Plants and animals have transport systems to distribute nutrients and remove waste. In plants, vascular bundles transport water and minerals through xylem and food through phloem. In animals, the circulatory system transports blood through arteries, veins and capillaries. The human circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels and blood, with the heart pumping blood throughout the body and blood carrying oxygen, nutrients and waste. Both plants and animals have excretory systems to remove metabolic waste.

1. Transportation in
plants and animals

2.  In unicellular organisms, the intake of food, water, oxygen and removal of waste
material occur across the cell surface by the process of diffusion.
 Plants and animals are multicellular. They have a specific organ to perform
specific functions. To perform these functions, every cell in the plant and animal
body require useful substances such as nutrients, oxygen and water.
 Plants and animals have a transport system to carry useful substance to every
cell of the body and for the removal of waste material produced by the body.
 In animals, the transportation system is called the circulatory system and in
plants, the transportation takes place through pipeline connection called
vascular bundles.

3.  Diffusion in higher multicellular organisms like humans is too
slow to transport substances to all the cells.
 Hence, a fluid medium called blood always circulates
throughout the body within a narrow tube channel called blood
vessels.
 The heart, blood and blood vessels together make up the
circulatory system in humans.

4.  Blood is red-coloured fluid that transport respiratory gases,
nutrients, secretions as well as waste material from one part of our
body to another.
 Blood consists of a pale yellow liquid called Plasma in which red
blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and blood platelets
float.

5.  The blood in our body moves through tube-like structures
called blood vessels. Blood vessels are of three types: artery
veins and capillaries.

6. • The heart is a fist-sized muscular organ found in the chest
cavity towards the left lungs. It pumps blood to all parts of
the body. It beats 60-80 times a minute throughout our life.
• The heart is made up of four chambers. The Upper two
chambers are called right atrium and left atrium. The two
lower chambers are called right ventricle and left ventricle.
• A muscular wall called septum separates the right and left
side of the heart, preventing the mixing of oxygenated blood
with the deoxygenated blood and have valves. Valves allow
the blood to flow in only one direction.
• The blood rich in carbon dioxide flows through the right side
of the heart, while the blood rich in oxygen flows through the
left side of the heart.

7. • The heart functions as a double pump. Deoxygenated
blood from the veins flows into the right Atrium of the
heart.
• From here, the blood enters the right ventricle through
an opening.
• The impure blood is transported from the right ventricle
to the lungs by the Pulmonary artery.
• Gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs.
• The blood gives off carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen.
• Oxygen-rich blood is carried to the left Atrium by the
Pulmonary vein.
• From here, the blood flows through an opening into the
left ventricle.
• The left ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood to every part
of the body through the aorta.
• The oxygen is then used by the cells and the cell

8. • Like animals, plants also need to transport water minerals and
nutrients to all their parts.
Once the water and minerals are absorbed from the soil by the
roots through root hair, they move up the stem and leaves
through tube-like tissues called the xylem.
• Absorption and transportation of water is a continuous
process which occurs with the help of transpiration.
• Transpiration is the process in which plants lose water
through the stomata in the form of water vapour. This results
in water loss in the cells of the leaves and creates pressure.
The pressure helps to pull the water from the roots through
the xylem of the stem to reach all the way to the leaves.

9.  The food manufactured in
the leaves during
photosynthesis reaches all
parts of the plant through
another tube- like tissues
called the phloem. This
process is called
translocation.

10. Besides carbon dioxide gas, the human body produces
several other kinds of waste materials which mix into the
blood. Waste products are often toxic and need to be
removed from the body. The process by which metabolic
waste products are removed from the body is called
excretion.
Excretion in animals:
 In unicellular organisms like Amoeba, Paramecium and
lower animals like Hydra and sponges, waste products
are excreted by the process of diffusion through their
body surface. Large animals have special organs for
excretion.

11. • The human excretory system is made up of
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.
A Human being has two Kidneys, located in
the abdominal cavity.
• Each kidney consists of a large number of
coiled tubes called nephrons. The nephrons
filter out waste products from the blood. The
end product of this process is urine. Urine
contains wastes such as urea, ammonia and
uric acid.
• The urine flows through two long tubes
called ureters and collects in the urinary
bladder.
• Urinary bladder is the storage sac for the

12. Plants excrete waste products from their body. They get
rid of their waste product in the following ways:
• Oxygen and Carbon dioxide are given out during the
process of photosynthesis and respiration.
• The excess water is lost by the plants through
transpiration.
• Some plants excrete their waste product in the form
of gums, resins and latex. The substances are of
great use as adhesive, paints, varnishes and rubber.