— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency and resource productivity of 96 smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria.
- Results from a transcendental logarithmic stochastic frontier model showed technical efficiencies varied widely from 0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718, indicating production was in stage III of irrational production.
- Land and fertilizer use was effective as confirmed by estimated coefficients between zero and one, depicting stage II production. Productivity could be enhanced by expanding farm size while maintaining labor to move from stage III to II.
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
Sorghum is an important feed to human and animal used in countries like the United State, India, Mexico, South America, Nigeria and Australia. Good-quality sorghum is available with a nutritional feeding value that is equivalent to that of corn. Sorghum can be processed to further improve and increase its feed value and techniques such as grinding, steam flaking, crushing popping, steaming and extruding have all been used to enhance the grain for feeding. The products are then fed to beef, dairy cattle, swine, laying hens, poultry, sheep, and are used in pet foods. As much as 12 percent of domestic sorghum production also goes to produce ethanol and its various products. With the demand for renewable energy fuel sources increasing, demand for products like sorghum-DDGS (sorghum distiller's dried grains with soluble) will increase as well due to sorghum's favourable nutrition profile.Sorghum is about 70% starch, so is a good energy source.
Efficiency of paddy farms in india an empirical evidence of tbp area of karna...Alexander Decker
- The study examined the efficiency of paddy farms in the Tungabhadra Project (TBP) area of Karnataka state in India.
- It found that the majority (70%) of farmers operated at a medium efficiency level with respect to nitrogen usage, while 17% and 13% operated at low and high efficiency levels, respectively. A similar trend was observed for plant protection chemical usage.
- Farmers were using nitrogen and plant protection chemicals indiscriminately and in excess of recommended levels, indicating a need for training farmers in integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management practices for paddy cultivation in the TBP area.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
Optimum combination of farm enterprises among smallholder farmers in umuahia ...Alexander Decker
The document presents the results of a study that used linear programming to determine the optimal combination of farm enterprises for smallholder farmers in Umuahia Agricultural Zone, Abia State, Nigeria. A sample of 30 farmers was used to develop a model that maximized gross margin subject to resource constraints. The optimal plan included one crop enterprise, two crop mixtures, and two livestock enterprises. Sensitivity analysis found that increasing land by 25% increased gross margin by 13.48%, while increasing labor by 25% increased gross margin by 3.04%. The study recommends adopting more land and labor-saving technologies to improve farm production.
The study examined the efficiency of sorghum production in Maharashtra State, India. The technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers producing sorghum were analysed from 100 randomly selected sorghum farmers. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production function was used for the analysis, and the result revealed that farm size, labour, fertilizer and chemicals were significantly and positively related to sorghum output. The technical efficiency (TE) scores ranged from 0.28-0.94 with a mean TE of 0.67, implying that there is a scope for increasing technical efficiency in sorghum production by 33% in the short-run. The allocative efficiency index ranged from 0.11-0.90 with a mean of 0.54, implying that the average farm has the scope of increasing allocative efficiency by 46% in the short-run. The economic efficiency index ranged from 0.09-0.75 with a mean of 0.37, indicating wide efficiency differential between average farmers and the economically efficient farmers. The result of the stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that the variance parameters that is the sigma squared (ɗ2) and the gamma (ϒ) were statistically significant at 1% level of sorghum production
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency and resource productivity of 96 smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria.
- Results from a transcendental logarithmic stochastic frontier model showed technical efficiencies varied widely from 0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718, indicating production was in stage III of irrational production.
- Land and fertilizer use was effective as confirmed by estimated coefficients between zero and one, depicting stage II production. Productivity could be enhanced by expanding farm size while maintaining labor to move from stage III to II.
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
This document analyzes the level of agricultural development in Mandla-Dindori region of Madhya Pradesh, India using secondary data collected from various sources. Fourteen indicators related to irrigation, cropping intensity, use of technology, and production are used to calculate a composite Z-score for each of the 16 community development blocks in the region. Most blocks show a moderate level of development, while three blocks are high and three are low. Deteriorating irrigation, poor water management, inappropriate technology use, and lack of infrastructure are found to be major causes of agricultural backwardness in the region.
Sorghum is an important feed to human and animal used in countries like the United State, India, Mexico, South America, Nigeria and Australia. Good-quality sorghum is available with a nutritional feeding value that is equivalent to that of corn. Sorghum can be processed to further improve and increase its feed value and techniques such as grinding, steam flaking, crushing popping, steaming and extruding have all been used to enhance the grain for feeding. The products are then fed to beef, dairy cattle, swine, laying hens, poultry, sheep, and are used in pet foods. As much as 12 percent of domestic sorghum production also goes to produce ethanol and its various products. With the demand for renewable energy fuel sources increasing, demand for products like sorghum-DDGS (sorghum distiller's dried grains with soluble) will increase as well due to sorghum's favourable nutrition profile.Sorghum is about 70% starch, so is a good energy source.
Efficiency of paddy farms in india an empirical evidence of tbp area of karna...Alexander Decker
- The study examined the efficiency of paddy farms in the Tungabhadra Project (TBP) area of Karnataka state in India.
- It found that the majority (70%) of farmers operated at a medium efficiency level with respect to nitrogen usage, while 17% and 13% operated at low and high efficiency levels, respectively. A similar trend was observed for plant protection chemical usage.
- Farmers were using nitrogen and plant protection chemicals indiscriminately and in excess of recommended levels, indicating a need for training farmers in integrated nutrient management and integrated pest management practices for paddy cultivation in the TBP area.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
Optimum combination of farm enterprises among smallholder farmers in umuahia ...Alexander Decker
The document presents the results of a study that used linear programming to determine the optimal combination of farm enterprises for smallholder farmers in Umuahia Agricultural Zone, Abia State, Nigeria. A sample of 30 farmers was used to develop a model that maximized gross margin subject to resource constraints. The optimal plan included one crop enterprise, two crop mixtures, and two livestock enterprises. Sensitivity analysis found that increasing land by 25% increased gross margin by 13.48%, while increasing labor by 25% increased gross margin by 3.04%. The study recommends adopting more land and labor-saving technologies to improve farm production.
Economic Analysis of Chickpea Production in Damot Gale District, Southern Eth...Premier Publishers
The study examined determinants, resource use efficiency and profitability of smallholder chickpea production in Damot Gale district. The study employed multistage sampling to collect relevant primary data and used secondary data to substantiate the findings. A total of 146 producers selected from two administrative kebeles. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, production function, resource use efficiency index and budgetary technique were the analytical methods employed in the study. The finding revealed that output of chickpea was influenced by plot size, fertilizer, pesticide, oxen days, level of education of the producer and the type of chickpea seed used positively and significantly. Resource use efficiency index of plot size (4.1), seed (1.3), pesticide (15.7) and oxen power (2.8) indicated the resources were underutilized while labor (-0.5) was the only over utilized resource. The study revealed the production is profitable even with resource use inefficiency. The average net revenue obtained by the typical chickpea producer was 20,377.87 birrs/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.7. Shortage of land, pest and disease, high price of fertilizer, grain price fluctuation, high prices of improved seed and sudden drought were among important constraints of chickpea production in the study area. Thus, concerned bodies should work on policy relevant significant variables to improve the productivity, resource use efficiency and profitability of the production.
"Agricultural Mechanization in Bangladesh: Role of Policies and Emerging Private Sector" presented by M.A. Sattar Mandal at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
Introduction to Farm Power Machineries in BangladeshAminul Haque
1. The document discusses the sources of farm power in Bangladesh including human power, animal power, mechanical power, electrical power, and renewable energy. It also discusses the merits and demerits of different power sources.
2. Farm mechanization aims to apply engineering principles to agricultural operations to increase crop yields. The scope of farm mechanization has expanded with improved irrigation, high yielding varieties, and increased fertilizer and pesticide use.
3. Benefits of farm mechanization include timely operations, precision, improved work environment, increased productivity, economic returns, and rural progress. However, problems include fragmented lands, farmers' limited buying capacity, lack of quality machines, and technical knowledge.
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
"The role of the state and the private sector in promoting sustainable mechanization drawing experience from Nepal", presented by Devendra Gauchan Shreemat Shrestha, at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
this deals with the role of mechanization in agriculture. There is huge potential across the world to mechanize the farming to get higher agriculture production and increased productivity.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
Farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunityNaresh Majhi
This document provides an overview of farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunity in India. It discusses the benefits of farm mechanization, including increased labor and land productivity. It also outlines some disadvantages like high initial costs and environmental pollution. The current status of farm mechanization in India and the world is examined. Opportunities for farm mechanization in India along the agricultural value chain are presented. The document concludes by discussing government initiatives to promote farm mechanization in India.
This document analyzes the energy requirements for wheat production in the Kamore plateau and Satpura Hill regions of Madhya Pradesh, India. It finds that total energy input was 14,345 MJ/ha, with fertilizer (31.1%), diesel fuel (20.5%), and electricity (24.2%) accounting for the majority. Direct energy was 49.6% and indirect was 50.4%. Irrigation required the most energy at 3,670 MJ/ha. Commercial sources contributed 93.4% of total energy. The output to input energy ratio was 3.9 and productivity was 0.27 kg/MJ. While energy use is high, the authors conclude there is still potential to increase
A model application to assess resource use efficiency for maize production in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed resource use efficiency for maize production in soils in
northcentral Nigeria. Soil and socioeconomic data were collected from 90 farmers in 3 communities. Soil
properties varied within locations but soil types were similar. Regression analysis found a quadratic model best fit
the data, with yield increasing based on optimal levels of inputs. Returns to scale were decreasing for all inputs
except fertilizer. The study concluded more efficient use of inputs could increase production profits and
recommended educating farmers on innovative technologies for sustainable land management and crop
production.
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
This document discusses the scope and importance of farm mechanization. It notes that farm mechanization involves the use of machinery in agriculture, such as tractors and tube wells. The document outlines how farm mechanization improves efficiency, increases productivity and crop yields, reduces costs and labor needs, and helps conserve resources. It provides examples of how mechanizing operations like tilling, sowing, irrigation and harvesting can help ensure timely completion of tasks. The document estimates that farm mechanization can result in savings of 15-30% for seeds, fertilizers, time and labor, and an overall 10-15% increase in farm productivity.
This document summarizes a study on the profitability and production efficiency of small-scale maize production in Niger State, Nigeria. The study found that maize production was profitable, with an average net farm income of 48,109 Naira per hectare. Production costs were 77.9% of total costs, with labor as the largest cost. The production efficiency index of 2.50 indicated that returns exceeded costs by 150%, showing profitability. While profitable, the study recommended increasing farm size and production to enhance profits further. Improving access to farmland, education, credit, and extension services were also suggested to improve profitability of small-scale maize production in the area.
"Agricultural Mechanization Development in Thailand", presented by Viboon Thepent at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
advantage of farm mechanization in Nepal Aditya Mahato
This document discusses farm mechanization in Nepal. It provides background on the agricultural sector and status of farm mechanization in the country. Currently, mechanization is primarily through animal power and hand tools. Opportunities exist to promote efficient hand tools, animal-drawn implements, and small-scale processing machinery. Challenges include small land holdings, poor infrastructure, and a lack of policies and strategies. The document advocates for partnerships between the public and private sectors to support sustainable agricultural mechanization through credit access, research, training, and demonstrations.
Analysis of Technical, Economic and Allocative Efficiencies of CassavaProduct...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the technical, economic, and allocative efficiencies of cassava production in Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that the average technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies were 88.7%, 85.6%, and 82.5% respectively, indicating that farmers were relatively efficient. The major factors influencing cassava output were found to be farm size, family labor, hired labor, fertilizer use, household size, education level, and source of farm financing. To improve efficiency, the study recommends encouraging more intensive farming practices rather than continued expansion of land for cassava production and improving farmer knowledge through education and training.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Economic Analysis of Chickpea Production in Damot Gale District, Southern Eth...Premier Publishers
The study examined determinants, resource use efficiency and profitability of smallholder chickpea production in Damot Gale district. The study employed multistage sampling to collect relevant primary data and used secondary data to substantiate the findings. A total of 146 producers selected from two administrative kebeles. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, production function, resource use efficiency index and budgetary technique were the analytical methods employed in the study. The finding revealed that output of chickpea was influenced by plot size, fertilizer, pesticide, oxen days, level of education of the producer and the type of chickpea seed used positively and significantly. Resource use efficiency index of plot size (4.1), seed (1.3), pesticide (15.7) and oxen power (2.8) indicated the resources were underutilized while labor (-0.5) was the only over utilized resource. The study revealed the production is profitable even with resource use inefficiency. The average net revenue obtained by the typical chickpea producer was 20,377.87 birrs/ha with benefit cost ratio of 2.7. Shortage of land, pest and disease, high price of fertilizer, grain price fluctuation, high prices of improved seed and sudden drought were among important constraints of chickpea production in the study area. Thus, concerned bodies should work on policy relevant significant variables to improve the productivity, resource use efficiency and profitability of the production.
"Agricultural Mechanization in Bangladesh: Role of Policies and Emerging Private Sector" presented by M.A. Sattar Mandal at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
Introduction to Farm Power Machineries in BangladeshAminul Haque
1. The document discusses the sources of farm power in Bangladesh including human power, animal power, mechanical power, electrical power, and renewable energy. It also discusses the merits and demerits of different power sources.
2. Farm mechanization aims to apply engineering principles to agricultural operations to increase crop yields. The scope of farm mechanization has expanded with improved irrigation, high yielding varieties, and increased fertilizer and pesticide use.
3. Benefits of farm mechanization include timely operations, precision, improved work environment, increased productivity, economic returns, and rural progress. However, problems include fragmented lands, farmers' limited buying capacity, lack of quality machines, and technical knowledge.
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
"The role of the state and the private sector in promoting sustainable mechanization drawing experience from Nepal", presented by Devendra Gauchan Shreemat Shrestha, at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
this deals with the role of mechanization in agriculture. There is huge potential across the world to mechanize the farming to get higher agriculture production and increased productivity.
Economic Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Sorghum Producers in West Harargh...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of sorghum producing smallholders in West Hareghe zone. It was based on cross-sectional data of 200 sample sorghum producing households randomly selected. The estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated that labor, DAP fertilizer, area, seed and oxen power affects sorghum yield positively. The estimated results showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 78.9%, 38.6% and 33.6% respectively which indicates the presence of inefficiency in sorghum production in the study area. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiencies, frequency of extension contact had positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies, while soil fertility was also found to significantly influence technical efficiencies positively and experience has positive relationships with technical efficiency and allocative efficiency and slope significantly affects technical efficiency negatively. The result also indicated that cultivated land was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency and economic efficiency of farmers in the study area. Education was found to significantly determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of sorghum producers in the study area. Therefore, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient farmers by adopting and using the best practices of relatively efficient farmers.
Farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunityNaresh Majhi
This document provides an overview of farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunity in India. It discusses the benefits of farm mechanization, including increased labor and land productivity. It also outlines some disadvantages like high initial costs and environmental pollution. The current status of farm mechanization in India and the world is examined. Opportunities for farm mechanization in India along the agricultural value chain are presented. The document concludes by discussing government initiatives to promote farm mechanization in India.
This document analyzes the energy requirements for wheat production in the Kamore plateau and Satpura Hill regions of Madhya Pradesh, India. It finds that total energy input was 14,345 MJ/ha, with fertilizer (31.1%), diesel fuel (20.5%), and electricity (24.2%) accounting for the majority. Direct energy was 49.6% and indirect was 50.4%. Irrigation required the most energy at 3,670 MJ/ha. Commercial sources contributed 93.4% of total energy. The output to input energy ratio was 3.9 and productivity was 0.27 kg/MJ. While energy use is high, the authors conclude there is still potential to increase
A model application to assess resource use efficiency for maize production in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed resource use efficiency for maize production in soils in
northcentral Nigeria. Soil and socioeconomic data were collected from 90 farmers in 3 communities. Soil
properties varied within locations but soil types were similar. Regression analysis found a quadratic model best fit
the data, with yield increasing based on optimal levels of inputs. Returns to scale were decreasing for all inputs
except fertilizer. The study concluded more efficient use of inputs could increase production profits and
recommended educating farmers on innovative technologies for sustainable land management and crop
production.
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Appropriate mechanization of small farmsSandeep Pawar
Increasing food production to feed the growing population is a primary challenge of Indian
farming system. Indian agriculture is characterized by millions of small and marginal
farmers. About 100 million farm families with 250 million workers (50% of work force)
contribute not more than 14 % to GDP. One of the major reasons behind these figures is lack
of appropriate mechanization mainly in small farms in India. One of the main causes for low
agricultural productivity in most of the developing countries, including India, is the lack of
appropriate machineries that suit the requirements of small scale farms. Thus many farms are
deemed as unproductive and inefficient. Need of appropriate mechanization for Indian farms
is defined in the report. This study report attempts to throw a light on other countries
scenario in case of mechanization and possible learning so as to improve outcomes in
agriculture in India.
This document discusses the scope and importance of farm mechanization. It notes that farm mechanization involves the use of machinery in agriculture, such as tractors and tube wells. The document outlines how farm mechanization improves efficiency, increases productivity and crop yields, reduces costs and labor needs, and helps conserve resources. It provides examples of how mechanizing operations like tilling, sowing, irrigation and harvesting can help ensure timely completion of tasks. The document estimates that farm mechanization can result in savings of 15-30% for seeds, fertilizers, time and labor, and an overall 10-15% increase in farm productivity.
This document summarizes a study on the profitability and production efficiency of small-scale maize production in Niger State, Nigeria. The study found that maize production was profitable, with an average net farm income of 48,109 Naira per hectare. Production costs were 77.9% of total costs, with labor as the largest cost. The production efficiency index of 2.50 indicated that returns exceeded costs by 150%, showing profitability. While profitable, the study recommended increasing farm size and production to enhance profits further. Improving access to farmland, education, credit, and extension services were also suggested to improve profitability of small-scale maize production in the area.
"Agricultural Mechanization Development in Thailand", presented by Viboon Thepent at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
advantage of farm mechanization in Nepal Aditya Mahato
This document discusses farm mechanization in Nepal. It provides background on the agricultural sector and status of farm mechanization in the country. Currently, mechanization is primarily through animal power and hand tools. Opportunities exist to promote efficient hand tools, animal-drawn implements, and small-scale processing machinery. Challenges include small land holdings, poor infrastructure, and a lack of policies and strategies. The document advocates for partnerships between the public and private sectors to support sustainable agricultural mechanization through credit access, research, training, and demonstrations.
Analysis of Technical, Economic and Allocative Efficiencies of CassavaProduct...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the technical, economic, and allocative efficiencies of cassava production in Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that the average technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies were 88.7%, 85.6%, and 82.5% respectively, indicating that farmers were relatively efficient. The major factors influencing cassava output were found to be farm size, family labor, hired labor, fertilizer use, household size, education level, and source of farm financing. To improve efficiency, the study recommends encouraging more intensive farming practices rather than continued expansion of land for cassava production and improving farmer knowledge through education and training.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
- The study examined the profitability of cashew production among smallholder farmers in Wenchi Municipality, Ghana.
- Data was collected from 140 farmers and analyzed using net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return to assess profitability over a 25-year period.
- The results showed that a 1-hectare cashew plantation has a positive net present value of GH¢260.82 ($343.16), a benefit-cost ratio of 1.13, and an internal rate of return of 43.85%, indicating that cashew production is profitable.
analysis and determinants of profit efficiency of cassava farmersIJEAB
A study on the analysis and determinants of profit efficiency of cassava farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria was carried out using the stochastic frontier profit function of Cobb-Douglas functional form. Data for the study were collected from primary sources with the aid of a set of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. For the determinants of profit efficiency, the minimum and maximum profit efficiency was 0.14 and 0.91 respectively with mean profit efficiency of 0.65. The mean profit efficiency implies that farmers were able to obtain 65% of their potential profit from a unit mix of inputs. In other words, about 35% of the profit is lost to inefficiency of management. Thus in the short run, there is a scope for increasing profit from cassava production by 35%. Age (0.37), education (0.67) and household size (0.58) had positive impact on profit inefficiency. The analysis of profit inefficiency effect showed a significant gamma (γ = 0.86). This implies that 86% deviation from maximum profit obtainable was as a result of inefficiency of the farmers rather than random error or variability. The signs and significance of the estimated coefficients in the inefficiency model have important implication on profit efficiency of the farmers. It is recommended that farmers should be encouraged to invest in cassava production for its profitability and economic value, inputs should be made available and at affordable prices especially improved varieties of cassava cuttings and cassava farmers should be encouraged to receive training on proper agronomic practices and usage of inputs to enhance profit efficiency of input use.
Efficiency and Competitiveness of Corn Farming in Sumbawa Regencyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
- The document analyzes the allocative and technical efficiencies of resources used in cocoyam production among small-scale farmers in Nigeria.
- Results of the allocative efficiency analysis showed that farm size, fertilizer, herbicide, and seeds were underutilized, while labor was overutilized.
- The technical efficiency analysis used a stochastic frontier production function model to estimate the production frontier and efficiency levels. It found room for improving efficient use of resources like land, fertilizer, herbicide, and seeds among cocoyam farmers.
The study examines the determinant of Beniseed (Sesamum Indicum L.) Production among Beniseed Farmers in Mubi Region of Adamawa State, Nigeria a multi stage sampling technique was used to select 100 beniseed farmers in the study area. The study used a stochastic frontier production model to estimate the efficiency of the farmers; the empirical result revealed that farm size, seed and herbicide were positive and statistically significant at 1% level and family labour was also was also positive and statistically significant at 5% level in the study. The estimated gamma (ϒ) parameter of 0.799 in the study area indicated the 79% of the total variation in beniseed output is due to the technical inefficiencies in the study. The mean technical efficiency (ϰ) was 0.81 in the region, while Return to Scale (RTS) was 0.94 in the study. It was concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship between farm size, quality of seed used, herbicide used, family labour and beniseed output in the study.
Technical Efficiency of Tuong-Mango by Translog Production Function: Implica...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This study employed a Translog stochastic production frontier function to estimate the level of technical efficiency and its determinants among mango farmers in the southern Vietnam. The results of the analysis showed that cropping season of mango growers have been round year. The difference of the study from past researches was efficiency comparison of three seasons instead of only focusing on efficiency of one season or total a year, especially was compared between cooperative and non-cooperative farmer groups. The findings revealed that technical efficiency mean of cooperative farmer category was greater than that of non-cooperative farmer category in season 2. However, technical efficiency mean of cooperative grower group was lower than that of non-cooperative grower group in season 1 and season 3. Results from the study showed that adjustments in the input factors could lead to improved productivity of mango. More so, positive determinants of technical efficiency of cooperative farmer group were land area plant density in three seasons, wrapping bag in season 1 and season 2, education, credit, payment for agro-input wholesale and classifying sale in season 3 while the negative factors were age, credit and payment for agro-input wholesale in season 2. Turning to non-cooperative farmer group, the positive determinants of technical efficiency were land area in three seasons, market access in season 2 and season 3 and payment for agro-input wholesale and wrapping bag in season 2 whereas the negative elements were farming experience in season 1.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
This document summarizes the use of the FAO AquaCrop model to simulate brinjal crop growth and yield under surface irrigation. Key findings include:
1) The AquaCrop model was able to predict potential evapotranspiration and brinjal yield with acceptable accuracy for conditions in Allahabad, India.
2) Surface irrigation provided the highest brinjal yields and is recommended for the region.
3) The AquaCrop model can be used to access brinjal growth and yield without field experiments and generate irrigation schedules.
Effect of Manual Screw Press Utilization on Output, Income, and Standard of L...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study assessed the effect of utilization of manual screw press for gari production on output, income, and standard of living of gari processors in four local government areas across the agricultural development program zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique and a semi-structured questionnaire as instrument, data for the study were collected from a sample of 384 gari processors who use the screw press in the state. Descriptive statistics, namely frequency count, percentages, and mean were used for analysis of generated field data. The study revealed a 35.5% increase in gari production was achieved with the utilization of the screw press for gari production. Furthermore, average annual income from gari processing after utilization went from N809662 to N1249375; 35.19% increase. Furthermore, average household properties owned by processors went from 2.31 before utilization to 3.24 after utilization which is an increase of 28.7%. The study concluded that utilization of manual screw press by gari producers in Kwara state has led to increased output, a higher income, and a better standard of living for gari producers. These increases would most probably lead to increase in their probability of escaping poverty, and in the long run, would lead to sustainable food security for the country.
Effect of Manual Screw Press Utilization on Output, Income, and Standard of L...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study assessed the effect of utilization of manual screw press for gari production on output, income,
and standard of living of gari processors in four local government areas across the agricultural development
program zones in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling technique and a semi-structured
questionnaire as instrument, data for the study were collected from a sample of 384 gari processors who
use the screw press in the state. Descriptive statistics, namely frequency count, percentages, and mean
were used for analysis of generated field data. The study revealed a 35.5% increase in gari production
was achieved with the utilization of the screw press for gari production. Furthermore, average annual
income from gari processing after utilization went from N809662 to N1249375; 35.19% increase.
Furthermore, average household properties owned by processors went from 2.31 before utilization to
3.24 after utilization which is an increase of 28.7%. The study concluded that utilization of manual screw
press by gari producers in Kwara state has led to increased output, a higher income, and a better standard
of living for gari producers. These increases would most probably lead to increase in their probability of
escaping poverty, and in the long run, would lead to sustainable food security for the country.
An agro economic performance of maize under different weeding regimesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the agro-economic performance of maize under different weeding regimes for controlling Siam weed in Southwestern Nigeria. Field experiments were conducted over two years to evaluate yields and economic indicators under different timing of weeding. Results showed that keeping plots weed-free for the first 8 weeks after planting was as effective as weeding throughout, yielding 4.5 tonnes/hectare with a net return of $629.98 and benefit-cost ratio of 1.9:1. Weeding every 4 weeks for the first 8 weeks is recommended for maize farmers in the region to minimize weed competition and maximize returns.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on assessing the effect of Nigeria's Growth Enhancement Support Scheme (GESS) on the productivity of rice farmers in Anambra State. The study aims to examine farmers' socioeconomic characteristics, quantities of inputs received, returns, productivity factors, and challenges. Productivity will be analyzed using total factor productivity and regression models. A survey of 90 rice farmers across communities will assess the relationship between inputs and productivity, and identify constraints to GESS implementation. The results could help improve the program's effectiveness in boosting local rice production.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
11.technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. It finds that the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, meaning on average farmers were producing 66% of potential output. Factors like age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education increased inefficiency. The study concludes there is room for improving efficiency to boost cowpea output through better use of available resources.
Technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
- The study analyzed the technical efficiency of 200 cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria using a
stochastic production frontier function.
- The results found the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, indicating room for improvement.
- Age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education
increased inefficiency.
- The findings suggest cowpea farmers could increase output with existing inputs and technology by improving
their technical efficiency.
Farmers’ uptake of improved feed practices and reasons for adoption/ non adop...ILRI
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Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa state Nigeria: Stochastic approach
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-7, July- 2017]
Page | 67
Technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in Adamawa
state Nigeria: Stochastic approach
Usman, J
Ph.D. Scholar Department of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Agricultural sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005
Varanasi, India.
Abstract— The study analysed the technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using
stochastic approach. The study was based on primary data collected from 140 respondents using simple random sampling
for the period of 2014-15 Kharifmaize. The result reveals that resources were under-utilized in rain-fed maize cultivation in
Adamawa state, Nigeria. Moreover, the mean technical efficiency of 0.69 indicates that an average farmer in the study area
have the scope for increasing technical efficiency by 31 per cent in short-run under the existing technology. The study
therefore, recommends that government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will help farmers
to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize production in
Adamawa state.
Keywords— Technical efficiency, Inefficiency parameters, Rain-fed Maize, Data, Random sampling.
I. INTRODUCTION
Maize (Zea mays) or corn is a cereal grain believed to have originated in central Mexico 7000 years ago from wild grass. It is
third most important grain after rice and wheat and one of the cheapest foods and food ingredient available in the world.
Maize is distinguished by its female inflorescence, called corncob where the seeds (kernels) are grouped along one axis. It is
an important cereal in many developed and developing countries of the world and widely used for animal feed and industrial
raw materials in developed countries whereas it is a staple food in many developing countries as it provides half of the daily
intake of calories and about eighteen per cent protein depending on the variety. Maize tolerates wide range of geographical
environments. This makes it to be the most widely grown crop in the world and its greater weight is produced each year than
any other grain.
Nigeria is the largest producer of maize in Africa and ranked 13th
in the world with a total production of 7.3 million MT in
2015; (a 2.67 per cent decrease from previous year, based on sizeable carryover supplies and declines in market
prices).Nigeria’s maize production had a humble beginning; it stayed around one million ha through the early 1980s.
Accelerated growth started in the mid-1980s, when hybrids were introduced, exceeding the 5 million ha mark in the mid-
1990s, following the introduction of early varieties; it declined or remained slow during the late 2000s, mainly due to drought
and erratic rainfall, but picked up thereafter. Currently it occupies the largest area of cultivated land in the country.
Despite the importance of maize in the nutrition of people, it is not always available at a required quantity in Adamawa state.
This may not be unconnected to the fact that many farmers depend mainly on traditional method of farming and therefore,
does not make use of the available resources effectively. With abundant fertile agricultural land and favorable weather
condition for rain-fed maize production, yet Nigeria import maize product. It is expected that the findings from this study
entitle ―Technical efficiency of rain-fed maize cultivation in Adamawa state, Nigeria using stochastic approach‖, will provide
useful information and technical advice to rain-fed maize farmers in Adamawa state Nigeria
II. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Sampling procedure
Purposive and simple random sampling was used for the selection of states, local government areas, villages and the
respondents in the study area.
2.1.1 Selection of study area
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-7, July- 2017]
Page | 68
In Nigeria maize is predominantly a rain-fed crop. Adamawa state was purposively selected because is one of the states
where maize production under rain-fed condition is high and have best ecological condition (Guinea savannah zone) that
favor’s the cultivation of the crop.
Two out of the 21 local government areas of the state were purposively selected for the study, on the basis of their maximum
production of maize under rain-fed condition. Eight villages from Fufore and seven from Ganye were purposively selected
from each of the sampled local government areas for the study, on the basis of their maximum area under rain-fed maize
production.
Thereafter, a list of rain-fed maize farmers was prepared for each sampled villages and 140 rain-fed maize farmers were
randomly selected using random table.
2.2 Sources and period of data collection
From randomly selected 140 respondents, primary data related to socio-economic parameters, inputs (quantity and price)
used for rain-fed maize cultivation, output, market price of output etc. were collected through personal interview using pre-
tested schedule in the study areas. Secondary data were collected from relevant published research articles as well as
Adamawa Agricultural Development Programme [1] report.
The primary data for the present study was collected for 2014-2015 (Kharif maize) in the study area.
2.3 Technical Efficiency
In analyzing technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production, inferential statistics involving the use of stochastic frontier
production was used. The use of stochastic frontier production function has some conceptual advantages in that it allows for
the decomposition of the error term into random error and inefficiency effects rather than attributing all errors to random
effects [13]. It is specified as:
Yi
*
= f (Xi; β) exp (Vi – Ui) (1)
Where;
Yi* = Production of the ith
firm
Xi = Vector of input quantities of the ith
firm
β =Vectors of unknown parameters
Vi = These are random variables which are assumed to be normally distributed N(0,δ2
v) and independent of
Ui. It assumed to account for random factors such as weather, risk and measurement error.
Ui = These are non-negative error term having zero mean, and constant variance i.e. N(0,δ2
U) [13]. It
measures the technical inefficiency effects that fall within (because of errors could be controlled with
effective and adequate managerial control of the farm) the control of the decision unit.
2.3.1 The empirical stochastic frontier production model
The Cobb-Douglas production function was used to specify the production technology of the farms. The empirical stochastic
frontier model is specified as:
InYij=β0 + β1InX1ij + β2InX2ij + β3InX3ij + β4InX4ij+ β5InX5ij+ β6InX6ij + Vij –Uij (2)
Where,
Yij = Output of maize (Kg)
X1 = Size of farm (ha)
X2 = Quantity of seed (Kg)
X3 = Hired labour (man-days)
X4 = Family labour (man-days)
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-7, July- 2017]
Page | 69
X5 = Agro-Chemicals (liters)
X6 = Quantity of fertilizer (kg)
Vi and Ui as previously defined.
Operational definition of the variables of empirical stochastic production function for rain-fed maize production is as
follows:
a. Output of maize (Yij): This is the total quantity of maize in kilogram produced per hectare by farmers.
b. Farm size (X1): This is the size of land used in producing maize crop by the farmers. It was measured in hectare.
c. Quantity of seed (X2): This is the quantity of seed used in planting by the farmers. It was measured in Kilograms.
d. Hired labours (X3): This is the total labour provided by people who were paid to work on the farm. It was measured
in man-days.
e. Family labour (X4): This is the total labour provided by family members in the production of maize. It was
measured in man-days. A man-day of labour is equal to eight hours of work per day.
f. Agro-chemicals (X5): These are quantities of chemicals used by farmers in the production of maize to protect the
crop from insects’ pests, diseases as well as weeds. It was measured in liters.
g. Quantity of fertilizer(X6): Is the quantity of inorganic fertilizer that was used in growing maize. It was measured in
kilograms.
The technical efficiency of maize production for the ith
farmer was calculated with an output oriented method as the ratio of
Actual (observed) output relative to the Potential (maximum feasible) output:
TE = Yi*/ Yi
TE = f (Xi; β) exp (Vi-Ui) / f(Xi;β) exp (Vi)
TE= exp (-Ui) (3)
Variance parameters are:
δ2
=δ2
V + δ2
U and γ = δ2
U/ δ2
Where: Yi* isactual output and Yi is potential output
δ2
, γ, βs are unknown parameters that were estimated.
This efficiency measure takes values between 0 and 1 with smaller ratios reflecting greater inefficiency. The
inefficiency model is defined by,
Ui=δo + δ1Z1 + δ2Z2 + δ3Z3 + δ4Z4+ δ5Z5 + δ6Z6 + δ7Z7 (4)
Where,
Ui = Thetechnical inefficiency of the ith
farmer
Z1= Farmer’s age (years)
Z2= Farmer’s sex (dummy, where one indicates male and zero female)
Z3= Farming experience (years)
Z4= Farmer’s education (years)
Z5= Family size (Number)
Z6= Extension contacts (dummy, one contacted, zero otherwise)
Z7= Credit availability (dummy, where one indicates those that accessed credit and zero otherwise)
Where δ1,δ2,----δ7 are unknown parameters to be estimated [3].
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-7, July- 2017]
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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) of the parameters of the stochastic frontier production model used in estimating
technical efficiency of rain-fed-maize farmers in Adamawa state, Nigeria is presented in Table 1. The result reveals that
nearly all variables (farm size, seed, hired labour, agro-chemicals and fertilizer) of the estimated coefficients of the
parameters of production function in Adamawa state were positive which confirm to apriori expectations and were
statistically significant at 1 and 5 per cent level respectively while family labour was negative and not significant. The sigma
squared and the gamma (0.163), (0.876) were statistically significant at five and one percent respectively. The sigma squared
indicates the goodness of fit and correctness of the distributional form assumed for the composite error term. The Gamma
implies the existence of technical inefficiency among rain-fed maize farmers and account for 88% of the variations in the
output level of maize produced in study area. This confirms that in the specified model, there was presence of one-sided error
component. It also implies that the effect of technical inefficiency was significant and that a classical regression model of
production functions based on ordinary least squares estimation would be an inadequate representation of the data. Thus, the
variance parameters confirm the relevance of the stochastic production function. The variables that were statistically
significant can be discussed thus:
The elasticity of production with respect to farm size in Adamawa state 0.819 was positive and statistically significant at one
percent level. This implies that farm size positively influenced the output of rain-fed maize in the study area. Thus, an
increase of one percent in farm size will result to an increase in output of maize by 0.819 percent in the study area. This
suggests that land was a significant factor associated with changes in maize production in the study area. The finding support
the reports earlier made by previous researchers [9; 6] that there was positive and significant relationship between maize
output and farm size.
The coefficient of seed (0.112) was positive and statistically significant at one percent level. This implies that one percent
increase in seed would lead to increase in maize yield by 0.112 percent. This implies that seed is a positive factor influencing
maize output in Adamawa state. It indicates that higher seed rate would result in high crop population and subsequently
higher yield. The finding concurs with the report by [9] that seed was a positive determinant of maize output among maize
farmers in Ogbomoso south LGA in Oyo state Nigeria and Nandi north district, Kenya respectively.
The elasticity of production with respect to agro-chemicals (0.175) was positive and statistically significant at one percent
level. Agro-chemicals positively influenced the output of rain-fed maize in the study area as they protect the crop from
insects’ pests, diseases as well as weeds. Hence, it is an essential input used for increasing maize production by preventing
loss before and after harvesting. Thus, besides the large growing population and scarcity of land available for cultivation,
pesticides industry has a vital role to play in the agricultural sector. The present findings corroborate the report by [14] that
herbicides have significant effect on maize output.
The elasticity of production with respect to fertilizer 0.175 was positive and statistically significant at five per cent level. The
use of fertilizer will improve soil fertility leading to increase in yield of maize. However, fertilizer make its best contribution
to the enhancement of soil fertility only if it falls within a hierarchical system of good technological measures and the doses
used are related to crop plants, soil, climate and culture technology. Although use of fertilizer is yield enhancing, the
economic return from use of this input is low due to high cost of the input. The result of the study is in conformity with the
work of [11] who found fertilizer to be significant in white maize production.
The elasticity of production with respect to hired labour (0.001) was positive and statistically significant at one percent level.
This implies that one percent increase in man days of hired labour, ceteris paribus, would lead to increase in maize yield by
0.001 percent. The quick and effective weeding by hired laborers may be responsible for the increased productivity of rain-
fed maize in the study area. Accordingly, the production of maize in the area does not involve much of farm mechanization
but used traditional technology that relies heavily on hired labour. This study is consistent with the findings of [6] who
reported that there is positive and significant relationship between maize output and hired labour.
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-7, July- 2017]
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TABLE 1
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATE OF THE COBB-DOUGLAS STOCHASTIC FRONTIER PRODUCTION
FUNCTION MODEL FOR RAIN-FED MAIZE FARMERS IN ADAMAWA STATE.
*Estimates are significant at1% level
** Estimates are significant at 5% level
*** Estimates are significant at 10% level
The result of the parameters of the stochastic frontier production function discussed above implies that farm size, seeds, hired
labour, agro-chemicals and quantity of fertilizer were significant factors in Adamawa state.
The inefficiency parameters included in the model specifically, those related to farmers’ socio-economic characteristics were
also presented in Table 1. The signs in the inefficiency model were explained in the opposite way such that a negative sign
indicates increase in technical efficiency while positive sign indicates decrease.
The estimated coefficient of gender (-0.099) carried the expected negative sign and was statistically significant at ten per cent
level. This implies that increase in the number of male farmers will increase the efficiency in rain-fed maize production; so
we can say that male farmers were relatively more efficient in maize production in the study area. Considering that planting,
weeding, harvesting and other crop management operations are labour-intensive, this result is not surprising. Female farmers
also have relatively less access to productive resources like loan and land. The result is in agreement with the findings of [7]
that gender was an important determinant of efficiency among smallholder maize farming communities in Zimbabwe.
The estimated coefficient of extension contacts was (-0.245) negative and statistically significant at ten percent level. This
indicates that continuous contacts with extension agents tends to increase technical efficiency of rain-fed maize farmers in
the study area; since they provide guidance on issues such as new technologies, production and marketing related
information. This finding support the reports earlier made by previous researchers [10;4;7] that increase in extension services
tends to increase the technical efficiency of a farmer.
The estimated coefficient of credit availability was (-0.316) carried the expected negative sign and was statistically
significant at five per cent level. The study shows that credit had positive impact on technical efficiency of rain-fed maize
farmers in the study area. Therefore, availability of credits with low interest rate at a right time will increase farmers’
technical efficiency. As earlier stated majority of them operated at subsistence level below two hectare hence, provision of
credit to these set of farmers translate to increase in the use of agricultural technologies such as improved seed, fertilizers,
herbicides as well as machines. [2] also obtained similar result that credit had positive impact on technical efficiency of
maize producing households in northern Ghana.
The estimated coefficient of farming experience does not possess the expected negative sign though it was significant. This
means that increase in this variable will increase technical inefficiency of rain-fed maize farmers. Farmers with more years of
Variables
Production Factors
Parameter
Adamawa state
Coefficient t-ratio
Constant
Farm Size (X1)
Seed(X2)
Hired labour (X3)
Family labour (X4)
Chemicals (X5)
Fertilizer (X6)
Inefficiency Model
Age (Z1)
Sex (Z2)
Experience (Z3)
Education (Z4)
Family Size (Z5)
Extension (Z6)
Credit (Z7)
Variance Parameters
Sigma-Square (δ)
Gamma (ϒ)
βo
β1
β2
β3
β4
β5
β6
δ1
δ2
δ3
δ4
δ5
δ6
δ7
2.6939
0.8187
0.1115
0.0008
-0.0103
0.1753
0.1753
-1.3640
-0.0990
1.0886
-0.1121
0.1832
-0.2454
-0.3157
0.1625
0.8764
16.3400*
10.0500*
2.8500*
2.8500*
-0.7800
2.7770*
2.2500**
-1.6383
1.7644***
1.8074***
-2.9045*
1.4907
1.9580***
2.0411**
2.5531**
3.8900*
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-7, July- 2017]
Page | 72
experience, more especially those in the rural areas may likely not going to accept new innovation and would prefer to use
their previous knowledge. The finding from this study is in contrast with what [5] earlier reported that highly experienced
farmers tend to be more technically efficient. In other words, the older the farmers, the more experience they have and the
less the technical inefficiency they will be.
The estimated coefficient of age was (-1.364) carried the expected negative sign but was statistically insignificant.
Considering the age bracket of the rain-fed maize farmers, older farmers were more technically inefficient than the younger
ones. Younger farmers were more dynamic in terms of technology adoption that will impact on their efficiency. It is possible
that older farmers may rely on their previous experiences which affect their willingness to adopt new technologies. It implies
that increase in the number of younger farmers will enhance the technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production in the study
area. This finding support the report earlier made by [2] that age have significant jolt on maize producing households in
northern Ghana
3.1 Technical efficiency of rain-fed maize farmers
The distribution of technical efficiency of the farmers in the study area reveals that 7.14 percent had technical efficiency of
less than 50 and about 43.57 per cent had technical efficiency of above 69 (Table 2). The mean technical efficiency was 0.69
which indicates that the average farmer produced about 69 per cent of maximum attainable output for a given input levels.
This indicates that in the short run, there is scope for increasing technical efficiency in rain-fed maize production by 31 per
cent in Adamawa state. This implies that to improve the technical efficiency of the rain-fed maize farmers, their knowledge,
skills and awareness level need to be improved. The present finding corroborate with the study by [8; 12] who also reported
high mean technical efficiency in maize production
TABLE 2
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE RAIN-FED MAIZE FARMERS
Efficiency
Adamawa state
Frequency Percentage
0.40-0.49
0.50 -0.59
0.60 0.69
0.70 –0.79
0.80 –0.89
0.90 –1.00
Total
10.00
33.00
36.00
22.00
24.00
15.00
140.00
7.14
23.57
25.72
15.71
17.14
10.72
100.00
Minimum efficiency
Maximum efficiency
Mean efficiency
0.41
0.96
0.69
FIGURE 1: TECHNICALEFFICIENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RAIN-FED MAIZE FARMERS IN ADAMAWA STATE.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Percentage
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-7, July- 2017]
Page | 73
IV. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study reveals that rain-fed maize output responds positively to increases in farm size, seed, hired labour, agro-chemicals
and fertilizer. The result of inefficiency parameters indicates that gender, education, extension contacts and credits
availability decreased technical inefficiency. The findings of the study suggest that inputs like the land holding size has
positive impact on the rain-fed maize production in the study area, the land holding size of maize growers were very small
with three to four parcels. Therefore, government should pay more attention on the land consolidation programme. It will
help farmers to adopt improved agronomic practices and enhance the production and productivity of rain-fed maize
production in Adamawa state.
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