Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the
Case of Apple Cultivation: A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and
Kashmir
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the
Case of Apple Cultivation: A Case Study of District Kulgam, Jammu and
Kashmir
Cost-effectiveness and resource use efficiency of sweet potato in BangladeshPremier Publishers
In Bangladesh sweet potato is the 4th most important source of carbohydrate after rice, wheat and potato. The study was conducted to determine the profitability and resources use efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) in Bangladesh. This study also aimed to find the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato production. A total of 100 farmers were selected from the study area through stratified random sampling technique and face to face interview was conducted to collect primary data. The cost and return analysis indicated that per hectare net return from sweet potato was 82,758.93 BDT (Bangladesh Taka). Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found 1.97. Labor and vine cost accounted for the 48% and 28% of the total cost, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting gross return of sweet potato. The result showed that farm size, cost of vine, cost of land preparation and cost of labor have positive impact on gross return. Sweet potato cultivation is more sensitive to the output price which can be compensated by increasing yield. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in sweet potato production. Vine, land preparation, fertilizer and labor were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in sweet potato production in Bangladesh.
Trends and Pattern of Crop Diversification in Kheri District, Uttar Pradesh, ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Crop diversification in India is visualized as the shift from traditionally cultivated less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The process of crop diversification is a result of government efforts, market conditions, and farmers' decisions according to the physical conditions of a particular area. The study has been carried out considering Lakhimpur Kheri district as the study area. The crop diversification was estimated by applying three techniques given by Gibbs and Martin, Bhatiya and Singh. Two agricultural years 2006-07 and 2016-17 are taken for the study. The study focused on the spatial comparison in which the block is the minimum unit area for the analysis. The maps for the spatial distribution of crop diversity are generated in the Arc GIS 10.2.2. A change in the crop diversification in a decade has also been examined. There was great similarity in the results by applying all the techniques, but there was some exception in some cases. The results show that, in 2006-07, the diversification was high in the northern and southern blocks like Nighasan, Dhaurehra, Isanagar, Mitauli, and Pasgawan while the blocks lying in the western and central region registered the low intensity of diversification. While, in 2016-17, southern blocks registered high crop diversification and the diversification was low in the central region in almost all the techniques applied.
Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid Rice v/s ConventionalRice Production ...sanaullah noonari
Pakistan grows high quality rice including Fine and Course grain varieties, coarse grain varieties are early
maturing while fine grain varieties are late maturing. Both fine and coarse grain varieties have Hybrid and
Conventional Rice varieties which are high quality rice to fulfill domestic demand and also for exports. The
study was design to compare the economic analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses’ financial gain from Hybrid Rice comparing with Conventional Rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on Hybrid and Conventional Rice varieties are
grown, primary data on Hybrid and Conventional Rice was collected from the farmers through personal
interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to
collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for yield analysis. Total costs per acre of Hybrid
Rice were 62010.87 Rs/Acre which were more than Conventional Rice was 56972.09 Rs/Acre. Major
differences in hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs.
On an average higher yield (79.41monds per acre) was obtained from Hybrid Rice while Conventional Rice
yield (59.74monds per acre) was less then Hybrid Rice. There was 14.14% increase in Hybrid Rice yield
comparing with conventional Rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in Hybrid Rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional Rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow Hybrid Rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, Economics Analysis, Production and Marketing.
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry CultivationPremier Publishers
The major objective of this study was to explore the attitude and determine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, farm size, strawberry cultivation area, annual family income, income from strawberry cultivation, training exposure, extension contact, strawberry cultivation experience, problem faced in strawberry cultivation, knowledge and practice on strawberry cultivation. Data were collected from 113 farmers from two villages (Shahapur and Mirkamari) of Charghat Upazila under Rajshahi District by using a pretested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and percentage were used to describe the variables under consideration. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to examine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation using SPSS software. Overwhelming 97.3% of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 51.3% farmers had a medium favorable attitude, 40.7% had a low favorable attitude and 5.3% farmers had a high favorable attitude. Stepwise multiple regressions exposed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had significant contribution on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation and which contribute 63.4% of the total variation. The percentages of favorable attitudes among the farmers are satisfactory but the study recommended that proper support of extension agents should be given in each step of strawberry cultivation, postharvest management and marketing period to keep up the positive attitude of the farmers.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
An exploratory study on farmer’s vernacular knowledge about the land characte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Local people and small scale farmer had a broad understanding of their land characteristics and soil quality to choose crop. Though Maximum farmers in our country are illiterate and little educated; they have no enough scientific knowledge about land type, soil quality and crop suitability. But they possess vast indigenous knowledge by living in a same environment for a long period of time. They have developed some strategies that helped them to attain a higher degree of satisfaction in farming. So therefore it is very important to explore the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability. To address this indigenous knowledge this study investigates the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability in Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. The information was collected from one Mouza in Nagarkanda upazila, Faridpur district Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. Qualitative and quantitative both data were used in this study. The data were collected from primary sources (such as questionnaire survey, FGD) and secondary data sources (such as books, journals, and published and unpublished research reports). Data were analyzed by exploratory statistics. Graphs and graph tables were created by MS excel. By analyzing the Field data it was investigated that farmers of the study area recognized four elevation levels of land; i). High Land (Vitta) ii). Medium Land (Taner Jomi) iii). Low Land (Nall/Dhop) iv).Very Low (Beel) based on its elevation, flood depth, land use, and crop suitability. The farmers of the study area possess considerable knowledge of the soils quality, moisture conditions of that area. The farmers of the study area distinguish soil into three categories primarily on the basis of color, texture, organic matter content, drainage, and fertility of soils. They use indigenous methods such as visual observation while color, tasting by tongue, feeling, vegetation cover and rubbing with fingers to determine various soil properties. Thus Farmers' knowledge of soils is, therefore, a vast resource we summarized in this paper.
Agroforestry Practices in Ballia District of Eastern Plain Region of Uttar Pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is an efficient land-use system where trees or shrubs are grown with arable crops, seeking positive interactions in enhancing productivity on the sustainable basis. Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. The study was conducted in selected villages (1%) of Ballia District of Eastern plain region of Uttar Pradesh in India during the year 2018 to record the crop combinations with tree species and their stratified arrangement to identify agroforestry practices. The socioeconomic studies based on general village profile, land holding, land use pattern and tree species planting pattern were performed in 1 % villages to collect the data with structured questionnaire and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools. The results demonstrated that a total of six different agroforestry practices, agri-silviculture, silvi-horticulture, agri-horticulture, agri-silvi-horticulture, silvi-pastoral, and homestead existed in different villages. Out of different categories, timber, fruits, medicinal, agriculture, flower and other plant species were recorded. It was recorded that out of existing agroforestry practices, scattered near farms and around homestead was found most common (about 37.7 %) followed by agri-silviculture (20.20 %), silvi-horticulture (19.1 %) and agri-horticulture (12.3 %). The pattern of plantation on bunds and blocks was 17.94 % and 16.82 % respectively. The benefits from agro forestry practices in the villages was also assessed and ranked in their order of preferences in respective blocks of district. The different benefits as fruits/vegetables, timber, shade, medicinal, fodder, firewood, protection, and soil erosion were scored from 1 to 8. It was concluded from the results that status of agroforestry in the studied zonal area of the region is in developing stage and needs to be improved by imparting technical knowledge about planting material, methods and sale of end produces of trees to the farmers and tree growers.
A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmirijtsrd
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers and any other cultivar. Kashmir which is known as paradise on earth is locally famous for its horticulture production. Kashmiri horticulture has grown by loops and bounds in the past few years. Apple cultivation is a main crop of Kashmiri horticulture. Apple cultivation is considered as a highly profitable and attractive economic activity in Kashmir. Apple industry plays an important role in the employment generation in the region as it provides employment to nearly 30 lakh people either directly or indirectly. Which suggests that nearly half of the population of a region is engaged in the apple cultivation either directly or indirectly. The aim of a present paper is to analyze the district wise apple production in Kashmir, the total area under the apple cultivation, and the dispatch of apple fruit to different markets of the country as well as abroad from the fruit mandi sopore( largest fruit mandi in Kashmir). Arfat Manzoor"A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7090.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/7090/a-study-on-area-production-and-marketing-of-apples-in-kashmir/arfat-manzoor
Preparation of Crop Calendar on Mangalbari Town under Matiali Block, Jalpaigu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The crop calendar in a single word is timetable providing periodical information of sowing, growing and harvesting of different crops in relation to the climatic conditions of a particular area in advance. It also enhances the crop productivity and determines the appropriate distribution of labor, application of manures in the field as well as the wholesome development of the agronomy of a specific area. The present work is an effort to highlight the present pattern of agricultural practice as well as to identify different types of crops are produced in the Mangalbari town of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal. The investigation also focuses on the assessment of crop combination, crop specialization & crop diversification in the study area to end with the preparation of crop calendar. The entire work concludes with précised suggestive measure for the development of agronomy in the area.
Role of lemon (Citrus limon) production on livelihoods of rural people in Ban...Premier Publishers
The study was undertaken to determine the role of lemon production relevant to rural people enhancing livelihoods status which have a great contribution to overall livelihoods pattern in their family and community. It was conduct on January to March 2015. A sample size of 21 respondents was drawn by using an interview schedule from Kathalia village of Muktagacha Upazila under Mymensingh District of Bangladesh. It revealed that 52.38% farmers were not educated but constituted economically active. It was found that the yearly income of the respondents was USD 610 to USD 730 from one-acre lemon field. It was also found that women played a significant role in lemon production along with their male counterparts. We observed that a varied level of male-female joint involvement for growing lemon in the study area. The lemon production improved the livelihoods of the farmers in terms of access to land, well house, social networks, health, education, income, decision making ability and saving pattern. It suggests that government should take initiative to provide training the farmers on modern agricultural technology and to supply agricultural inputs in time to ensure increasing lemon production and sustainable livelihood.
Coconut Farming Industry in Dingalan, Aurora: Practices and ChallengesIJAEMSJORNAL
This study attempted to describe the status of coconut farming industry practices and challenges in Dingalan, Aurora. Using Descriptive research design with 50 purposively chosen coconut farmers as respondents, the study revealed that the coconut farming industry in the subject town was in need of improvement in terms of farming practices. It also needed assistance to addressing the challenges that included low yield and lack of strong political assistance. Two from among the recommendations were to establish an extension activity focused on farmers’ training and capability building and to strengthen political will in promoting marketing and farming practices in the town.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Production and Productivity Increase of Milch Animals through the Supply of G...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In India, fodder production is less than the demand and hence deficit is noticed in different states with varying per cent of deficit observed in many states. To alleviate the deficiency of green and dry fodder and to maximize the fodder production for increased a productivity of livestock was studied among 310 respondents of 23 non-delta districts of Tamil Nadu. The results showed that, gain among different types of faming, increased quantum of feeding and increased body weight gain and daily average milk yield among the indigenous as well as cross breed animals.
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE VA...Mohd Asif Shah
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY
CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH
THE VARIOUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC
VARIABLES – A STUDY PERFORMED IN
KULGAM DISTRICT OF JAMMU &
KASHMIR
Comparative Economic Analysis of Hybrid Rice v/s ConventionalRice Production ...sanaullah noonari
Pakistan grows high quality rice including Fine and Course grain varieties, coarse grain varieties are early
maturing while fine grain varieties are late maturing. Both fine and coarse grain varieties have Hybrid and
Conventional Rice varieties which are high quality rice to fulfill domestic demand and also for exports. The
study was design to compare the economic analysis of Hybrid and Conventional Rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses’ financial gain from Hybrid Rice comparing with Conventional Rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on Hybrid and Conventional Rice varieties are
grown, primary data on Hybrid and Conventional Rice was collected from the farmers through personal
interviews with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to
collect the data. Cobb-Douglas production function was used for yield analysis. Total costs per acre of Hybrid
Rice were 62010.87 Rs/Acre which were more than Conventional Rice was 56972.09 Rs/Acre. Major
differences in hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs.
On an average higher yield (79.41monds per acre) was obtained from Hybrid Rice while Conventional Rice
yield (59.74monds per acre) was less then Hybrid Rice. There was 14.14% increase in Hybrid Rice yield
comparing with conventional Rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in Hybrid Rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional Rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow Hybrid Rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, Economics Analysis, Production and Marketing.
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry CultivationPremier Publishers
The major objective of this study was to explore the attitude and determine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, farm size, strawberry cultivation area, annual family income, income from strawberry cultivation, training exposure, extension contact, strawberry cultivation experience, problem faced in strawberry cultivation, knowledge and practice on strawberry cultivation. Data were collected from 113 farmers from two villages (Shahapur and Mirkamari) of Charghat Upazila under Rajshahi District by using a pretested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and percentage were used to describe the variables under consideration. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to examine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation using SPSS software. Overwhelming 97.3% of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 51.3% farmers had a medium favorable attitude, 40.7% had a low favorable attitude and 5.3% farmers had a high favorable attitude. Stepwise multiple regressions exposed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had significant contribution on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation and which contribute 63.4% of the total variation. The percentages of favorable attitudes among the farmers are satisfactory but the study recommended that proper support of extension agents should be given in each step of strawberry cultivation, postharvest management and marketing period to keep up the positive attitude of the farmers.
economy of production and labor requirement in major fieldIJEAB
Economic analysis is found as the major aspect of measurement of efficiency of a farm. In most cases, this part is lagging in Nepalese farmers. With the objective to find benefit cost ratio of growing different crops, identify profitable crops and estimate labor requirement for cultivation, this case study was performed. The scope of this case study isit helps farmers in selecting the crop comparing the profit and labor available. This study was done as a case study in Kavre district, Nepal. From this research, potato (B: C=2.44) and onion (B: C=1.95) were found the most profitable crops and wheat and maize the least. Labor requirement for onion was highest 643 men/ha and wheat was the lowest i.e. 142 men/ha.
An exploratory study on farmer’s vernacular knowledge about the land characte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Local people and small scale farmer had a broad understanding of their land characteristics and soil quality to choose crop. Though Maximum farmers in our country are illiterate and little educated; they have no enough scientific knowledge about land type, soil quality and crop suitability. But they possess vast indigenous knowledge by living in a same environment for a long period of time. They have developed some strategies that helped them to attain a higher degree of satisfaction in farming. So therefore it is very important to explore the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability. To address this indigenous knowledge this study investigates the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability in Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. The information was collected from one Mouza in Nagarkanda upazila, Faridpur district Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. Qualitative and quantitative both data were used in this study. The data were collected from primary sources (such as questionnaire survey, FGD) and secondary data sources (such as books, journals, and published and unpublished research reports). Data were analyzed by exploratory statistics. Graphs and graph tables were created by MS excel. By analyzing the Field data it was investigated that farmers of the study area recognized four elevation levels of land; i). High Land (Vitta) ii). Medium Land (Taner Jomi) iii). Low Land (Nall/Dhop) iv).Very Low (Beel) based on its elevation, flood depth, land use, and crop suitability. The farmers of the study area possess considerable knowledge of the soils quality, moisture conditions of that area. The farmers of the study area distinguish soil into three categories primarily on the basis of color, texture, organic matter content, drainage, and fertility of soils. They use indigenous methods such as visual observation while color, tasting by tongue, feeling, vegetation cover and rubbing with fingers to determine various soil properties. Thus Farmers' knowledge of soils is, therefore, a vast resource we summarized in this paper.
Agroforestry Practices in Ballia District of Eastern Plain Region of Uttar Pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is an efficient land-use system where trees or shrubs are grown with arable crops, seeking positive interactions in enhancing productivity on the sustainable basis. Agroforestry combines agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. The study was conducted in selected villages (1%) of Ballia District of Eastern plain region of Uttar Pradesh in India during the year 2018 to record the crop combinations with tree species and their stratified arrangement to identify agroforestry practices. The socioeconomic studies based on general village profile, land holding, land use pattern and tree species planting pattern were performed in 1 % villages to collect the data with structured questionnaire and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools. The results demonstrated that a total of six different agroforestry practices, agri-silviculture, silvi-horticulture, agri-horticulture, agri-silvi-horticulture, silvi-pastoral, and homestead existed in different villages. Out of different categories, timber, fruits, medicinal, agriculture, flower and other plant species were recorded. It was recorded that out of existing agroforestry practices, scattered near farms and around homestead was found most common (about 37.7 %) followed by agri-silviculture (20.20 %), silvi-horticulture (19.1 %) and agri-horticulture (12.3 %). The pattern of plantation on bunds and blocks was 17.94 % and 16.82 % respectively. The benefits from agro forestry practices in the villages was also assessed and ranked in their order of preferences in respective blocks of district. The different benefits as fruits/vegetables, timber, shade, medicinal, fodder, firewood, protection, and soil erosion were scored from 1 to 8. It was concluded from the results that status of agroforestry in the studied zonal area of the region is in developing stage and needs to be improved by imparting technical knowledge about planting material, methods and sale of end produces of trees to the farmers and tree growers.
A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmirijtsrd
Horticulture is the science and art of growing plants, vegetables, fruits, flowers and any other cultivar. Kashmir which is known as paradise on earth is locally famous for its horticulture production. Kashmiri horticulture has grown by loops and bounds in the past few years. Apple cultivation is a main crop of Kashmiri horticulture. Apple cultivation is considered as a highly profitable and attractive economic activity in Kashmir. Apple industry plays an important role in the employment generation in the region as it provides employment to nearly 30 lakh people either directly or indirectly. Which suggests that nearly half of the population of a region is engaged in the apple cultivation either directly or indirectly. The aim of a present paper is to analyze the district wise apple production in Kashmir, the total area under the apple cultivation, and the dispatch of apple fruit to different markets of the country as well as abroad from the fruit mandi sopore( largest fruit mandi in Kashmir). Arfat Manzoor"A Study on Area, Production and Marketing of Apples in Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7090.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/commerce/7090/a-study-on-area-production-and-marketing-of-apples-in-kashmir/arfat-manzoor
Preparation of Crop Calendar on Mangalbari Town under Matiali Block, Jalpaigu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The crop calendar in a single word is timetable providing periodical information of sowing, growing and harvesting of different crops in relation to the climatic conditions of a particular area in advance. It also enhances the crop productivity and determines the appropriate distribution of labor, application of manures in the field as well as the wholesome development of the agronomy of a specific area. The present work is an effort to highlight the present pattern of agricultural practice as well as to identify different types of crops are produced in the Mangalbari town of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal. The investigation also focuses on the assessment of crop combination, crop specialization & crop diversification in the study area to end with the preparation of crop calendar. The entire work concludes with précised suggestive measure for the development of agronomy in the area.
Role of lemon (Citrus limon) production on livelihoods of rural people in Ban...Premier Publishers
The study was undertaken to determine the role of lemon production relevant to rural people enhancing livelihoods status which have a great contribution to overall livelihoods pattern in their family and community. It was conduct on January to March 2015. A sample size of 21 respondents was drawn by using an interview schedule from Kathalia village of Muktagacha Upazila under Mymensingh District of Bangladesh. It revealed that 52.38% farmers were not educated but constituted economically active. It was found that the yearly income of the respondents was USD 610 to USD 730 from one-acre lemon field. It was also found that women played a significant role in lemon production along with their male counterparts. We observed that a varied level of male-female joint involvement for growing lemon in the study area. The lemon production improved the livelihoods of the farmers in terms of access to land, well house, social networks, health, education, income, decision making ability and saving pattern. It suggests that government should take initiative to provide training the farmers on modern agricultural technology and to supply agricultural inputs in time to ensure increasing lemon production and sustainable livelihood.
Coconut Farming Industry in Dingalan, Aurora: Practices and ChallengesIJAEMSJORNAL
This study attempted to describe the status of coconut farming industry practices and challenges in Dingalan, Aurora. Using Descriptive research design with 50 purposively chosen coconut farmers as respondents, the study revealed that the coconut farming industry in the subject town was in need of improvement in terms of farming practices. It also needed assistance to addressing the challenges that included low yield and lack of strong political assistance. Two from among the recommendations were to establish an extension activity focused on farmers’ training and capability building and to strengthen political will in promoting marketing and farming practices in the town.
This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of sorghum production by smallholder farmers in Konso district, Southern Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from a sample of 124 sorghum producing households. Individual levels of technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas functional form, which was specified to estimate the stochastic production frontier. The estimated stochastic production frontier model indicated that input variables such as land size, fertilizer (Urea and DAP), human labour, oxen power and chemicals (herbicides or pesticides) found to be important factors in increasing the level of sorghum output in the study area. The result further revealed significant differences in technical efficiency among sorghum producers in the study area. The discrepancy ratio, which measures the relative deviation of output from the frontier level due to inefficiency, was about 90%. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample households was about 69%, which shows existence of a possibility to increase the level of sorghum output by about 31% by efficient use of the existing resources. Among the household specific socio-economic and institutional factors hypothesized to affect the level of technical inefficiency, age, education level, family size, off/non-farm activities, extension contact, livestock holding, plots distance and soil fertility status were found to be significant in determining the level of technical inefficiency of sorghum production in the study area. Hence, emphasis should be given to improve the efficiency level of those less efficient households by adopting the practices of relatively efficient households in the study area. Beside this, policies and strategies of the government should be directed towards the above mentioned determinants.
Production and Productivity Increase of Milch Animals through the Supply of G...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In India, fodder production is less than the demand and hence deficit is noticed in different states with varying per cent of deficit observed in many states. To alleviate the deficiency of green and dry fodder and to maximize the fodder production for increased a productivity of livestock was studied among 310 respondents of 23 non-delta districts of Tamil Nadu. The results showed that, gain among different types of faming, increased quantum of feeding and increased body weight gain and daily average milk yield among the indigenous as well as cross breed animals.
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE VA...Mohd Asif Shah
USE OF FERTILIZER TYPE IN THE PADDY
CULTIVATION & ITS ASSOCIATION WITH
THE VARIOUS SOCIO-ECONOMIC
VARIABLES – A STUDY PERFORMED IN
KULGAM DISTRICT OF JAMMU &
KASHMIR
Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradeshijtsrd
Since the agricultural sector accounts for the lions share in the Net State Domestic Product and employs more than two third of the working population, its growth is vital for the growth of the State economy and consequently, the socio economic upliftment of the rural masses. From this perspective, it is interesting to make a critical appraisal of the changing profile of agriculture in Himachal Pradesh. The present section gives an account of the changes in agriculture sector of Himachal Pradesh. A change in cropping patterns has been taking place in the State as elsewhere in the country. The shift in cropping pattern is normally advantageous and indicates a dynamic economy. The change depends upon the crops involved and the multifarious stimuli such as the changing economic, technological, and institutional factors. Food crops include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit crops, and spices together accounted for 96.00 per cent of the total cropped area while non food crops shared the remaining. The area under fruit crops registered the highest increase i.e. 1.3 per cent in 1970 71 to 8.03 per cent in 2019 2020 followed by wheat, vegetables, maize, and spices. However, the area under two principal cereal crops i.e. paddy, barley, pulses and oilseeds are decreased. Pulses suffered a maximum decline, followed by barley, paddy, total non food crops and total oilseeds during the reference period. The decrease in area under pulses and oilseeds might not be immediately disadvantageous to the fanners because of the present low level output input ratio of these crops, but nevertheless, it has national repercussions. Dr. Sham Singh Bains | Mr. Devinder Kumar Atlas "Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49407.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/49407/land-utilization-and-cropping-pattern-in-himachal-pradesh/dr-sham-singh-bains
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Trends In Area Production And Productivity of Groundnut In India: Issues & Ch...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the states. The paper aims to examine the trends in area under cultivation, production and productivity of Groundnut in India by deploying orthogonal polynomial technique on the time series data of fifty years. It also analyses the area and productivity effect as preliminary determinants of production. The major issues and challenges relating to production and productivity of Groundnut have also been dealt with. Concluding remarks suggest some recommendations for augmenting the overall production and its consistency.
Wheat being major crop is great source of nutrition food in Pakistan. Despite its importance from economic and agricultural point of view, the government negligence, certain market and non market factors affected its production, consequently small farmers have suffered badly. A survey research study was conducted on wheat crop during 2014 to find out cultivated area, yield, farm production, stored, sold and price at Sakrand, Sindh. Results demonstrated that minimum cultivated area 01 acre, yield 22 mds acre-1 and production 45 mds farm-1 and maximum cultivated area 70 acres, yield 60 mds acre-1 and production 2800 mds farm-1 were recorded, while mean cultivated area 9.79 acres, yield 44.1 mds acre-1 and production 428.2 mds farm-1 were noted. In case of storage and quantity sold, the maximum 100 mds, minimum 15 mds and mean 52.71 mds stored by the farmers for family food purposes and greater grain yield 2725 mds, reduced 25 mds and mean 375.49 mds were sold. The higher price Rs. 1200 m-1, lower Rs. 950 m-1 and mean Rs. 106.36 m-1 were measured, while, more income Rs. 62563, reduced Rs. 18375 and average Rs. 37869.35 acre-1 were observed. In case of income farm-1, the highest Rs. 2861250, lowest Rs. 26500 and mean Rs. 399571.71 farm-1 were noted. Whereas, economic analysis of wheat showed average Rs. 51305 gross, 28976 net revenue and Rs. 1.29 benefit on invested rupee-1. The results depict that small farmers are producing lower quantity and getting lower wheat prices due to soil environmental and market factors. Government through policy intervention by subsidy for small farmers may enhance wheat productivity in the study area.
https://ijaast.com/index.html
Our journal has transcends traditional boundaries by embracing a multi-disciplinary approach. The journal serves as a melting pot for diverse research areas within agricultural science and technology, ensuring a holistic exploration of the subject.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Agronomic status of Sesame/Thala (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivations in dry reg...Innspub Net
A farmer interview (n=251) was conducted in five Sesame growing districts in dry regions of Sri Lanka (Anuradhapura, Ampara, Hambanthota, Mannar, and Puttalam) to identify the agronomic aspects of Sesame cultivation. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data and the Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV) was calculated to describe and compare the variation within and among the distributions of nominal variables. Results showed that Sesame was mainly grown in Yala season (March to August) of Sri Lanka as a secondary crop to maintain the agricultural lands for primary crops grown during Maha season (November to February). Many farmers were not aware on the Sesame cultivars developed by the Department of Agriculture and had received limited advice on cultivation practices. White seeded Sesame was mainly grown in Hambanthota (South Eastern) while black seeded Sesame was more common in Puttalam and Mannar districts (North Western) of Sri Lanka. Farmer’s selection of Sesame variety was mainly based on the availability of seeds. Sesame was mainly cultivated in small scale (<5 ha) in all the study areas and the production was less than 1t/ha. Application of fertilizer or insecticides during crop growth was rarely recorded and weedicides were often used only during land preparation. Sesame is currently an underutilized crop grown in marginal lands utilizing minimum human resources and agrochemical inputs. High potential for expansion of Sesame cultivation in Sri Lanka on degraded dry lands as ‘organic by default’ was exhibited with dedication of farmers engaged in small scale crop cultivation in the dry zone of Sri Lanka.
Even though Ethiopia had undertaken different policy measures since 1991 to boost agricultural production and increase the spillover effects of agriculture, there is no available study done to know the effects of such policies. This study aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the supply response of the commodity chosen haricot bean in Sidama Zone of Southern Ethiopia. The study applies the modified Nerlovian model and uses price data and non price data from 1991-2012.The result of the estimates of the time series data shows that acreage is positively and significantly influenced by change in its own price in the long run. Acreage and yield are highly influenced by price and non price factors both in the long run and short run. Generally farmers respond to price incentives by reallocating land and increase yield. The error correction term shows that deviation of acreage from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and it takes less than five years to come to the equilibrium. On the other hand any deviation of yield from the equilibrium corrected in the current period and takes less than two years to come to the equilibrium. The empirical results illustrate that there is still great potential to increase production through improvement of price and non price inputs. Hence the ongoing measures should be directed towards assuring appropriate remunerative prices and increase investment and supply of other non price factors like, increase investment in irrigation.
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: BioVision Alexandria 2010 New Life Sciences: Future Prospects
Date Presented: 04/15/2010
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IMPACT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES ON THE PADDY PRODUCTION FROM 2007 TO 2014 – A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM, JAMMU AND KASHMIR
1. EPRA International Journal of
Volume: 3 Issue: 11 November 2017
Published By :
EPRA Journals
CC License
Multidisciplinary
Research
Monthly Peer Reviewed & Indexed
International Online Journal
ISSN (Online) : 2455 - 3662
SJIF Impact Factor :4.924
2. www.eprajournals.com Volume: 3 | Issue: 11 | November 2017
78
SJIF Impact Factor: 4.924 Volume: 3 | Issue: 11 |November 2017
IMPACT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES ON
THE PADDY PRODUCTION FROM 2007 TO 2014 – A CASE
STUDY OF DISTRICT KULGAM, JAMMU AND
KASHMIR
Mohd Asif Shah1
1Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in
Economics,
Annamalai University,
Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the researcher estimates the
association between the different socioeconomic variables
and the paddy production from 2007 to 2014 at the
household level in Kulgam, one of the districts of Jammu and
Kashmir. In the past few decades, agricultural sector in the
whole state and particularly in the district of Kulgam has
witnessed a heavy shift in the cropping pattern from food
crops to non-food crops (cash-crops). The horticultural sector
has been playing an important role in the State, largely by
contributing to the State Economy and turns to be the source
of livelihood for nearly thirty-three lakh people, but the
paddy production on the other hand has shown an opposite
trend. Paddy land is getting changed into the horticultural
land, as the farmers find it to be more remunerative. Kulgam,
which was once the major producer of rice in the State, and
was known to be the “Rice Bowl of Kashmir”, is now among
the least producers of rice. Farmers witnessed that sticking
only to the water-intensive crops proved to be non-beneficial
and they willingly shifted to the cash crops, like: apple,
almond, and walnut. Chi Square test has been used to find
out the association between the different socioeconomic
variables and the paddy production from 2007 to 2014.
KEYWORDS: Kashmir; Crop Diversification; Paddy;
Apple; Crop
INTRODUCTION
Crop diversification is a best strategy to
achieve the goals of development. It took the attention
of policy makers in the country during the recent years.
The approach envisages changes in production
activities of farm sector, to adjust to changes in
economic environment and to face the problems like
unemployment and depletion of natural resources
(Ramesh Chand, 1999). The main objective of this
approach is to raise per capita income by means of
opening of avenues for prolific employment
opportunities in farm and non-farm sectors and to
make the economic growth broad and stable in the
long-run (Amitabh Kundu, 2012). The success of the
policy lies in the identification of the particular crop
for the appropriate region-specific, diversification
choices, establishment of physical and institutional
infrastructure services and execution of suitable
strategies.
Another feature of this approach is to prepare
the farmers to grow excellent and profitable produce
based on both demand and supply in the long run
(Anjani Kumar et al., 2012). Diversification in
cropping pattern is likely to save the disintegration of
EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) ISSN (Online): 2455-3662
SJIF Impact Factor : 3.395
SJIF Impact Factor : 3.395
SJIF Impact Factor : 3.395
3. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) | ISSN (Online): 2455 -3662 | SJIF Impact Factor : 4.924
www.eprajournals.com Volume: 3 | Issue: 11 | November 2017
79
agriculture economy and environment of the study
area. Crop diversification acquires extraordinary
implication in this region because of the ecological and
environmental problems and depletion of the natural
resources. Crop diversification refers to the
competition between the crops growing in a region. If
there is eagerness in the competition, the higher will be
the extent of crop diversification; and less important
the competition, the better will be the trend in the
direction of crop specialization (where emphasis is on
one or two crops). Therefore crop diversification is an
idea which is contradictory to crop specialization. The
extent of crop diversification mainly depends on the
geo climatic/socio-economic conditions and
technological development in the area (Husain, 2000).
India is blessed with a varied set of regional,
agronomic, ecological, climatic, social and economic
attributes. As far the state of Jammu and Kashmir is
concerned, it is totally different regarding all these
features with the rest of the country. The economy of
Jammu & Kashmir principally depends on agriculture,
having about one-third of its population engaged with
this agriculture and allied sectors. The geography setup
of the area is restricting the growth of paddy
cultivation. The production of paddy is not increasing
in proportion to the cost involved in the farming, so in
this background of stagnation in paddy production,
which is not able to raise the level of employment in
the region, horticulture is a possible option for
exploration. The area is blessed with the appropriate
climatic zones for rising temperate, sub-tropical and
tropical fruits throughout the whole year. These fruits
are not only the supplement diet of the local people,
but also appear to be the main item of export to other
parts of India and rest of world (SP Sharma et al.,
2011). Kulgam which famous for the rice productivity
once used to be called as rice bowl of the Kashmir is
now amongst the least producers of rice (A. N. Raina,
2012). Paddy land is getting converted into
horticultural land as farmers seek to earn more revenue
against horticultural products (Mohmad Iqbal Reshi et
al., 2010). Farmers feel that sticking only to the water-
intensive crops like paddy in times of water-scarcity
might prove non-beneficial and they readily switch
over to cash crops like apple, almond and walnuts
(J&K Govt. Report, 2012).
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
There are two ways by which the farmers go
for crop diversification; one is to go for substitution
and second way is to go for expansion. In the former
one the farmers go directly for substituting the crop by
new one, and in latter the farmers can go by increasing
the land area by bringing unwanted lands or by
clearing the forests under cultivation. But mostly the
farmers have adopted substitution method rather than
the expansion method in the study area. There are lots
of theories (Theory of Production and Costs, Prof.
Schultz Theory of Transforming Traditional
Agriculture) which discuss about the crop
diversification in detail, but the present study has used
the Theory of Profit Maximisation to understand the
issue very well.
METHODOLOGY
The researcher has made an attempt to
examine the ground realities in the study area to devise
a methodology and research design of the present study
by going through the existing literature meticulously in
the area of research. The present study is exploratory in
nature, mainly based on the primary data collected
from thorough field survey with structured interview
schedule and the units of analyses being the household
heads.
SAMPLING DESIGN
Among the three divisions (Jammu, Kashmir,
and Ladakh) of Jammu and Kashmir State, Kashmir
division chosen for the present study which is
dominated by the cultivation of apple. Kashmir
division if further divided into South, North and
Central parts, comprises of ten districts. Anantnag,
Kulgam, Shopian, and Pulwama form the Southern
part; while as Bandipora, Baramulla, and Kupwara
forms the Northern part and Budgam, Ganderbal and
Srinagar as the Central part of the region.
In all the ten districts of Kashmir region, both
apple and rice are extensively cultivated. Out of which,
the five districts which come under high productivity
group in case of both apple and rice production are:
Kulgam, Budgam, Anantnag, Pulwama, and
Baramulla. Kulgam district, which was once known as
the “Rice Bowl of Kashmir” has been chosen for
observing the rapid trend in the shifting of paddy
cultivation towards the apple cultivation over the last
few decades.
Primary data were obtained from the survey
samples by adopting stratified random sampling
method to choose the respondents from the selected
villages, with the help of an interview schedule by
implementing three-stage sampling procedure as
follows:
Stage I: Selection of all ten horticultural blocks of
district Kulgam. (Manzgam, Waripora, D.K. Marg,
Kulgam, Arreh, Kadder, Qazigund, Devsar, Qaimoh,
and Yaripora)
Stage II: Selection of thirty-four highly apple
populated orchardist villages from all ten blocks by the
number of villages in the respective blocks.
Stage III: Selection of total of 272 sample respondents
of the total thirty-four villages, eight sample
respondents from each village.
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OBJECTIVES
The following objectives were set for the present
research:
1. To find out the association between the
different socioeconomic variables and the
paddy production from 2007 to 2014.
HYPOTHESES
1. There is an association between the attribute
(age) and the paddy production from 2007 to
2014.
2. There is no association between the attribute
(gender) and the paddy production from 2007
to 2014.
3. There is an association between the attribute
(educational qualification) and the paddy
production from 2007 to 2014.
4. There is no association between the attribute
(occupation) and the paddy production from
2007 to 2014.
5. There is an association between the attribute
(family type) and the paddy production from
2007 to 2014.
6. There is no association between the attribute
(family size) and the paddy production from
2007 to 2014.
7. There is an association between the attribute
(land owned) and the paddy production from
2007 to 2014.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The table 1 examines the association between
the dependent variable i.e. the production pattern in
case of paddy cultivation from 2007 to 2014, (whether
increased, or decreased, or did not change) and the
various independent variables (characteristics of the
household head) such as age, gender, educational
qualification, occupation, family type, family size and
land owned. Out of the total sample size, N=272
respondents, 118 respondents (43.4 per cent) depicted
an increase, 102 respondents (37.5 per cent) depicted
no change and the rest of 52 respondents (19.1 per
cent) depicted decrease in the paddy production over
the period.
In the age group of 21 to 40, the highest share
of 20 sample respondents (41.7 per cent of the row
total) show an increase in the paddy production over
the last seven years and the least share of 12 sample
respondents (25.0 per cent of the row total) show a
decrease in the paddy production over the last seven
years. Similarly, in the age group of 41 to 60, the
highest share of 78 sample respondents (45.3 per cent
of the row total) show an increase in the paddy
production over the last seven years and the least share
of 32 sample respondents (18.6 per cent of the row
total) show a decrease in the paddy production over the
last seven years. But, in the age group with respondents
having age above 60 years, the highest share of 24
sample respondents (46.2 per cent of the row total)
depicted no change in the paddy production over the
last seven years and the least share of 8 sample
respondents (15.4 per cent of the row total) show a
decrease in the paddy production over the last seven
years.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
association between the attribute (age) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years. The result reveals that the calculated
chi-square value (3.10) at 4 degrees of freedom is >
0.05. Hence the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore,
it can be concluded that there is no association between
the attribute (age) and the production pattern in case of
paddy cultivation over the last seven years.
In the case of gender, among the males, the
highest share of 110 sample respondents (45.1 per cent
of the row total) show an increase in the paddy
production over the last seven years and the least share
of 50 sample respondents (20.5 per cent of the row
total) show a decrease in the paddy production over the
last seven years. And among the females the highest
share of 18 sample respondents (64.3 per cent of the
row total) depicted no change in the paddy production
over the last seven years and the least share of 2
sample respondents (7.1 per cent of the row total) show
a decrease in the paddy production over the last seven
years.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
association between the attribute (gender) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years. The result reveals that the calculated
chi-square value (9.89) at 4 degrees of freedom is
significant at 0.01 levels. Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an
association between the attribute (gender) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years.
In the case of educational qualification,
considering illiterates, the highest share of 40 sample
respondents (50.0 per cent of the row total) show an
increase in the paddy production over the last seven
years and the least share of 14 sample respondents
(17.5 per cent of the row total) show a decrease in the
paddy production over the last seven years. Among the
respondents who have studied up to middle, the highest
share of 50 sample respondents (49.0 per cent of the
row total) depicted no change in the paddy production
over the last seven years and the least share of 18
sample respondents (17.6 per cent of the row total)
show a decrease in the paddy production over the last
seven years. Among the respondents, who have studied
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HSC, the highest share of 22 sample respondents (61.1
per cent of the row total) show an increase in the paddy
production over the last seven years and the least share
of 4 sample respondents (11.1 per cent of the row total)
show a decrease in the paddy production over the last
seven years. But, the respondents who have studied up
to graduation, the highest share of 10 sample
respondents (45.5 per cent of the row total) show an
increase in the paddy production over the last seven
years, a share of 6 sample respondents (27.3 per cent of
the row total) show a decrease in the paddy production
over the last seven years and a share of 6 sample
respondents (27.3 per cent of the row total) show no
change in the paddy production over the last seven
years. And finally among the sample respondents who
have studied PG or above, the highest share of 12
sample respondents (37.5 per cent of the row total)
show an increase in the paddy production over the last
seven years, a share of 10 sample respondents (31.3 per
cent of the row total) show a decrease in the paddy
production over the last seven years and a share of 10
sample respondents (31.3 per cent of the row total)
show no change in the paddy production over the last
seven years.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
association between the attribute (educational
qualification) and the production pattern in case of
paddy cultivation over the last seven years. The result
reveals that the calculated chi-square value (16.72) at 8
degrees of freedom is significant at 0.01 levels. Hence
the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative
hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, it can be concluded
that there is an association between the attribute
(educational qualification) and the production pattern
in case of paddy cultivation over the last seven years.
In the case of occupational structure, among
the respondents practicing agriculture, the highest
share of 54 sample respondents (45.8 per cent of the
row total) depicted no change in the paddy production
over the last seven years and the least share of 22
sample respondents (18.6 per cent of the row total)
show a decrease in the paddy production over the last
seven years. But, among the respondents having
business as their main income generating source, the
highest share of 44 sample respondents (53.7 per cent
of the row total) show an increase in the paddy
production over the last seven years and the least share
of 10 sample respondents (12.2 per cent of the row
total) show a decrease in the paddy production over the
last seven years. Similarly, among the respondents who
are in government service, the highest share of 32
sample respondents (44.4 per cent of the row total)
show an increase in the paddy production over the last
seven years, a share of 20 sample respondents (27.8 per
cent of the row total) show a decrease in the paddy
production over the last seven years and a share of 20
sample respondents (27.8 per cent of the row total)
show no change in the paddy production over the last
seven years.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
association between the attribute (occupation) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years. The result reveals that the calculated
chi-square value (12.76) at 4 degrees of freedom is
significant at 0.01 levels. Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an
association between the attribute (occupation) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years.
In the case of family type, among the nuclear
type household families, the highest share of 86 sample
respondents (44.3 per cent of the row total) show an
increase in the paddy production over the last seven
years and the least share of 42 sample respondents
(21.6 per cent of the row total) show a decrease in the
paddy production over the last seven years. And among
the joint family type households, the highest share of
36 sample respondents (46.2 per cent of the row total)
show no change in the paddy production over the last
seven years and the least share of 10 sample
respondents (12.8 per cent of the row total) show a
decrease in the paddy production over the last seven
years.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
association between the attribute (family type) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years. The result reveals that the calculated
chi-square value (4.59) at 2 degrees of freedom is
significant at 0.01 levels. Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an
association between the attribute (family type) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years.
In the case of family size, in the group of
households having family size below 5, the highest
share of 62 sample respondents (39.7 per cent of the
row total) show an increase in the paddy production
over the last seven years and the least share of 38
sample respondents (24.4 per cent of the row total)
show a decrease in the paddy production over the last
seven years. Similarly, among the households in the
group of 6-10 the highest share of 38 sample
respondents (50.0 per cent of the row total) show an
increase in the paddy production over the last seven
years and the least share of 10 sample respondents
(13.2 per cent of the row total) show a decrease in the
paddy production over the last seven years. And,
among the households having the family size of above
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82
10, 18 sample respondents (45.0 per cent of the row
total) show an increase in the paddy production over
the last seven years, 18 sample respondents (45.0 per
cent of the row total) depicted no change in the paddy
production over the last seven years and the least share
of 4 sample respondents (10.0 per cent of the row total)
show a decrease in the paddy production over the last
seven years.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
association between the attribute (family size) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years. The result reveals that the calculated
chi-square value (7.376) at 4 degrees of freedom is >
0.05. Hence the null hypothesis is accepted. Therefore,
it can be concluded that there is no association between
the attribute (family size) and the production pattern in
case of paddy cultivation over the last seven years.
In case of land owned, considering the group
of households having land size below 2 Kanals, 4
sample respondents (40.0 per cent of the row total)
show an increase in the paddy production over the last
seven years, a share of 4 sample respondents (40.0 per
cent of the row total) depicted no change in the paddy
production over the last seven years and the least share
of 2 sample respondents (20.0 per cent of the row total)
depicted a decrease in the paddy production over the
last seven years. Among the respondents who have
been having the land size of 3 to 4 Kanals, the highest
share of 24 sample respondents (48.0 per cent of the
row total) depicted no change in the paddy production
over the last seven years and the least share of 4
sample respondents (8.0 per cent of the row total) show
a decrease in the paddy production over the last seven
years. Among the respondents, who have land size of 5
to 8 Kanals, the highest share of 44 sample respondents
(40.7 per cent of the row total) show an increase in the
paddy production over the last seven years, a share of
32 sample respondents (29.6 per cent of the row total)
show a decrease in the paddy production over the last
seven years and the least share of 32 sample
respondents (29.6 per cent of the row total) show no
change in the paddy production over the last seven
years. Among the respondents who have land size of 9
to 16 Kanals, the highest share of 44 sample
respondents (47.8 per cent of the row total) show an
increase in the paddy production over the last seven
years and the least share of 14 sample respondents
(15.2 per cent of the row total) show a decrease in the
paddy production over the last seven years. And among
the sample respondents who have land size of above 16
Kanals, the highest share of 8 sample respondents
(66.7 per cent of the row total) show a decrease in the
paddy production over the last seven years, and the rest
of the 4 sample respondents (33.3 per cent of the row
total) show a decrease in the paddy production over the
last seven years.
The Chi Square test is used for finding out the
association between the attribute (land owned) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years. The result reveals that the calculated
chi-square value (19.40) at 8 degrees of freedom is
significant at 0.01 levels. Hence the null hypothesis is
rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an
association between the attribute (land owned) and the
production pattern in case of paddy cultivation over the
last seven years.
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Horticulture Board. (2010-11), Government of India.
Table 1
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Paddy Production from 2007 to 2014.
Variables
Paddy Production from 2007 to 2014
Total
Increased Decreased Did not Change
Age
21 to 40 20
(41.7)
12
(25.0)
16
(33.3)
48
(100.0)
41 to 60 78
(45.3)
32
(18.6)
62
(36.0)
172
(100.0)
Above 60 20
(38.5)
8
(15.4)
24
(46.2)
52
(100.0)
Total 118
(43.4)
52
(19.1)
102
(37.5)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
3.10 4 0.54 NS
Gender
Male 110
(45.1)
50
(20.5)
84
(34.4)
244
(100.0)
Female 8
(28.6)
2
(7.1)
18
(64.3)
28
(100.0)
Total 118
(43.4)
52
(19.1)
102
(37.5)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
9.89 2 0.001 S
EducationalQualification
Illiterate 40
(50.0)
14
(17.5)
26
(32.5)
80
(100.0)
Middle 34
(33.3)
18
(17.6)
50
(49.0)
102
(100.0)
HSC 22
(61.1)
4
(11.1)
10
(27.8)
36
(100.0)
Graduation 10
(45.5)
6
(27.3)
6
(27.3)
22
(100.0)
PG/Other 12
(37.5)
10
(31.3)
10
(31.3)
32
(100.0)
Total 118
(43.4)
52
(19.1)
102
(37.5)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
16.72 8 0.001 S
Occupational
Structure
Agriculture 42
(35.6)
22
(18.6)
54
(45.8)
118
(100.0)
Business 44
(53.7)
10
(12.2)
28
(34.1)
82
(100.0)
Government Service 32
(44.4)
20
(27.8)
20
(27.8)
72
(100.0)
Total 118
(43.4)
52
(19.1)
102
(37.5)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
12.76 4 0.01 S
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Table 1 Contd...
Variables
Paddy Production from 2007 to 2014
Total
Increased Decreased Did not Change
Typeof
Family
Nuclear 86
(44.3)
42
(21.6)
66
(34.0)
194
(100.0)
Joint 32
(41.0)
10
(12.8)
36
(46.2)
78
(100.0)
Total 118
(43.4)
52
(19.1)
102
(37.5)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
4.59 2 0.10 NS
SizeoftheFamily
Below 5 62
(39.7)
38
(24.4)
56
(35.9)
156
(100.0)
6-10 38
(50.0)
10
(13.2)
28
(36.8)
76
(100.0)
Above 10 18
(45.0)
4
(10.0)
18
(45.0)
40
(100.0)
Total 118
(43.4)
52
(19.1)
102
(37.5)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
4.59 2 0.10 NS
SizeofLandOwned
Below 2 4
(40.0)
2
(20.0)
4
(40.0)
10
(100.0)
3-4 22
(44.0)
4
(8.0)
24
(48.0)
50
(100.0)
5-8 44
(40.7)
32
(29.6)
32
(29.6)
108
(100.0)
9-16 44
(47.8)
14
(15.2)
34
(37.0)
92
(100.0)
Above 16 4
(33.3)
0 8
(66.7)
12
(100.0)
Total 118
(43.4)
52
(19.1)
102
(37.5)
272
(100.0)
Chi-Square df P-Value
19.40 8 0.01 S
Source:Computed
Note: Figures in parentheses indicate percentage to the row total.
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