The document discusses composite construction using precast prestressed concrete beams and cast-in-situ concrete. It describes how the two elements act compositely after the in-situ concrete hardens. Composite beams can be constructed as either propped or unpropped. Propped construction involves supporting the precast beam during casting to relieve it of the wet concrete weight, while unpropped construction allows stresses to develop under self-weight. Design and analysis of composite beams involves calculating stresses and deflections considering composite action. Differential shrinkage between precast and in-situ concrete also induces stresses.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
Here, I attach a PowerPoint presentation created by me for a competition held by UltraTech. Have a look at this and feel free to share your views with me.
Design of rigid pavements. IRC method of design of rigid pavement. Transportation Engineering. Civil Engineering. Wheel loads on rigid pavement. Action of various stresses on rigid pavement. Highway engineering. How rigid pavements different from flexible pavements
Here, I attach a PowerPoint presentation created by me for a competition held by UltraTech. Have a look at this and feel free to share your views with me.
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
Effect of tendon profile on deflections – Factors
influencing deflections – Calculation of deflections – Short term and long term deflections - Losses
of prestress
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
Effect of creep on composite steel concrete sectionKamel Farid
Creep and Shrinkage are inelastic and time-varying strains.
For Steel-Concrete Composite beam creep and shrinkage are highly associated with concrete.
Simple approach depending on modular ratio has been adopted to compute the elastic section properties instead of the theoretically complex calculations of creep.
Cable Stay Bridge construction at Bardhman using LARSA and LUSAS four dimensi...Rajesh Prasad
For the construction of Cable Stayed Bridge at Bardhman, a simulation model was made using LARSA 4D and accordingly design were concluded considering all the possible situation. At the execution stage the profile/geometry control is very important. Accordingly construction stage analysis along with geometry control is being done using LUSAS software. These software are 4D and the fourth dimension is Time. The said presentation covers the LARSA, LUSAS and few pictures on execution at site along with sample of documentation.
Reinforced concrete Course Assignments, 2023.
Educational material for the RCS course. Design examples for reinforced concrete structures regarding beams and mast columns.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. 02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 2
• A composite beam is one whose cross-section consists of two or
more elements of different materials, acting together while
carrying some or all of the loads
• Composite prestressed concrete consists of precast prestressed
beams and cast insitu concrete.
• The insitu portion is not usually prestressed and therefore,
often consists of lower grade concrete provided with ordinary
reinforcement.
• After the insitu concrete has hardened, the two elements
perform as one.
• Depending on the stiffness, the precast member can be
designed to carry the weight of the in situ concrete or can be
propped, so that it carries only its self-weight during casting.
Composite beam
3. • In latter case, the props are removed when the concrete has
hardened and the weight of insitu topping is then carried by
the composite action.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 3
5. Advantages….
• Economical
• Less time consuming
• Reduction in the false work and shoring cost
• No need of formwork and scaffoldings
• CIPC slab provides continuity at the ends of elements over
adjacent spans
• Provides stability to girders
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 5
6. Types of composite
construction
Propped Construction
The dead load stress developed in the precast prestressed
units can be minimized by propping them while casting the
concrete in situ.
Unpropped Construction
If the precast units are not propped while placing the in situ
concrete, stresses are developed in the unit due to the self-
weight of the member and the dead weight of the in situ
concrete.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 6
8. Analysis and Design…….
• Analysis Problem
– Given data
• Sectional properties
• Length of the member
• Load conditions
– Result
• Internal stresses or forces
• Design problem
– Given data
• Length of the member
• Load conditions
• Forces or stresses
– Result
• Sections to be checked for its adequacy
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 8
9. Analysis of composite sections for
concrete stresses
• The flexural stresses are calculated using elastic analysis.
• Let the flexural stress be denoted as f, the bending moment M
and section modulus or elastic modulus Z, then
• Bending moment is computed from the self weight of the
precast unit and the weight of wet cast in situ slab concrete in
case of unpropped construction.
• On the other hand, in propped construction, the weight of
concrete is not considered as the propping of the beam relieves
the weight of the wet concrete in the situ slab.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 9
Z
M
f ±=
10. Problem-1
• A precast pretensioned beam of rectangular section has a
breadth of 100 mm and a depth of 200 mm. the beam with an
effective span of 5 m is prestressed by tendons with their
centroids coinciding with the bottom kern. The initial force in
the tendons is 150 kN. The loss of prestress may be assumed to
be 15 percent. The beam is incorporated in a composite T –
beam by casting a top flange of breadth 400 mm and thickness
40 mm. if the composite beam supports a live load of 8 kN/m2
.
Calculate the resultant stresses developed in the precast and
insitu concrete assuming the pretensioned beam as: (a)
Unpropped, (b) propped during the casting of the slab. Assume
the same modulus of elasticity for concrete in precast beam
and insitu cast slab.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 10
15. Differential Shrinkage
• In composite construction, the precast prestressed beams are resisting
the applied loads along with the cast In situ slab.
• Precast elements were placed earlier, creep and shrinkage would
have already taken place.
• The wet concrete of slab is laid over the precast unit, and the
shrinkage and creep continues.
• The magnitude of the tensile force is computed as
Nsh=ξcs Ec Ai
where Nsh = Magnitude
ξcs = Shrinkage strain
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of insitu concrete
Ai = Cross sectional area
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 15
16. • This tensile force is balanced by a compressive force applied at
the centriod of equal magnitude.
• The force applied at the cast in situ slab causes a direct force
acting at the centriod of the composite section together with a
bending moment.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 16
17. • The formulae to compute the stresses due to differential
shrinkage are as follows
Stress at the top fibre of the slab
Stress at the bottom fibre of the slab
Stress at the top fibre of the beam
Stress at the bottom fibre of the beam
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 17
f
Z
M
A
P
tc
s
−+=
f
Z
M
A
P
bc
s
−+=
Jc
s
Z
M
A
P
+=
bc
s
Z
M
A
P
−=
18. 02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 18
sP M
f
tZbZ JZ
cA
Direct compressive force and bending
moment
section moduli at top, junction and bottom
of the precast beam
Area of composite beam
Uniform tensile stress at centre of the
slab
Where,
19. Problem-2
A composite beam of rectangular section is made of inverted T-beam
having a slab thickness of 150 mm and width of 1000 mm. the rib size
in 150 mm x 850 mm. The in situ concrete slab has EC = 30kN/m2
and
the thickness of cast in situ slab is 1000 mm. If the differential
shrinkage in 100 x 10-6
units, estimate the shrinkage stress developed
in the precast and cast in situ units.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 19
21. Deflections of composite
beams
• The estimation of deflections at service loads essentially
depends on two factors i.e, the stages of loading and the
difference in modulus of elasticity of precast concrete unit
and the cast in situ slab.
• Unpropped Construction- Deflections are computed using
sectional properties and modulus of elasticity of the precast
unit. Loads are due to prestress, self weight of beam and the
weight of the cast in situ slab.
• Propped Construction- The composite beam section properties
are used to determine the deflections due to live load and self
weight of the cast in situ slab.
Note- If different grades of concrete are used in cast in situ slab
and precast beam, then equivalent second moment of area is to
be used in computations.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 21
22. Design of composite beams of precast
unit and cast in situ slab
In design of composite beams, the moment of resistance of
precast prestressed unit is increased by the addition of cast in
situ slab.
Two possibilities are
A prestressed beam of known size is to be added with a cast in situ
slab.
A prestressed section is to be designed for a composite section of
known size.
Section modulus of composite action
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 22
( ) ( )
−−−
≥
min
1
MMffZ
MZ
Z
twctb
b
bc
ηη
23. Section modulus of composite action
Where,
Zbc= section modulus at the bottom fiber of composite section
Zb= section modulus at the bottom fiber of precast beam
M1= moment acting on composite beam
M= moment acting on precast beam
Mmin= minimum moment
η= loss ratio
fct,ftw= compressive stress at transfer and tensile stress at
working load.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 23
( ) ( )
−−−
≥
min
1
MMffZ
MZ
Z
twctb
b
bc
ηη
24. 02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 24
++≥
bcb
tw
Z
M
Z
Mf
f
ηηη
inf
−≥
t
tt
Z
M
ff min
sup
The minimum prestressing force P is computed from the following expression
( )
( )bt
tb
ZZ
ZfZfA
P
+
+
=
supint
and the eccentricity of the prestressing force is
( )
( )tb
bt
ZfZfA
ffZZ
e
supint
supint
+
−
=
finf
,fsup
=stress in concrete at the
bottom and top of section
respectively
Zt
,Zb
= section moduli at the top
and bottom of section
respectively
Also
25. Problem-3
Design a composite slab for the bridge deck using a standard invested T
section. The top flange is 250 mm wide and 100 mm thick. The bottom
flange is 500 mm wide and 250 mm thick. The web thickness is 100
mm and the overall depth of the inverted T-section is 655 mm. The
bridge deck has to support a characteristic imposed load of 50
kN/m2
over an effective span of 12 m. Grade 40 concrete is specified for
the precast pretensioned T section with a compressive strength at
transfer of 36 N/mm2
. Concrete of grade 30 is used for the insitu part.
Determine the minimum prestress necessary and check for safety
under serviceability limit state. Section properties: Area = 180500
mm2
, position of centroid = 220 mm from the soffit.I = 81.1 x 108
mm4
,
Zt = 18.7 x 106
mm3
, Zb = 37 x 106
mm3
. Loss ratio = 0.8, Mmin = 0.
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 25
29. References
• Prestressed concrete-K.U.Muthu, Azmi Ibrahim,
Maganti Janardhana and M.Vijayanad (Based on IS
1343-2012)
• Design of prestressed concrete structures- T.Y.Lin
and NED.H.Burns.
• Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete –N.C.Sinha and
S.K.Roy
• Prestressed concrete –N.Rajagopalan
• Prestressed Concrete- N.Krishna Raju
• Reinforced concrete –Limit State Design-Ashok K Jain
• IS 1343-2012-Prestressed Concrete Code of Practice
02/06/18 SPK-PSG College of Technology 29