Trans atlantic slave trade2011
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With the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, the demand for slaves from Africa greatly increased to work on sugar plantations and mines. As native populations declined due to disease, Europeans relied more on African slaves for labor. The Portuguese established the first slave plantations in Brazil in the early 1500s to produce sugar, making Brazil very wealthy. By the early 1600s, the British had also introduced slavery to North America where slaves worked as farmers and miners. The capture and trade of African slaves was often violent, with warring African groups and European traders raiding neighboring societies to acquire slaves. Slave labor became essential to the cultivation of lucrative crops like sugar, tobacco and cotton on vast plantations in the Americas.
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- An estimated 8-15 million Africans were taken as slaves, with around 2 million going to the British Caribbean alone. The largest numbers went to Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, and Haiti.
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1. It impaired West Africa's economic growth by depleting its human resources and disrupting African trading groups as people were captured and sold into slavery.
2. It decreased democracy and increased absolutism in political systems as corrupt leaders provided slaves to Europeans in exchange for goods.
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The document summarizes the impact of the slave trade on Africa's development in 3 main points:
1) The slave trade drained Africa of able-bodied men and women who could have contributed to developing the continent. This led to a shortage of labor that caused economic stagnation, particularly in the agricultural sector.
2) The strategies used by slave traders, such as raiding and kidnapping, led to serious social violence and increased warfare within and between communities in Africa.
3) Africa became viewed as only existing to serve the development needs of Europe and America by supplying slaves for their plantations, rather than as a place that needed development itself. This hindered development and empire building in Africa.
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Henry Tudor declared himself King of England and Wales after the Wars of the Roses, taking Elizabeth of York as his wife to unite the houses of York and Lancaster. He faced problems with low funds, lawlessness, and the threat of invasion from Spain. Henry managed to make peace with Spain by marrying his son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon. After Arthur's death, Catherine went on to marry his brother Henry VIII. Henry VIII had six wives and broke with the Catholic Church when the Pope refused him a divorce, establishing the Church of England instead.
Bloody Mary
Mary I became queen of England in 1553 and sought to return England to Catholicism after the Protestant reign of her father, Henry VIII. During her five year reign, Mary had over 280 Protestant dissenters burned at the stake, earning her the name "Bloody Mary." Mary died at age 42 from unknown causes that may have included a pituitary tumor. She became queen after Protestant nobles unsuccessfully tried to replace her with Lady Jane Grey.
4 french revolution ppt
The French Revolution was sparked by political and economic problems under the absolute monarchy of King Louis XVI. France was deeply unequal with a system of estates that privileged the clergy and nobility over the majority Third Estate, who faced high taxes. When the king called the Estates-General to address a financial crisis, tensions erupted over issues of representation and taxation. This led the Third Estate forming the National Assembly and demanding democratic reforms and limits on royal power, marking the beginning of the Revolution in 1789.
Atlantic Slave Trade - why did slavery start
Slavery started because there was increasing demand for sugar but not enough workers to produce it. Africans were taken as slaves to grow sugar in the Americas as they were more resistant to European diseases than native tribes. This forced transportation of slaves from Africa to the Americas to support the sugar industry became known as the Triangular Trade due to the three stages of the journey: goods to Africa, slaves to Americas, produced goods from Americas to Europe.
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Similar to Trans atlantic slave trade2011
African slave trade
As major European powers sought to exploit the fertile lands of the New World, they turned to Africa for a steady supply of labor. The demand for sugar and other crops on plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean created a huge demand for slave labor from Africa. Over 12 million Africans were ultimately sent to the Americas between 1450-1850 as the slave trade expanded and plantations proliferated, though the conditions of the Middle Passage were horrific, with around 20% of slaves dying during the voyage. The slave trade had profound cultural and economic impacts on both Africa and the Americas.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The document summarizes the Atlantic slave trade, which involved the transport of enslaved Africans by European powers to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. Millions of Africans were captured from their homes and shipped across the Atlantic to work on plantations, mines, and other facilities in the Americas. The slave trade developed a triangular route, with European goods traded for African slaves, who were then transported to the Americas to be sold, with American goods then brought back to Europe. The journey, known as the Middle Passage, was horrific, with captives packed tightly into ship holds where many died from disease and poor treatment. The slave trade had devastating impacts on African societies and cultures but contributed greatly to the
The European Voyages And How The World Changes
The document discusses the history of several global commodities including coffee, sugar, tobacco, potatoes, and chocolate. It describes how these items originated in various parts of the world and were adopted by Europeans during the Age of Discovery. This led to the rise of plantation economies dependent on slave labor and significant social and economic changes globally.
P1 KODKMN P2 KOD0521806623c04 CB783-Gomez-v1 January 22.docx
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CHAPTER 4
Transatlantic Moment
European engagement with the Muslim world contributed to a cultural
awakening and commercial expansion resulting in profound political
transformations. An energetic Europe burst upon the world scene in
the fifteenth century, ushering in a new era. Labor exploitation was key
to the expansion, and critical to such labor was the capture and enslave-
ment of Africans. African captives in the Muslim world were important
and numerically significant, but the transatlantic trade was exceptional
for its high volume and compact duration, with the overwhelming ma-
jority of Africans transported in the eighteenth and nineteenth cen-
turies. The consequences for Africa and its exported daughters and
sons were catastrophic.
Like the inner workings of a clock, the interconnectedness of sev-
eral global developments gave rise to the transatlantic slave trade.
Christian–Muslim conflict, international commerce, sugar, and New
World incursions were foremost in creating circumstances whereby
the African emerged as principal source of servile labor, laying the
foundations of the modern world.
Reconquista
Muslim forces in al-Andalus, never in control of the entire Iberian
peninsula, were continually threatened by Christian enemies during
their nearly 800-year rule. The latter stages of the struggle for Iberia,
referred to as the “reconquest” by the Christians, unfolded at the same
59
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https://www.cambridge.org/core
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60 REVERSING SAIL
time as an equally momentous contest between Christian and Muslim
powers raging near the Black Sea. There, Muslims fought for control
of the old Byzantine or eastern Roman empire (referred to by the
Muslims as Rūm). In both Iberia and the Black Sea region, Muslims
and Christians sold their captives into slavery.
The means by which captives were marketed underscores the pe-
riod’s expansive commercial activity. Maritime innovations allowed the
Italian city-states of Pisa, Genoa, and Venice to participate in an east-
ern Mediterranean trade principally involving silk, spices, and sugar;
but they also trafficked in war captives. The Genoese, for example,
sold Christian captives to Muslims, and Muslim captives to Chris-
tians, by the thousands, while the Venetians purchased captives from
the Black Sea. Many, mostly women, were brought to Italy, where they
performed agricultural and domestic tasks left undone by an Italian
population reeling from the Black Death. The newly enslaved joined
the ranks of the similarly exploit.
AP World Atlantic Slave Trade
The document summarizes the history of the Atlantic slave trade from antiquity to its abolition. It describes how slavery was already established in Africa by the time Europeans arrived and dramatically expanded the slave trade to meet labor demands on plantations in the Americas. The triangular trade route transported enslaved Africans to the Americas and goods to Africa and Europe. Conditions during the Middle Passage and on plantations were extremely cruel. Resistance took many forms. Abolitionists from different backgrounds advocated for ending the slave trade and slavery.
HI 333 – The History & Politics of AfricaTopic 2B Sources – The .docx
HI 333 – The History & Politics of Africa
Topic 2B Sources – The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Secondary Sources – Scholarly Sources
1. M. Malowist – “The Struggle for International Trade”
Malowist provides some historical context for the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade. When Europeans first began purchasing Africans, what was their purpose? How and why did that purpose change over time?
[p.6] Portugal was initially attracted to Black Africa by its gold, previously exported to the Islamic countries. The Portuguese, however, soon discovered a second African product attractive to Europeans, namely slaves. Though slavery in Africa differed from that known to Europeans, the tradition of exporting slaves to the Arab countries was an old one in large parts of the continent, particularly Sudan. This tradition seems to have facilitated somewhat the organization—during the 1400s and 1500s—of regular purchases of slaves by the Portuguese from a large part of West Africa, particularly Senegambia, a long-standing economic partner of the Maghrib. The Portuguese, who penetrated farther and farther inland in the south-eastern part of West Africa, successfully applied the trade methods used in Senegambia. Realizing success depended on the cooperation of local chiefs and traders, they worked to interest them in the slave trade. The Portuguese also realized that such trade would lead to
[p.7] increased fighting between peoples and states, because prisoners of war soon became the main subject of the trade. The Portuguese soon abandoned their moral objections to the slave trade, believing, as did many in Europe, that it enabled blacks to reach salvation, whereas had they remained in their own countries, they would as non-Christians have been damned to eternal perdition….
Throughout the 1400s and early 1500s, the main market for ‘the black merchandise’ was Europe, particularly Portugal and the Spanish countries and, to a certain extent, islands in the Atlantic such as Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands and subsequently St. Thomas Island—although the number of slaves transported to these islands was limited by the small size of the islands themselves. The main incentive for the slave trade in Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands and, in particular, St. Thomas Island was the introduction of the cultivation of sugar cane and cotton. Slavery could not develop to any great extent on the European continent because there was no economic reason for it…. It was the discovery of America and its economic development by the whites that gave impetus to the [slave] trade. The enormous shortage of labour in Spanish colonies where local populations were already too few to carry out the heavy production tasks demanded by the Spaniards is currently seen as the main reason….
[p.8] The demand for black labour was already great in the Antilles in the early 1500s and grew rapidly with the territorial expansion following the Spanish conquests. Bec.
Impact of Exploration PPT.ppt
The Age of Exploration had widespread global impacts. It increased trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa; led to the growth of capitalism and mercantilism in Europe; introduced crops, animals and diseases between the Old and New Worlds in the Columbian Exchange; established European colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas; and initiated the transatlantic slave trade that forcibly brought millions of Africans to labor in the Americas.
Slave trade, afst
The document discusses the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade which began in the 17th century. Plantations in the Americas and Caribbean demanded labor, and Africans were forcibly taken to these colonies as slaves. It is estimated that millions of Africans were transported this way by the 18th century, with the numbers doubling from the 17th century. While slavery had existed in Africa, the slave trade with Europeans industrialized and vastly increased the scale. Africans were often captured from other tribes or cultural groups and sold on the coast to European traders. The transport of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic became known as the Middle Passage. The slave trade profoundly impacted societies and economies in both Africa and the Americas.
Triangulartradereading1
The triangular trade route involved the exchange of goods between three regions - Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. Europeans traded manufactured goods for enslaved Africans, who were then transported to the Americas to work on plantations. The goods produced in the Americas, like sugar and coffee, were brought back to Europe to complete the triangle. Africans replaced Native Americans as enslaved laborers as European diseases had decimated Native American populations. South America is now a leading producer of coffee.
AP WH Chapter 17
1. The document discusses the diversity of colonial societies in North and South America between 1530 and 1770, including differences in their economies, systems of government, and treatment of indigenous populations.
2. Major economies included silver mining in Spanish colonies, sugar plantations in Brazil, and tobacco farming in the Chesapeake region.
3. While Spain and Portugal established hierarchical societies and systems of forced labor, English colonies embraced representative assemblies and relied increasingly on slavery as indentured servancy declined.
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1) Explorers from Western Europe established empires in the Americas, Africa, and Polynesia in the 15th-16th centuries, bringing these regions into the global economic system for the first time and significantly impacting their political and cultural traditions.
2) Starting in the 15th century, Portugal and Spain led European maritime exploration, with the Portuguese reaching India by 1498 and establishing coastal forts in Africa, while Spain claimed much of the Americas after Columbus' 1492 voyage.
3) By the 16th century, Northern European nations like France, England, and the Netherlands also sponsored voyages, establishing colonies in North America and displacing the Portuguese in Southeast Asia through private companies. This created a
AP WH Chapter 18
Between 1550-1800, European powers established sugar plantations in the West Indies using African slave labor. The sugar industry was highly profitable and drove the growth of the Atlantic slave trade. Plantations were harsh environments that severely exploited slaves and caused ecological damage to the islands. Meanwhile in Africa, European traders partnered with coastal kings to acquire slaves through warfare or kidnapping to meet demand from the plantation colonies. This Atlantic system created vast wealth for European nations and plantation owners while severely damaging millions of African lives.
10 new world and columbian exchange reading
The document discusses the results of the Age of Exploration following Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. It notes that over 2,000 English words have Native American origins, including common words like barbecue, hammock, and hurricane. It also discusses how Europeans introduced new crops, minerals, and goods to the Americas and brought horses, cattle, and pigs, while devastating native populations through disease and warfare. Over the centuries, this exchange of people, plants, animals, technologies, and ideas fundamentally reshaped societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
The world and trade part 2
1) The document discusses the global trade networks that existed centuries ago, including family firms that spanned India, Iran, Tunisia, and Egypt.
2) It then covers the economic role of commodities like drugs, tea, coffee, tobacco, and sugar, which were traded over long distances and gained popularity in places like China, the Middle East, and Europe.
3) Finally, it discusses how commodities like chocolate and cocoa beans were valued in pre-Colombian Mesoamerica and later incorporated into European trade.
Pushpendar singh
The document discusses the increasing globalization and interconnectedness of the world from ancient times through the 19th century. It describes how traders, travelers, and missionaries helped spread goods, ideas, crops, and diseases across vast distances by land and sea. Major developments included the Silk Road linking China and Europe, the Columbian Exchange introducing new crops and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia, and the 19th century seeing the rise of global trade networks, population migration, and formal European colonization that restructured economies and societies worldwide. Technological advances like refrigerated ships further intensified global flows of goods, people, and capital.
Age of exploration
Between 1500-1800:
- European powers expanded globally through exploration and colonization motivated by trade, wealth, and religion. Portugal led expansion in Africa and Asia while Spain dominated in the Americas.
- The slave trade dramatically increased to supply labor for American plantations, devastating parts of Africa and changing its political/social structures.
- Europeans established overseas colonies and trading posts in Asia, Africa and the Americas, transforming global economics and introducing mercantilism. Their presence impacted politics, culture and religion in conquered regions.
THE AMERICAN YAWPMenuSkip to contentHomeAboutBarbara Jordan – On the.docx
This document provides a summary of early European colonization in North America. It discusses how Spain was initially successful in colonizing Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America, gaining wealth from the Aztec and Incan Empires. However, other European powers like Portugal, France, the Netherlands, and England began establishing their own colonies to try to match Spain's gains. The French focused on fur trading in Canada. The Dutch set up the colony of New Netherland in present-day New York and New Jersey and also engaged in the fur trade. Both the French and Dutch generally had more cooperative relationships with Native Americans than the Spanish. The document also discusses the establishment of Spanish colonies in Florida and New Mexico and the introduction of African
The making of a global world
When we talk of 'globalisation' we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this PPS, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. As we think the dramatic and visible signs of global interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases through which this world in which we live has emerged.
Hist 3001 Ch 03 Lecture
The document discusses the interactions between Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans in early America. It describes how the Spanish, French, and English utilized Native American labor through systems like encomienda and repartimiento. It also discusses how the fur trade led the French to exercise more control over Native Americans and eventually caused violence. Additionally, it outlines how Europeans turned to African slavery to solve labor needs, and how slavery became firmly established in the Southern colonies.
Chp02 Colonialism and Slavery
This document summarizes the initial encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples in the Americas beginning in the late 15th century. It discusses Columbus's voyages which mistakenly led to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. It then covers the Spanish conquest of the Americas over the following century, including their establishment of colonies, conflicts with native populations like the Tainos, and the large death toll from disease epidemics. It also discusses the environmental impacts of the Columbian Exchange and economic changes from silver and sugar production using coerced native and African slave labor.
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Earthquakes
An earthquake is caused by the sudden movement of parts of the Earth's crust and results in shaking and trembling of the ground. There are over one million earthquakes each year, with around twenty having the potential to cause severe damage. Earthquakes are caused by faults in the Earth's crust, such as the San Andreas Fault in California where the land west of the fault moves north and the land east moves south. Underwater earthquakes can generate destructive tsunamis. The focus is the depth below the surface where the earthquake occurs, and the epicenter is directly above on the surface. Seismographs detect seismic waves that travel out from the epicenter, including fast P waves and slower S waves.
Deformation
The video discusses the different forces that act on the earth's crust and how they cause deformation through various mechanisms. Compression causes squeezing and increases density, tension causes pulling and decreases density, and shearing causes twisting. These forces result in fracturing, faulting, and folding of rocks in the crust. Fractures are cracks, faults are cracks with lateral movement, and folds are bends in rock layers. Anticlines are upward folds and synclines are downward folds. Various factors like temperature, pressure, rock type, and rate of force application determine whether rocks fault or fold when subjected to deformation.
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Plate tectonics review
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Plate tectonics
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Trans atlantic slave trade2011
- 10. As the major European powers of Portugal, Britain, France, and the Netherlands looked for ways to exploit the fertile lands of the New World , they looked to Africa for a steady supply of labor . Soon, African slaves had become absolutely vital to the cultivation of sugar, tobacco, cotton, and rice plantations. As European demand for sugar began to increase, plantations began to spring up throughout Brazil and the Caribbean. Sugar cultivation created a huge demand for slave labor from Africa. Many plantations produced additional crops such as indigo, rice, tobacco, and coffee.
Editor's Notes
- Triangular Trade The triangular trade demonstrates how people were reduced to commodities to be sold. Goods such as metal, cloth, beads and guns went from Britain to Africa, enslaved Africans went to America and the Caribbean, and raw products such as sugar, tobacco and cotton came back to Britain. Show the picture of the sugar nippers. One of the reasons the trade lasted for so long was because it was incredibly profitable. The British appeared to have an insatiable appetite for luxury goods from the Caribbean, especially sugar and this demand fuelled supply. Before the twentieth century, sugar came in cones from which chunks would be nipped off and used to sweeten the bitter taste of coffee, chocolate and tea. What people consumed in one part of the world altered forever the lives of those from other parts of the world.