This document discusses submerged floating tunnels, which are tube-like structures that float underwater and are fixed in place. They are designed using Archimedes' principle of buoyancy to float at a certain depth and accommodate road or rail traffic. The tunnels are constructed in sections that are joined together and anchored to the seafloor with cable systems. Submerged floating tunnels allow for transportation connections in very deep waters where conventional bridges or tunnels are not feasible. They have advantages like avoiding disruptions to ship traffic and reducing environmental impacts compared to surface structures.

1. Floating TunnelFloating TunnelFloating TunnelFloating Tunnel

2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• Submerged floating tunnel is basically making a tunnel to
float underwater which is balanced by its buoyancy, self
weight and constraint forces resulted from cable system and
thus submerged to a certain depth underwater.
• It is basically tube like structure floating at some depth
below water surface and fixed against excessive
movements. The tube is designed to accommodate road
and or rail traffic.

3. ““ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE”ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE”
• Any object wholly or partially immersed in an fluid, is buoyed up by a
force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
• this means if more surface area exposed to water surface more are
the chances of floating it.
• Ships, submarines, offshore oil rigs etc. work on this principle.
• Research shows that the buoyancy to weight ratio for the tunnel to
float should be less than one and between 0.5 to 0.8

4. MATERIAL USEDMATERIAL USED
• As the tunnel is situated at a depth of 30m, it should be
perfectly water tight and secondly it should resist the salty
sea water and thirdly it should be withstand against
hydrostatic forces coming on it.
• It is made of 4 layers. Outermost layer is constructed of
aluminium to resist the salty sea water. Second and third
layer is made of the foam to float the tunnel easily in water.
Fourth layer is of concrete which gives strength to the tunnel.

5. PRESENT SCENARIOPRESENT SCENARIO
• A simple submerged tunnel have been used as a means of transport
for about 100 years.
• They are considered to built when the underneath ground surface is
shallow and the tunnel can be placed directly on sea bed and can be
covered by sand and backfill material so as to avoid their movement.

6. NEED FOR SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNELNEED FOR SUBMERGED FLOATING TUNNEL
• A “SFT” is considered when the depth of sea or ocean is too deep
so that no tunnel or any solid body could sustain the pressure
acting on it at such a deep level.
• In that case the tunnel is lifted up such as about 30 to 100m deep
from the sea surface where the water pressure is comparatively
lower than what is at the bottom depth.

7. PARAMETERS OF AN “SFT”PARAMETERS OF AN “SFT”
An SFT basically consists of four parts
1)The tunnel structure which is made of different segments
2)The shore connection structure which connects it to shores.
3)The cable systems which are anchored to the waterbeds to balance net
buoyancy.
4)The foundation structure which are constructed at waterbed to install cable system.

8. Step by step procedureStep by step procedure
1) Construction of tunnel segments on dry dock.
2) Transporting the tunnel segments to their final places and placing them
underwater.
3) Joining of different tunnel segments by using rubber gasket.
4) Anchoring the tunnel to the cables.

9. STEP ONESTEP ONE
PRECASTINGPRECASTING
• Huge tunnel sections are constructed on dry dock.
• The procedure consists same as that of precast construction.
• Dry dock is flooded and the panels are transported to their respective
places.
• Sinking of the panel is controlled by the use of ballast tank as in case of
submarines.

10. STEP TWOSTEP TWO
JOINTSJOINTS
• After the submersion of different panels in water they are
connected with one another by using a rubber gasket.
• Another procedure includes trapping of water between the
joints and then removing it afterwards.

11. STEP THREESTEP THREE
FOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIONS
• The application consists same as that of in caisson foundation.
• A hollow chamber is penetrated down the sea bed as shown which evacuates
the water trapped inside it by a valve present on its top surface.
• Such type of foundations are been used for the offshore oil rig plants.

12. STEP FOURSTEP FOUR
ANCHORING OF CABLESANCHORING OF CABLES
• After the foundation work is completed the cables are anchored to the
floating tunnel which will avoid its movement and will place it firmly in
alignment.
• This operation can be carried out by divers.
• Finally the tunnel will be in position and ready to use.

13. Advantages of “SFT”Advantages of “SFT”
• Allows construction of tunnel in extremely deep water, where conventional
bridges or tunnels are technically difficult or prohibitively expensive.
• Any type of cross sectional area can be provided since being prefabricated.
• No obstruction to navigational routes as compared to conventional bridges
since all of the tunnel being placed underwater.
• Construction activities has less harmful effects on aquatic life.

14. • No harmful environmental effects such as fog or storm since
the whole structure is covered and is present inside the
water.
• Low energy consumption due to more gentle gradient.
• Vehicular emission can be collected at one end of the
tunnel thus reducing the air pollution.
• Tremendous speed for trains could be obtained by creating
a vacuum inside the tunnel since it will result in negligible air
resistance.

15. TRANSATLANTIC TUNNELTRANSATLANTIC TUNNEL
• AIM- to join north America to west Europe via a submerged floating
tunnel present in the Atlantic ocean.
• Will require 54000 prefabricated tunnel segments.
• Use of maglev trains for fast travel.
• Maintaining perfect vacuum to avoid air resistance.
• Could travel from New York to London within 54 minutes with a
tremendous speed of 8000km/h.

16. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
The submerged floating tunnel will set up new trends in transportation
engineering and which shows with the advances in technology that will reduce
the time required for travelling. And make the transportation more effective by
hiding the traffic under water by which the beauty of landscape is maintained
and valuable land is available for other purposes. Benefits can be obtained
with respect to less energy consumption, air pollution and reduced noise
emmission.For wide and deep crossings the submerged floating tunnel may be
the only feasible fix link, replacing present day ferries and providing local
communities with new opportunities for improved communication and regional
development.

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