Atlantic slave trade
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The document outlines the evolution and growth of the transatlantic slave trade between Africa and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries. It notes that while slavery has ancient origins, the scale increased with European demand for labor in their new colonies. Over 9.5 million African slaves were transported across the Atlantic during this period, primarily to work brutal conditions on plantations in the West Indies and American South growing cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and coffee. The Middle Passage during this transportation resulted in horrific conditions for slaves as they were forcibly held in cramped ship hulls, often enduring beatings, disease, and many deaths along the voyage.
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As European demand for sugar and other crops from the Americas increased, they established vast plantations that required immense amounts of labor. They turned to Africa to meet this need, launching the transatlantic slave trade between the 15th-18th centuries where they forcibly transported over 12 million Africans to the Americas to work on these plantations under horrific conditions. The establishment of the plantations and slave trade had profound social and economic impacts throughout Africa, the Americas, and Europe for centuries.
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The document discusses the Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the West Indies plantations from 1550-1800. It notes that Spanish settlers first introduced sugar cane cultivation to the West Indies after 1500. In the early 1600s, tobacco consumption grew popular in England, and tobacco production in the West Indies expanded through the formation of chartered companies and the use of indentured European servants for cheap labor.
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The document summarizes the triangular trade route that developed between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in the 16th-18th centuries. It describes how the demand for slaves in European colonies led to the establishment of the slave trade, with goods being shipped from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and raw materials from the Americas back to Europe. The slave trade was driven by the growth of sugar plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean, which required large amounts of forced labor and led to millions of Africans being captured and sold into the system of slavery.
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3. The triangular slave trade route developed to transport goods from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and raw materials from the Americas back to Europe for profit.
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2. Sugarcane plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean relied heavily on African slave labor. The growth of the sugar industry increased the demand for slaves transported from Africa.
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2) The triangular trade that transported slaves from Africa to the Americas and goods/resources from the Americas back to Europe to Africa.
3) The harsh conditions slaves faced, such as being branded, forced to perform intense physical labor, live in poor conditions, and face severe punishment.
4) How the slave trade and system of plantation agriculture shaped the economies, societies, and power structures
Slavery, economy and culture
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Latin America's Independence Movement.2012
1) Spain conquered most of Latin America in the 16th-17th centuries and established a class system with Native Americans at the bottom, often forced to work on plantations. African slaves were later imported to supplement the declining Native American population.
2) In the late 18th century, Toussaint L'Ouverture led a successful slave rebellion in Haiti that led to its independence from France in 1804, making it the first Latin American country to gain independence.
3) Simón Bolívar led independence movements across Latin America in the 1810s-1820s that liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Bolivia from Spanish rule.
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Between 1846 and 1939, over 51 million people migrated from Europe to destinations like the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and Australia as labour shortages and surpluses drove migration. In the post-World War 2 era from the 1950s through the 1970s, many Europeans migrated again due to labour demands, with the UK recruiting from the Caribbean and South Asia while France and Germany found workers from North Africa and Yugoslavia/Turkey respectively. However, opposition to immigration grew and the 1973 oil crisis closed doors to migrant workers, though many had established roots. Currently, the European Union guarantees freedom of movement but individual countries control immigration based on national policies.
When world's collide
1) New World inventors created a true red dye from cochineal insects and were able to mass produce it, transforming the textile industry.
2) Europeans were introduced to many new foods from the Americas like corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and chocolate that were unavailable in the Old World.
3) Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain and ordered Muslims and Jews to convert or leave, establishing a system that reserved power for Christian elites.
Transatlantic slave trade
1) The transatlantic slave trade transported 10-20 million Africans to the Americas over 300 years, mostly to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish colonies. Less than 5% went to North America.
2) Enslaved Africans were subjected to brutal conditions during capture, the Middle Passage voyage, and on plantations where they produced crops like cotton, sugar, and tobacco.
3) The slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa's population and development while fueling economic growth in Europe through plantation agriculture.
Triangular trade
The document describes the triangular trade system that developed between England, its North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. Raw materials from the colonies were exported to England, where they were used to manufacture goods that were then shipped to Africa and the West Indies. Enslaved Africans purchased on the coast of Africa made up the third leg of the triangle, transported via the brutal Middle Passage to the colonies and West Indies to be sold and used as slaves, completing the cycle of trade. The system was driven by European mercantilist policies that aimed to accumulate wealth for the parent countries.
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The document discusses the struggle and survival of various individuals during the Spanish colonization of Latin America:
1) Diego Vasicuio was a native priest in Peru who was later accused of heresy for continuing indigenous rituals.
2) Martin Ocelotl was born into a merchant family in Mexico and converted to Catholicism but still practiced old traditions. He was later tried by the Spanish Inquisition.
3) Juan de Morga and Gertrudis de Escobar were rebellious slaves in Mexico who struggled for freedom.
4) Isabel Moctezuma was the daughter of an Aztec ruler who was killed by Hernan Cortes. She converted to Christianity and married
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The document discusses the history of slavery in several different cultures and time periods. It describes how slavery began and was used in the United States from the 1600s to 1800s, using slaves primarily from Africa. It also summarizes slavery practices in Aztec Mexico, Ancient Greece, amongst Arabs, and in the French West Indies, noting key differences and justifications for slavery in each culture and time period.
Lesson 17 conquerors and indigenous people
The document discusses the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire from multiple perspectives. It acknowledges that some see the conquest as a glorious feat, but argues that the rapid fall was actually due to the empire's internal crisis and divisions. The Spanish conquistadors were supported by local tribes who collaborated against the Inca. Diseases brought by the Spanish also devastated the indigenous populations. The document examines the transition from conquest to colonization and the roles of the initial conquistadors, colonists born in Spain, and Creole colonists born in the Americas. It also discusses ongoing indigenous resistance and the peoples' efforts to maintain their communities, customs and identities despite domination.
Slave trade triangular trade
The document summarizes the history of slavery in Latin America from ancient times through the establishment of the transatlantic slave trade. It describes how slavery existed in many ancient societies, the introduction of African slavery to support the growing plantation economies in Brazil and the Caribbean, and the development of the triangular trade route that transported enslaved Africans, goods from Europe, and raw materials between three continents for over 300 years.
Ch. 4.3 atlantic slave trade
1) Around 1500, European colonists began enslaving Africans in the Americas in order to meet their demand for cheap laborers, especially to work plantations.
2) Many African rulers and merchants willingly participated in the slave trade by capturing and selling Africans to Europeans on the coast in exchange for goods.
3) The triangular trade routes transported enslaved Africans to the Americas, where they endured the brutal and deadly "Middle Passage" in the ship holds, to be sold and used as laborers on plantations.
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The document provides a timeline of key events and developments in African history from 2.5 million BCE to the early 2000s CE. It notes some of the earliest stone tools were found in Ethiopia dating back 2.5 million years, and discusses the domestication of crops like sorghum and barley in Nubia and Ethiopia around 15,000 BCE. It also summarizes the rise of important kingdoms and empires in Africa like the Kingdom of Aksum in northeastern Africa in the 1st century CE, Great Zimbabwe between the 11th to 15th centuries, and the impact of colonialism and apartheid in later centuries.
Unit5 suffering part 2
The rise of slavery began with early civilizations using slaves for labor on farms, mines, and other work. Slavery increased with the rise of European colonialism between 1500-1700 as Europeans enslaved Africans and used them in the Transatlantic slave trade. This "Triangular Trade" involved Europeans exchanging goods for African slaves, who were then brought to the Americas and traded for goods like molasses to bring back to Europe. The growth of the cotton industry in the Americas increased the demand for slave labor to pick cotton. Slavery began declining in the 1800s as countries abolished the practice, though it still exists today in the form of human trafficking.
Sugarand slavery
The document discusses the history and development of sugar production and its connection to slavery. It traces the evolution of sugar cultivation from ancient times through its introduction in Europe via the Crusades. The large-scale plantation system originated in Brazil and spread through the colonization of the Caribbean and Americas. Plantations were labor-intensive and relied heavily on African slaves, who were forcibly transported in large numbers. The slave trade generated significant wealth but also involved immense human suffering. The plantation economy collapsed in the 1800s due to abolitionism, competition from sugar beets, and inefficiencies of the slave system.
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1 3 Triangle Trade
The document summarizes the triangular slave trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Raw materials from the colonies were traded for slaves in Africa, who were then transported in inhumane conditions on the Middle Passage to the colonies, where they were sold and the ships were loaded with goods like sugar, tobacco, and rum to complete the triangle by returning to Europe. Over 1.5 million Africans died during the grueling Middle Passage voyages due to disease, malnutrition, and cruelty from captains and crews.
YIS Student Made Picture Review
This document discusses several aspects of slavery and the slave trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe from the 15th to 18th centuries, including:
1) Europeans colonizing the Americas and using African slaves as forced labor to work large-scale agricultural plantations growing crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton.
2) The triangular trade that transported slaves from Africa to the Americas and goods/resources from the Americas back to Europe to Africa.
3) The harsh conditions slaves faced, such as being branded, forced to perform intense physical labor, live in poor conditions, and face severe punishment.
4) How the slave trade and system of plantation agriculture shaped the economies, societies, and power structures
Slavery, economy and culture
The Great Awakening was a religious revival movement in the 1730s-40s that emphasized an intense personal experience of faith and challenged the authority of established churches. It divided colonial churches as some embraced the new emphasis on emotions and individual experiences of faith while others rejected this approach. The Great Awakening also had political impacts as it encouraged colonists to think independently about both religion and governance.
Latin America's Independence Movement.2012
1) Spain conquered most of Latin America in the 16th-17th centuries and established a class system with Native Americans at the bottom, often forced to work on plantations. African slaves were later imported to supplement the declining Native American population.
2) In the late 18th century, Toussaint L'Ouverture led a successful slave rebellion in Haiti that led to its independence from France in 1804, making it the first Latin American country to gain independence.
3) Simón Bolívar led independence movements across Latin America in the 1810s-1820s that liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Bolivia from Spanish rule.
African slave trade
The document summarizes the African slave trade between the 15th and 19th centuries. It describes how Europeans started capturing and trading West Africans as slaves to work on plantations in the Americas. Over 12 million Africans were sent across the Atlantic, where they faced horrific conditions and were often separated from their families. The slave trade had huge economic and social impacts on both Africa and the Americas.
Module 2 Lesson 4 The Results of Exploration
The document summarizes the widespread epidemics and population decline among Native Americans following European contact and conquest. Smallpox, measles, and influenza brought by the Spanish devastated communities with populations dropping by over 90% in some areas, such as Hispaniola, due to lack of immunity. It also outlines the Columbian Exchange that resulted from global interactions between Europe, Africa and the Americas, involving crops, livestock, diseases and more. New goods transformed societies while the emerging slave trade had immense human costs as it forcibly transported over 11 million Africans to the Americas over centuries.
Impact Of European Exploration And Colonization On Native
European colonization of the Americas significantly impacted native populations from the 15th to 19th centuries. Indigenous groups faced displacement, warfare, enslavement, and diseases brought by Europeans, against which they had no immunity. The Arawak population in Haiti was reduced from 250,000 to just 500 by 1550 due to these factors. Horses introduced by Europeans allowed some tribes to expand their territories but also aided colonizers. Epidemics of diseases like smallpox often immediately followed exploration and destroyed entire villages, with historians estimating up to 80% of some native groups died from European illnesses. The exploration by Europeans marked the beginning of drastic changes to native life in the Americas.
The Slave Trade
The document discusses the Trans-Atlantic slave trade between Africa and the Americas between 1450-1800. It provides statistics on the number of Africans kidnapped and sold into slavery during this period, with estimates ranging from 10-15 million slaves transported across the Atlantic. It also describes the triangular trade route that emerged, linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with slaves from Africa being exchanged for goods. The horrific "Middle Passage" involved transporting slaves across the Atlantic under terrible conditions.
Transatlantic slave trade
The document discusses the origins and impacts of the transatlantic slave trade. It began in the late 15th century as European powers colonized the Americas and established sugar plantations there. They imported enslaved Africans to work on these plantations, resulting in 10-15 million Africans being taken as slaves until the 1860s. The slave trade generated huge profits that helped make Britain a wealthy industrial power. After Britain abolished slavery in 1833, it paid compensation to slave owners that totaled over £17 billion in today's money, benefiting wealthy elites and impacting British society. The document examines how this history of slavery and its profits are still impacting communities today.
Population 7 - European Migration Intro
Between 1846 and 1939, over 51 million people migrated from Europe to destinations like the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and Australia as labour shortages and surpluses drove migration. In the post-World War 2 era from the 1950s through the 1970s, many Europeans migrated again due to labour demands, with the UK recruiting from the Caribbean and South Asia while France and Germany found workers from North Africa and Yugoslavia/Turkey respectively. However, opposition to immigration grew and the 1973 oil crisis closed doors to migrant workers, though many had established roots. Currently, the European Union guarantees freedom of movement but individual countries control immigration based on national policies.
When world's collide
1) New World inventors created a true red dye from cochineal insects and were able to mass produce it, transforming the textile industry.
2) Europeans were introduced to many new foods from the Americas like corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and chocolate that were unavailable in the Old World.
3) Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain and ordered Muslims and Jews to convert or leave, establishing a system that reserved power for Christian elites.
Transatlantic slave trade
1) The transatlantic slave trade transported 10-20 million Africans to the Americas over 300 years, mostly to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish colonies. Less than 5% went to North America.
2) Enslaved Africans were subjected to brutal conditions during capture, the Middle Passage voyage, and on plantations where they produced crops like cotton, sugar, and tobacco.
3) The slave trade had devastating impacts on Africa's population and development while fueling economic growth in Europe through plantation agriculture.
Triangular trade
The document describes the triangular trade system that developed between England, its North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. Raw materials from the colonies were exported to England, where they were used to manufacture goods that were then shipped to Africa and the West Indies. Enslaved Africans purchased on the coast of Africa made up the third leg of the triangle, transported via the brutal Middle Passage to the colonies and West Indies to be sold and used as slaves, completing the cycle of trade. The system was driven by European mercantilist policies that aimed to accumulate wealth for the parent countries.
Struggle & Survival: Spain
The document discusses the struggle and survival of various individuals during the Spanish colonization of Latin America:
1) Diego Vasicuio was a native priest in Peru who was later accused of heresy for continuing indigenous rituals.
2) Martin Ocelotl was born into a merchant family in Mexico and converted to Catholicism but still practiced old traditions. He was later tried by the Spanish Inquisition.
3) Juan de Morga and Gertrudis de Escobar were rebellious slaves in Mexico who struggled for freedom.
4) Isabel Moctezuma was the daughter of an Aztec ruler who was killed by Hernan Cortes. She converted to Christianity and married
Slavery Throughout History
The document discusses the history of slavery in several different cultures and time periods. It describes how slavery began and was used in the United States from the 1600s to 1800s, using slaves primarily from Africa. It also summarizes slavery practices in Aztec Mexico, Ancient Greece, amongst Arabs, and in the French West Indies, noting key differences and justifications for slavery in each culture and time period.
Lesson 17 conquerors and indigenous people
The document discusses the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire from multiple perspectives. It acknowledges that some see the conquest as a glorious feat, but argues that the rapid fall was actually due to the empire's internal crisis and divisions. The Spanish conquistadors were supported by local tribes who collaborated against the Inca. Diseases brought by the Spanish also devastated the indigenous populations. The document examines the transition from conquest to colonization and the roles of the initial conquistadors, colonists born in Spain, and Creole colonists born in the Americas. It also discusses ongoing indigenous resistance and the peoples' efforts to maintain their communities, customs and identities despite domination.
Slave trade triangular trade
The document summarizes the history of slavery in Latin America from ancient times through the establishment of the transatlantic slave trade. It describes how slavery existed in many ancient societies, the introduction of African slavery to support the growing plantation economies in Brazil and the Caribbean, and the development of the triangular trade route that transported enslaved Africans, goods from Europe, and raw materials between three continents for over 300 years.
Ch. 4.3 atlantic slave trade
1) Around 1500, European colonists began enslaving Africans in the Americas in order to meet their demand for cheap laborers, especially to work plantations.
2) Many African rulers and merchants willingly participated in the slave trade by capturing and selling Africans to Europeans on the coast in exchange for goods.
3) The triangular trade routes transported enslaved Africans to the Americas, where they endured the brutal and deadly "Middle Passage" in the ship holds, to be sold and used as laborers on plantations.
Africa South Sahara
The document provides a timeline of key events and developments in African history from 2.5 million BCE to the early 2000s CE. It notes some of the earliest stone tools were found in Ethiopia dating back 2.5 million years, and discusses the domestication of crops like sorghum and barley in Nubia and Ethiopia around 15,000 BCE. It also summarizes the rise of important kingdoms and empires in Africa like the Kingdom of Aksum in northeastern Africa in the 1st century CE, Great Zimbabwe between the 11th to 15th centuries, and the impact of colonialism and apartheid in later centuries.
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Impact Of European Exploration And Colonization On Native
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Unit5 suffering part 2
The rise of slavery began with early civilizations using slaves for labor on farms, mines, and other work. Slavery increased with the rise of European colonialism between 1500-1700 as Europeans enslaved Africans and used them in the Transatlantic slave trade. This "Triangular Trade" involved Europeans exchanging goods for African slaves, who were then brought to the Americas and traded for goods like molasses to bring back to Europe. The growth of the cotton industry in the Americas increased the demand for slave labor to pick cotton. Slavery began declining in the 1800s as countries abolished the practice, though it still exists today in the form of human trafficking.
Sugarand slavery
The document discusses the history and development of sugar production and its connection to slavery. It traces the evolution of sugar cultivation from ancient times through its introduction in Europe via the Crusades. The large-scale plantation system originated in Brazil and spread through the colonization of the Caribbean and Americas. Plantations were labor-intensive and relied heavily on African slaves, who were forcibly transported in large numbers. The slave trade generated significant wealth but also involved immense human suffering. The plantation economy collapsed in the 1800s due to abolitionism, competition from sugar beets, and inefficiencies of the slave system.
Egyptian Human Right Abuses
The document discusses slavery in ancient Egypt. Nationalities of slaves included Egyptian prisoners, foreigners from places like Canaan and Africa, and prisoners of war. Slaves endured poor living conditions similar to peasants, with risks of injury or death from dangerous work. They performed a variety of labor like farming, construction, and mining. While slaves could not be sold individually, peasants were attached to the land and could be sold with it. Some pyramids were built by conscripted laborers rather than slaves.
Women and slaves in ancient greece
Female slaves and women in ancient Greece had very limited roles and freedoms. Slaves, both male and female, performed manual labor like working in fields, factories, and as servants cooking, cleaning, and caring for children. Women were confined to domestic duties in the home and had little autonomy, often marrying much older men at a young age, and divorce was not permitted. Overall, both slaves and women had low social status and value compared to free men in ancient Greek society.
Modern-day slavery in the developing countries
The word “slavery” may sound ancient for many, but forms of contemporary slavery still exist. Even today,
in many parts of the world, people are pushed to work against their free will. This phenomenon is mostly
associated with developing countries. These countries make about 80 percent of the world's labor force.
Slavery in ancient rome
Slavery was a major part of society and the economy in Ancient Rome. There were different types of slaves, including those born into slavery called servus and verna, runaway slaves branded with FVG, and freed slaves called libertus. Slaves could potentially earn or be granted peculium savings and seek manumissio freedom. Life for slaves varied greatly depending on their skills and owner, from difficult farm or mine labor to positions as teachers and doctors in wealthy homes.
Slavery
Slavery has existed in many ancient civilizations through debt, abandonment, and war. In the early 1600s in the American South, large plantations grew crops like cotton but lacked enough workers, so they turned to slave labor. Most slaves came from Africa and Native America. Slaves faced cruel treatment and discriminatory laws. The novel "To Kill a Mockingbird" depicts this racial injustice, as the black character Tom Robinson is falsely accused and convicted due to prejudice. Studying slavery helps understand the systemic discrimination in the novel.
Slavery Lecture
The document discusses the history of slavery in Africa and its role in the triangular slave trade. It notes that slavery was a normal part of African societies, with slaves often treated well and able to hold positions of responsibility. The slave trade expanded as Islamic traders exported slaves from Africa beginning in the 8th century. Between 1450-1850, approximately 12 million Africans were sent to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade, in which slaves were exchanged for goods that were shipped between Africa, Americas, and Europe. The slave trade had significant impacts on African demographics, politics, and societies.
Culture Capsule: Roman Slavery
This document provides an overview of Unit 3 from a Latin for Americans course focusing on Roman slavery. It includes 3 standards related to understanding Greco-Roman perspectives and expanding knowledge through Latin/Greek studies. The unit will examine Roman attitudes towards slavery, the lives of slaves and freedmen, and Roman social classes. Key questions are outlined. The document then provides details on the origins and growth of slavery in Rome, types of slaves and jobs, treatment of slaves, opportunities for freedom, and the main social classes of patricians, plebeians, and slaves/freedmen. Assessment includes a paired activity, homework, and short test.
Women slaves in ancient greece
Women in ancient Athens had little freedom and were controlled by men. Men owned slaves, including women slaves, and had the legal right to kill them. Greek warriors would kidnap women during invasions and turn them into slaves or servants. Married women were controlled by their husbands while unmarried women were controlled by their fathers. Marriage was often arranged at a young age for women from wealthy families.
Social stratification
This document provides an overview of a sociology presentation on social stratification. It includes definitions of key terms like social stratification and discusses the basic principles of stratification. It then covers different historical forms of social stratification from early societies to modern industrialized societies. The major systems of stratification discussed include slavery, caste, estate, and class systems. Different group members then provide more details on concepts like caste vs class systems, the history and causes of slavery, how the estate system worked, and the composition of social classes.
Slavery
Slavery has existed since 8000 BC and was practiced in many ancient civilizations and empires. While slavery declined in Western Europe by the late Middle Ages, it persisted in Eastern Europe into the 15th-17th centuries and in Russia until 1723. An estimated 1 million Europeans were captured and sold as slaves in North Africa between the 16th-19th centuries. Though slavery was abolished in many countries by the late 19th century, it still exists today in parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. The abolitionist movement began as early as the late 17th century and led to the end of slavery in the British Empire in the 1800s and its abolition in the United States via the Emancipation Pro
2 trans atlantic slave trade + blackbirding 2014
The document provides information about slavery and human trafficking through history and today. It begins with having students discuss what slavery and human trafficking mean to them. It then covers definitions and statistics on modern human trafficking. The majority of the document discusses the history of slavery, including its origins in Africa, the transatlantic slave trade, conditions slaves faced, and abolition efforts. It notes that 27 million people are currently enslaved globally. In the conclusion, it encourages students to research ways to raise awareness about modern slavery and human trafficking.
Political thought- Aristotle Views on Slavery
Aristotle justifies slavery on three grounds: nature, usefulness, and expediency. He argues that nature provides different people with different qualities and abilities, with the superior meant to rule over the inferior. Aristotle asserts that slavery benefits both masters and slaves, as it allows masters leisure to focus on public affairs while slaves can elevate themselves by sharing their masters' virtues. He claims slavery was essential to the Greek economy and social order at the time.
Slavery power point presentation
1) Slavery has existed in various forms throughout history, including the involuntary servitude of Africans beginning in 1619 in America, child sex trafficking in places like Haiti today, and widespread use of slaves in ancient Rome and Greece.
2) Modern slavery persists around the world, with over 20 million people currently being held as slaves, especially vulnerable groups like women and children.
3) While some slave systems treated slaves relatively well, most involved hard physical labor without possibility of freedom, and slaves were often subject to cruel conditions and abuse.
La evolucion de la esclavitud
Presentación de los alumnos de Historia Antigua de Andalucía del profesor Alejandro Fornell, de la Universidad de Jaén, para el proyecto de innovación docente Virtus inter pares.
5.2 - Athens And Sparta
The document provides background information on Athens and Sparta, the two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece. It describes that Athens emerged as a democracy under Solon and Cleisthenes, while Sparta developed a powerful military culture dominated by its warrior class. The cultures and governments of Athens and Sparta are contrasted, with Athens prioritizing education, the arts, and democracy, whereas Sparta was focused on military training from a young age and maintaining a subservient lower class.
La esclavitud
He hecho un trabajo de la esclavitud y os he mostrado desde la edad antigua hasta la edad moderna cosas de la esclavitud.
Comercio de esclavos en el siglo XVIII
El documento describe el comercio de esclavos en el siglo XVIII. Se transportaban esclavos africanos de África a América debido a su mayor resistencia física y necesidad de mano de obra barata. Más de un millón de personas fueron transportadas en el siglo XVI y más de siete millones en el siglo XVIII, siendo tratados como objetos sin derechos. Los esclavos sufrían condiciones infrahumanas durante el transporte y trabajo, y eran reemplazados fácilmente si morían.
Historia De La Esclavitud Negra
La esclavitud negra comenzó con la exportación de africanos por parte de europeos para su explotación. Los esclavos eran transportados en condiciones infrahumanas, lo que causaba muchas muertes. El comercio triangular intercambiaba esclavos en África por bienes que luego se vendían en América y Europa. A partir del siglo XVIII surgió un movimiento abolicionista por razones económicas y sociales, aunque la esclavitud continuó de otras formas y sus consecuencias persistieron en la desigualdad
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The Age of Exploration had widespread global impacts. It increased trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa; led to the growth of capitalism and mercantilism in Europe; introduced crops, animals and diseases between the Old and New Worlds in the Columbian Exchange; established European colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas; and initiated the transatlantic slave trade that forcibly brought millions of Africans to labor in the Americas.
10 new world and columbian exchange reading
The document discusses the results of the Age of Exploration following Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492. It notes that over 2,000 English words have Native American origins, including common words like barbecue, hammock, and hurricane. It also discusses how Europeans introduced new crops, minerals, and goods to the Americas and brought horses, cattle, and pigs, while devastating native populations through disease and warfare. Over the centuries, this exchange of people, plants, animals, technologies, and ideas fundamentally reshaped societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The document summarizes the Atlantic slave trade, which involved the transport of enslaved Africans by European powers to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. Millions of Africans were captured from their homes and shipped across the Atlantic to work on plantations, mines, and other facilities in the Americas. The slave trade developed a triangular route, with European goods traded for African slaves, who were then transported to the Americas to be sold, with American goods then brought back to Europe. The journey, known as the Middle Passage, was horrific, with captives packed tightly into ship holds where many died from disease and poor treatment. The slave trade had devastating impacts on African societies and cultures but contributed greatly to the
1450 1750 overview
Between 1450-1750, global interactions increased dramatically due to advances in ship technology and the rise of maritime empires. The Atlantic slave trade expanded greatly to supply labor for the Americas. Major social and demographic changes occurred as crops and diseases were exchanged between the Old and New Worlds, and millions of people were forced into transatlantic slavery. Culturally, the European Renaissance and Reformation reshaped intellectual life and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.
1450 1750 overview
Between 1450-1750, global interactions increased dramatically due to advances in ship technology and the rise of maritime empires. The Atlantic slave trade expanded greatly to support the colonies in the Americas. Major cultural and religious changes also occurred in Europe during this period, including the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and growing influence of science and philosophy.
Atlantic World
1) In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, European powers such as Spain, Portugal, France, and England established colonies in the Americas and traded goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in triangular trade networks.
2) Hernan Cortes and 600 men conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico between 1519-1521 aided by superior weapons and Native American allies. Disease also wiped out many Native Americans.
3) By the 1700s, England had become the dominant power in North America, taking control of territories from other European nations like France and the Netherlands through conflicts such as the French and Indian War. The Atlantic slave trade brought over 400,000 enslaved Africans to North
The African Slave Trade
This document provides an overview of the history of slavery from ancient times through modern slavery. It discusses slavery in Africa, including enslavement by Arabs and the transatlantic slave trade conducted by European powers. The slaving process is described in six steps from capture to sale. Comparisons are made between slave experiences in different colonies. Resistance by slaves and little known facts about slavery in America are also presented. The document concludes by noting the ongoing problem of modern slavery.
7 1.1 exploration and colonization
Europeans explored and colonized much of the world between the 1400s and 1700s for reasons such as trade, religion, and glory. They established trading posts and settlements in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This led to immense political, social, and economic changes, including the rise of new empires and the spread of Christianity and European culture. It also involved exploitation such as the Atlantic slave trade and the transfer of wealth from colonies to European powers. By the late 1700s, capitalism had begun to replace the system of mercantilism in guiding international trade.
20.3 the atlantic slave trade (1st period)
The Atlantic slave trade involved the transport of over 9.5 million Africans to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. It began as a small enterprise in the 1500s but grew massively, with nearly 1.3 million Africans sold as slaves in the 1600s alone. The triangular trade route saw Europeans exchange goods for slaves from African leaders, who then transported the slaves across the Atlantic to be sold to Americans and forced to work plantations. The Middle Passage of this route saw horrific conditions that caused many slave deaths. African slaves faced immense cruelty and hardship through forced labor on American plantations. Some resisted through slow work or rebellion, but the slave trade profoundly impacted societies in Africa, Europe, and the
Indian slavery in the americas
The document discusses the history of slavery in the Americas, noting that:
1) Indigenous peoples of the Americas were widely enslaved by European colonists, contrary to common narratives that focus only on African slavery. Indians were enslaved in large numbers and worked in mines, plantations, and as domestic servants across the Americas.
2) Slavery and other forms of forced labor were essential to the establishment and growth of European colonies in the Americas. Colonies were almost entirely dependent on enslaved Indian and African labor to produce goods for export.
3) Enslavement was an institution that affected peoples of all backgrounds in history. Anyone could potentially be enslaved, and Europeans were
The african slave_trade
As European demand for goods like sugar and tobacco from New World colonies increased, they established vast plantations that required large amounts of labor. They turned to Africa to meet this demand, establishing the transatlantic slave trade between the 15th-17th centuries where it is estimated 12 million Africans were captured and sold as slaves. The trade had devastating impacts on African societies through depopulation and warfare aimed at taking captives. It also disrupted family and cultural structures for enslaved peoples who endured the horrific Middle Passage voyage and were then forced to work under inhumane conditions on plantations in the Americas. The slave trade system profoundly shaped the economies and societies of Europe, Africa and the Americas.
Triangulartradereading1
The triangular trade route involved the exchange of goods between three regions - Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. Europeans traded manufactured goods for enslaved Africans, who were then transported to the Americas to work on plantations. The goods produced in the Americas, like sugar and coffee, were brought back to Europe to complete the triangle. Africans replaced Native Americans as enslaved laborers as European diseases had decimated Native American populations. South America is now a leading producer of coffee.
ATLANTIC HISTORY.docx
The document summarizes the Atlantic slave trade between Africa, Europe, and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries. Millions of Africans were captured and sold into slavery, suffering violence and death, to provide forced labor for the colonies. A triangular trade route developed to transport slaves from Africa to the Americas in exchange for goods. This led to the establishment of plantation economies in the Americas and the development of a global economy supported by slave labor.
Ap ch 18
1. Between 1550-1800, European colonization of West Africa and the West Indies increased the demand for slaves to work on sugar plantations.
2. The transition from indentured servants to slaves was driven by declining European immigration and higher slave mortality.
3. The Atlantic slave trade developed into an extensive circuit, transporting slaves from Africa to the Americas and goods from the Americas back to Europe and Africa.
African slave trade
As major European powers sought to exploit the fertile lands of the New World, they turned to Africa for a steady supply of labor. The demand for sugar and other crops on plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean created a huge demand for slave labor from Africa. Over 12 million Africans were ultimately sent to the Americas between 1450-1850 as the slave trade expanded and plantations proliferated, though the conditions of the Middle Passage were horrific, with around 20% of slaves dying during the voyage. The slave trade had profound cultural and economic impacts on both Africa and the Americas.
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The document discusses how various crops and goods spread globally through trade routes and economic activities over centuries. It describes how Islam created safe trade routes between Asia and Africa, allowing the spread of luxury goods, knowledge, and products worldwide. It then discusses how specific crops like potatoes, sugar, tobacco, coffee, and chocolate originated in certain regions but were transported by Europeans, Africans, and Asians along trade networks and eventually cultivated and consumed globally, profoundly impacting economies, societies, and cultures worldwide.
The atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade saw millions of Africans enslaved and brought to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries to work on sugar and tobacco plantations. A triangular trade route developed between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with Europeans exchanging manufactured goods for slaves in Africa, who were then transported in inhumane conditions on the brutal Middle Passage to the Americas to be sold into forced labor. By the late 18th century, the inhumanity of the slave trade led many countries like Britain and the U.S. to ban the practice, though slavery itself continued in the Americas for some time longer.
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The document summarizes the expansion of colonialism in Europe and the Americas beginning in the 15th century. It describes how trade routes were originally controlled by Arab traders, but European powers like Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and England sought new routes to access goods from Asia. This led to Columbus reaching the Americas in 1492 while searching for a route to India, and Vasco da Gama finding a sea route around Africa to India in 1498. European colonialism in the Americas involved conquering and exploiting native populations, importing African slaves to work plantations, and controlling colonial economies to extract resources from colonies while limiting their development. Many Latin American countries gained independence in the early 19th century after revolts against Spanish rule.
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The document summarizes the origins and growth of the Atlantic slave trade. It explains that Europeans turned to African slaves as a source of labor for their plantations in the Americas because indigenous populations had been devastated by disease and there were not enough European settlers. The slave trade grew dramatically between the 16th and 18th centuries to meet demand for slave labor on sugar, tobacco and other plantations. Over 2.7 million enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic during this period, with the largest numbers going to the Caribbean, Brazil and other parts of South America.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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