use of fertilizers and HYV seeds. In order
to quantify the net effect of area and productivity, area and productivity effect has been calculated with the help
of simple regression analysis.
Area and Productivity Effect
To analyze the stability/ instability in overall Groundnut Production in India we need to see the area
and productivity effect. To achieve this we have treated production as dependent variable, area and Productivity
as independent variable. In order to obtain comparability we have computed the growth rates in conformity with
phases and corresponding time periods of dependent variable i.e., production.
5. Trends In Area Production And Productivity Of Groundnut In India: Issues & Challenges
*Corresponding Author: Chandra Mohan Misra 5 | Page
The sub-divisions of the trend line by phases will pose the problems of comparisons of the growth rates
since the trend phases in the dependent and the independent variables may not be as uniform as desired for
comparison. We shall, therefore, compare the rates of growth in the independent variables by dividing the series
of the independent variables into phases which conform to the phases in the dependent variable.The One Way-
Anova technique (regression) has been deployed. The results have been presented in the Table below
Table 1.4: Overall and Phase wise Compound Annual Growth Rates as well as Area and Productivity Effect of
Groundnut
Period/ Phases
Growth Rates (%)
Estimated Regression between
Production as Dependent
Variable & Area as independent
variable
Estimated Regression between
Production as Dependent
Variable & Productivity as
independent variable
Productio
n
Area Produc
tivity
Constant Reg.Coeff.
associatedwi
th Area
R2
Constan
t
Reg.Coeff.
associated
with
Productivit
y
R2
Actual
1964-65
to2013-14
0.702 -0.499 0.803 4.005
(2.335)
.361
(1.487)
.044 1.653
(3.452)
.005
(10.520)
.697
Estimated
1964-65 to
2013-14
0.803 -0.499 1.308 7.504
(6.438)
-.138
(-.834)
.014 2.714
(7.051)
.004
(10.098)
.680
Phase I
(1964-65 to
1969-70)
-1.980 -2.078 1.82 .095
(.252)
.688
(13.518)
.976 11.418
(10.754)
-.009
(5.873)
.896
Phase II
(1969-70
to1993-94)
1.92 0.60 1.410 -13.503
(-18.595)
2.676
(27.340)
.970 -2.101
(-7.610)
.010
(30.700)
.976
Phase III
(1993-94 to
2007-08)
-0.598 -1.88 1.11 4.682
(42.357)
.355
(22.255)
.974 11.351
-
(69.710)
-.004
(-25.930)
.981
Phase IV
(2007-08 to
2013-14)
1.51 -2.078 1.005 12.060
(12.721)
-.899
(-5.232)
.846 -3.988
(-2.678)
.009
(7.450)
.917
Source: Author’s Calculation on secondary data obtained from IndiaStat.com
Note: Figures in bracket indicate t values
As evident from the table both the overall and estimated series shows a negative growth rate of area
against positive growth rates of both production and productivity. The R2
values of .697 and .680 clearly
indicate that the productivity effect has been significant over a period of fifty years. The phase wise analysis
also reveals interesting trends. In phase I both area and production show a negative growth though area effect
appears significant. It is in the years following 1993-94 that we find area effect loses its significance and in the
last phase lasting between 2007-08 to 2013-14 the production is sustained by productivity effect (R square.917),
while area during these years shows a negative growth rate. The phenomenon is well illustrated by Figures 1.1,
1.2 and 1.3. In the last phase the graph of area dips sharply while that of production picks up and moves
upwards. The productivity graph shows steady increase, more prominent in the last phase. In fact the scrutiny of
actual productivity figures in the last eight to ten years shows that in spite of fluctuations the productivity attains
very prominent peaks, never observed in the past. The trends here are logically explainable. With the launch of
technology mission in mid 80’s and subsequent focus on oilseed production in the country started showing the
results from 90’s onwards. The productivity levels were strengthened and the technology incorporation in the
groundnut production has given encouraging response.
Issues And Challenges
The recent enhancement in the productivity of groundnut in India though encouraging poses many
challenges before the development planners and practiceners. The average yield of groundnut in India (1212 kg
per hectare, triennium ending 2012) according agricultural statistics at a glance is below the world average of
1626 kg per hectare triennium ending 2012 and far below the highest yield of 4069 kg per hectare triennium
ending 2012 recorded by USA.
Indian groundnut production is lagging behind the international levels though in some parts of the
country soil conditions may be suitable but majority of the cultivation is carried out in marginal lands under rain
fed conditions. The crop is susceptible to weather and pests. The low investment in technology and limited
marketing facilities leads to low producers prices. Low efficiency in the processing sector also reduces the
overall profitability of the cultivators and thus also the production. All field operation right from land
6. Trends In Area Production And Productivity Of Groundnut In India: Issues & Challenges
*Corresponding Author: Chandra Mohan Misra 6 | Page
preparation to harvesting are done manually. Lack of improved varieties of seeds and lack of balanced use of
fertilizers (chemical/organic) and micro nutrients have also been affecting the overall production. In the absence
of appropriate crop rotation the acreage is further reduced by insects like Tibacco Caterpillar and Groundnut
Leaf Miner while Aflatoxin contamination is a major health hazard for humans and animals which hampers the
sale and export of output. Post-harvest management leading to huge crop losses is also one amongst several
issues highlighted above and which pose serious challenges before the Indian agriculture.
II. CONCLUSION
The literature review, trend analysis and examination of issues and challenges lead to three major
phenomenon. Firstly there have been recent improvements in the performance of the productivity though it is
still low when compared internationally. Secondly, non-remunerative prices and inadequate profitability inhibits
the farmers from shifting groundnut cultivation from marginal to improved lands. Thirdly, low investment in
technology, susceptibility to pests and diseases and poor availability of good quality seed and storage is also a
major hurdle. To break the productivity plateau the investment in technology up gradation and mechanization in
groundnut production, opening of better market avenues and improving the efficiency in the processing sector
shall go a long way in augmenting the overall production and productivity, better cropping systems like rice-
groundnut, rice-mustard etc. may also be advocated. Improving extension activities with adequate focus on post-
harvest management, pest and disease control by incorporating scientific methods can also help elevate the crop
production and yield. Promoting cultivation in the specific zones having suitable ago-climatic-soil conditions
with increased investment and better farming practices will no doubt produce some long lasting results.
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