The document summarizes the triangular trade route that developed between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in the 16th-18th centuries. It describes how the demand for slaves in European colonies led to the establishment of the slave trade, with goods being shipped from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and raw materials from the Americas back to Europe. The slave trade was driven by the growth of sugar plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean, which required large amounts of forced labor and led to millions of Africans being captured and sold into the system of slavery.
A presentation on what I learned in Caribbean Civ...I was allowed my personal creativity, this is what I pulled together in my understanding and what resonated with me.
A presentation on what I learned in Caribbean Civ...I was allowed my personal creativity, this is what I pulled together in my understanding and what resonated with me.
HI 333 – The History & Politics of AfricaTopic 2B Sources – The .docxsimonithomas47935
HI 333 – The History & Politics of Africa
Topic 2B Sources – The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Secondary Sources – Scholarly Sources
1. M. Malowist – “The Struggle for International Trade”
Malowist provides some historical context for the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade. When Europeans first began purchasing Africans, what was their purpose? How and why did that purpose change over time?
[p.6] Portugal was initially attracted to Black Africa by its gold, previously exported to the Islamic countries. The Portuguese, however, soon discovered a second African product attractive to Europeans, namely slaves. Though slavery in Africa differed from that known to Europeans, the tradition of exporting slaves to the Arab countries was an old one in large parts of the continent, particularly Sudan. This tradition seems to have facilitated somewhat the organization—during the 1400s and 1500s—of regular purchases of slaves by the Portuguese from a large part of West Africa, particularly Senegambia, a long-standing economic partner of the Maghrib. The Portuguese, who penetrated farther and farther inland in the south-eastern part of West Africa, successfully applied the trade methods used in Senegambia. Realizing success depended on the cooperation of local chiefs and traders, they worked to interest them in the slave trade. The Portuguese also realized that such trade would lead to
[p.7] increased fighting between peoples and states, because prisoners of war soon became the main subject of the trade. The Portuguese soon abandoned their moral objections to the slave trade, believing, as did many in Europe, that it enabled blacks to reach salvation, whereas had they remained in their own countries, they would as non-Christians have been damned to eternal perdition….
Throughout the 1400s and early 1500s, the main market for ‘the black merchandise’ was Europe, particularly Portugal and the Spanish countries and, to a certain extent, islands in the Atlantic such as Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands and subsequently St. Thomas Island—although the number of slaves transported to these islands was limited by the small size of the islands themselves. The main incentive for the slave trade in Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands and, in particular, St. Thomas Island was the introduction of the cultivation of sugar cane and cotton. Slavery could not develop to any great extent on the European continent because there was no economic reason for it…. It was the discovery of America and its economic development by the whites that gave impetus to the [slave] trade. The enormous shortage of labour in Spanish colonies where local populations were already too few to carry out the heavy production tasks demanded by the Spaniards is currently seen as the main reason….
[p.8] The demand for black labour was already great in the Antilles in the early 1500s and grew rapidly with the territorial expansion following the Spanish conquests. Bec.
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CHAPTER 4
Transatlantic Moment
European engagement with the Muslim world contributed to a cultural
awakening and commercial expansion resulting in profound political
transformations. An energetic Europe burst upon the world scene in
the fifteenth century, ushering in a new era. Labor exploitation was key
to the expansion, and critical to such labor was the capture and enslave-
ment of Africans. African captives in the Muslim world were important
and numerically significant, but the transatlantic trade was exceptional
for its high volume and compact duration, with the overwhelming ma-
jority of Africans transported in the eighteenth and nineteenth cen-
turies. The consequences for Africa and its exported daughters and
sons were catastrophic.
Like the inner workings of a clock, the interconnectedness of sev-
eral global developments gave rise to the transatlantic slave trade.
Christian–Muslim conflict, international commerce, sugar, and New
World incursions were foremost in creating circumstances whereby
the African emerged as principal source of servile labor, laying the
foundations of the modern world.
Reconquista
Muslim forces in al-Andalus, never in control of the entire Iberian
peninsula, were continually threatened by Christian enemies during
their nearly 800-year rule. The latter stages of the struggle for Iberia,
referred to as the “reconquest” by the Christians, unfolded at the same
59
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60 REVERSING SAIL
time as an equally momentous contest between Christian and Muslim
powers raging near the Black Sea. There, Muslims fought for control
of the old Byzantine or eastern Roman empire (referred to by the
Muslims as Rūm). In both Iberia and the Black Sea region, Muslims
and Christians sold their captives into slavery.
The means by which captives were marketed underscores the pe-
riod’s expansive commercial activity. Maritime innovations allowed the
Italian city-states of Pisa, Genoa, and Venice to participate in an east-
ern Mediterranean trade principally involving silk, spices, and sugar;
but they also trafficked in war captives. The Genoese, for example,
sold Christian captives to Muslims, and Muslim captives to Chris-
tians, by the thousands, while the Venetians purchased captives from
the Black Sea. Many, mostly women, were brought to Italy, where they
performed agricultural and domestic tasks left undone by an Italian
population reeling from the Black Death. The newly enslaved joined
the ranks of the similarly exploit.
When we talk of 'globalisation' we often refer to an economic system that has emerged since the last 50 years or so. But as you will see in this PPS, the making of the global world has a long history - of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. As we think the dramatic and visible signs of global interconnectedness in our lives today, we need to understand the phases through which this world in which we live has emerged.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
7. The demand for labor in the western hemisphere encouraged a money-making triangular trading pattern. Triangular Trade Route
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Editor's Notes
Triangular Trade The triangular trade demonstrates how people were reduced to commodities to be sold. Goods such as metal, cloth, beads and guns went from Britain to Africa, enslaved Africans went to America and the Caribbean, and raw products such as sugar, tobacco and cotton came back to Britain. Show the picture of the sugar nippers. One of the reasons the trade lasted for so long was because it was incredibly profitable. The British appeared to have an insatiable appetite for luxury goods from the Caribbean, especially sugar and this demand fuelled supply. Before the twentieth century, sugar came in cones from which chunks would be nipped off and used to sweeten the bitter taste of coffee, chocolate and tea. What people consumed in one part of the world altered forever the lives of those from other parts of the world.
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